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Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remain a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nifedipine and labetalol are commonly recommended as first-line antihypertensive agents during pregnancy; however, evidence regarding their comparative effectiveness and safety is still evolving. This systematic review aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness and safety of nifedipine versus labetalol in the management of gestational hypertension, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia. The review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for randomized controlled trials published between 2016 and December 2025. Studies comparing nifedipine monotherapy with labetalol monotherapy and reporting systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure outcomes were included. Six RCTs involving 2,806 pregnant women met the inclusion criteria. Both drugs were effective in reducing blood pressure. Nifedipine demonstrated a faster onset of blood pressure reduction, particularly in acute hypertensive emergencies, with mean differences ranging from 12 to 17 minutes compared with labetalol. No significant differences were observed in long-term blood pressure control or neonatal outcomes. Maternal adverse effects were generally mild and comparable. Overall, both agents exhibit similar efficacy and safety profiles, with nifedipine offering advantages in rapid blood pressure control in acute settings.

This study evaluates the implementation of spot-check testing for road preservation works in Manado City, specifically on the Kairagi–Mapanget segment, the Manado City–Wori boundary, and the Liwas Terminal Access Road, to identify existing problems and assess the effectiveness of engineering-based mitigation efforts. The objective is to examine construction quality compliance with technical specifications and identify operational challenges encountered on site. The methodology encompasses the measurement of asphalt layer thickness and density via a core drill, the examination of contract documents, the analysis of laboratory test results, and the execution of field observations. The findings show that most samples meet the required standards, although several locations require corrective action. Challenges arise from weather conditions, heavy traffic, equipment limitations, and the need for adaptation to updated technical regulations. Operational mitigation strategies, staff training, the use of core drill technology, and digital documentation were found to enhance accuracy and efficiency in evaluation. The research demonstrates the value of stakeholder collaboration and capacity building in supporting quality control for road preservation works. A multidimensional approach is effective in resolving technical and operational complexities in urban road projects.

This study examines the management of educational finances at TK Panti Rini with a focus on accountability and transparency. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, utilizing observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. The results show that the financial management system at TK Panti Rini has implemented proportional mechanisms of planning, control, accountability, and transparency. Although the financial reporting has not fully adopted non-profit accounting standards such as ISAK 35, periodic supervision by the Foundation enhances monitoring and evaluation of fund management effectiveness. These findings indicate that the institution has applied accountability principles consistent with good governance practices.

Vibrio sp. is one of the main pathogenic bacteria causing various diseases in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultivation, such as vibriosis, which can reduce the survival rate and productivity of ponds. Environmentally friendly Vibrio control efforts can be achieved through the use of probiotics. One widely used probiotic is Lactobacillus sp., which is known to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria through competition for space and nutrients, production of antimicrobial compounds (bacteriocins and organic acids), and increased shrimp non-specific immunity. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of administering different doses of Lactobacillus sp. in suppressing Vibrio sp. populations in whiteleg shrimp cultivation media. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications: control (A), 6 ppm lactobacillus sp (B), 12 ppm (C), and 18 ppm (D). The parameter observed was the Total Vibrio Count (TVC) in the culture water after 24 hours of lactobacillus administration.

This internship report analyzes the implementation of internal control systems in safeguarding member investments at KSP Kopdit Obor Mas Pasar Tingkat Branch. The study was conducted from August 1 to December 19, 2025, using observation, interview, and documentation methods. The internal control system analyzed refers to the COSO framework, which includes five main components: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. The findings indicate that KSP Kopdit Obor Mas has implemented an internal control system to protect member assets and investments; however, weaknesses were identified in several aspects, such as cases of misappropriation of member savings by employees, highlighting the need for strengthening internal control policies. These findings emphasize the importance of an effective internal control system in maintaining member trust and the operational sustainability of credit cooperatives. This report provides improvement recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of the internal control system to minimize the risk of fund misappropriation and increase the security of member investments.

An internal control system is a system consisting of an organizational structure, plans, methods, and coordinated procedures that help safeguard company assets, improve operational effectiveness and efficiency, and support the implementation of regulations established by management.This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of internal control systems in cash management through the cash opname mechanism at KSP Kopdit Tuke Jung Head Office Nelle. Data collection in this study used interview, observation, and documentation methods. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach referring to the COSO (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission) components, which consist of five components, namely control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. The research results show that the effectiveness of the internal control system in cash management through cash opname has been implemented but has not fully met the five components of the internal control system according to COSO. The elements that have not been fulfilled are control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. Nevertheless, some components of the internal control system implemented at KSP Kopdit Tuke Jung have been operating effectively.

Hypertension is a major non-communicable disease, particularly challenging in regions with extensive service areas. Community health volunteers are essential for prevention and management through blood pressure measurement. Existing training programs focus primarily on knowledge, highlighting the need to integrate cognitive learning with small-group skills practice to enhance practical competencies and community-based hypertension control. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest design was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of combined lecture and small-group training. Knowledge was assessed before and after training, while skills were evaluated post-intervention. Thirty volunteers from the Public Health Center Selakau participated. The results showed that knowledge of blood pressure measurement improved significantly, with pretest scores of 74.67 ± 16.34 rising to posttest scores of 90.00 ± 10.50 (p < 0.005). Posttest evaluation of practical skills showed a mean score of 80.93 ± 13.35, indicating proficient performance in most assessed items. Combined lecture and small-group training effectively enhanced both knowledge and practical skills of community health volunteers in blood pressure measurement. Integrating cognitive learning with hands-on practice strengthens theoretical understanding and field competencies, supporting more effective community-based hypertension control programs.

The study analyzes the implementation of the 5S method (Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, Shitsuke) in improving shoe production quality at the Assembly section of PT X through observation, interviews, and documentation. Involving supervisors, production leaders, and operators, the study aimed to assess the impact of 5S on production processes. The results showed that the implementation of 5S successfully created a more organized, cleaner, and standardized work environment. These improvements led to a reduction in potential work errors, increased process efficiency, and the establishment of an employee disciplinary culture. Employees became more aware of maintaining cleanliness and orderliness, which contributed to a smoother workflow and better quality control. The findings align with theories of quality management, organizational behavior, and operations management, demonstrating the benefits of 5S in enhancing operational effectiveness. This study confirms that integrating the 5S method into industrial practices, particularly during internships, is an effective strategy to encourage continuous improvement and enhance production quality in the industry.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly significantly impacts quality of life (QoL) due to physiological changes in aging, comorbidities,and the risk of chronic complications. Nutritional management is considered a key intervention to improve glycemic control and functional status in the elderly.Objective: To review the current evidence regarding the effect of nutritional interventions on the quality of life in elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus through a Literature Review approach.Methods: The Literature Review was conducted by identifying articles from the Scopus database published in 2020–2025. The review process included screening based on inclusion-exclusion criteria, eligibility assessment, and narrative synthesis of relevant studies,including controlled trials,quasi-experimental studies, observational studies, and systematic observations.Results: From the selected studies, interventions with a low glycemic index diet and a balanced diet have been shown to reduce HbA1c levels and the risk of complications; a multicomponent program combining diet and exercise produces synergistic effects on glucose control, physical function,and quality of life.Structured nutrition education (DSME) and family involvement improve satisfaction and metabolic outcomes.The use of technology (mobile apps) shows potential in monitoring intake and glucose,although digital literacy challenges and limited sample size and study design are often limitations.Conclusion: Targeted nutrition interventions, especially when combined with exercise, education,family support,and age-friendly technology,have the potential to improve metabolic control and quality of life in older adults with T2DM.Recommendation: Large-scale RCTs and more robust longitudinal studies are needed to establish the long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of multicomponent nutrition interventions and technology adaptations for older adults with multimorbidity.

This study aims to examine how standard costing can be used as a tool for planning and controlling production costs in salted egg cracker micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). MSMEs need to manage their production costs effectively to increase their profitability in an era of increasingly fierce business competition. A case study was used to collect data through interviews, observations, and financial document analysis. The study shows that the implementation of standard costing has helped more accurate production cost budget planning. This makes it easier for management to compare standard costs with actual costs, which allows for effective and efficient cost control. Furthermore, the findings indicate that standard costing can serve as a benchmark and evaluation tool to improve operational effectiveness. Furthermore, this study suggests that MSMEs should incorporate a standard costing system into their financial reporting process and educate management and employees about the importance of cost control. Therefore, implementing standard costing can be a long-term strategy to keep the company operational and competitive in an increasingly competitive market.

Physiological changes in adolescents during the transition period, both biologically, cognitively, psychosexually, and psychosocially, are very vulnerable to various risky behaviors such as premarital sexual behavior, abortion, unwanted pregnancy, STIs, and drug use. One effort to increase adolescent awareness about premarital sex is health education. This study identified the effectiveness of audiovisual media and leaflets about premarital sexual behavior on the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents at SMA Negeri 20 Seram Bagian Barat. The study used a quasi-experimental approach, pre-post-test control group design, with 40 samples. The Wilcoxon test results for the intervention group showed a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference in adolescent knowledge and attitudes before and after health education using audiovisual media. The control group showed a p-value > 0.05, indicating no significant difference in adolescent knowledge and attitudes before and after health education using leaflets. The Man-Whitney test results showed a p-value < 0.000 (p value < 0.05) for the intervention group post-test. It was concluded that there was a significant difference in health education using audiovisual media and leaflets regarding premarital sexual behavior on adolescent knowledge and attitudes at State Senior High School 20, West Seram.  

The postpartum period following Sectio Caesarea is often accompanied by acute pain due to surgical incisions, which may interfere with mobilization, breastfeeding, and maternal recovery. Effective pain management is essential to prevent further complications and enhance maternal comfort. In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological interventions such as Benson relaxation therapy can be implemented. This study aimed to evaluate the application of Benson relaxation therapy in reducing acute pain among postpartum Sectio Caesarea mothers.This study employed a case study design involving four postpartum Sectio Caesarea patients (Ny. R, Ny. A, Ny. Y, and Ny. S) treated in the Ayyub Ward of RS Roemani Muhammadiyah Semarang in 2026. Data were collected through comprehensive nursing assessments, pain intensity measurement using a numeric rating scale, observation of mobilization ability, and evaluation before and after intervention.The results showed that after regular implementation of Benson relaxation therapy, all patients experienced a gradual decrease in pain intensity (from scale 4–7 to ≤3), improved comfort, better breathing control, and increased ability to perform early mobilization. Consistent nursing education, therapeutic guidance, and family involvement supported the effectiveness of the intervention. It can be concluded that Benson relaxation therapy is an effective, safe, and easily applicable nursing intervention for reducing acute pain in postpartum Sectio Caesarea patients.

This research investigates intelligent cooling system design for main ship engines operating in tropical waters, integrating advanced machinery engineering with human factors to address thermal management challenges affecting engine performance, reliability, and crew operational effectiveness. Tropical maritime environments impose severe cooling demands through elevated seawater temperatures (28-32°C), high ambient conditions (28-35°C), and accelerated biofouling, reducing conventional cooling system effectiveness by 15-25% while increasing maintenance burdens and operational risks. Through qualitative analysis involving marine engineers, chief engineers with tropical operational experience, cooling system manufacturers, naval architects, automation specialists, and maritime training institutions, this study examines how intelligent cooling systems incorporating variable-speed pumps, adaptive control algorithms, predictive maintenance, and crew-centered interfaces can optimize thermal management while supporting effective human-machine collaboration. Results demonstrate that intelligent systems can reduce cooling energy consumption by 20-35%, improve temperature stability by 50-65%, extend maintenance intervals by 40-80%, and enhance crew situational awareness through intuitive monitoring interfaces, while requiring comprehensive training programs developing technical understanding and operational competencies. Key implementation challenges include control system complexity, sensor reliability in harsh marine environments, integration with existing engine management platforms, crew competency development requirements, and lifecycle cost justification. Findings reveal that successful intelligent cooling system implementation requires holistic sociotechnical approach addressing machinery engineering optimization, automation technology deployment, and human capability development through coordinated design and training strategies. This research contributes to marine engineering literature by providing integrated frameworks for intelligent system design incorporating machinery performance, automation capabilities, and human factors supporting operational excellence in tropical maritime operations.

Air pollution constitutes a significant environmental problem with far-reaching impacts on public health, quality of life, and ecosystem sustainability, particularly in urban areas and industrial zones in Indonesia. Although the national environmental legal framework has adopted the principle of strict liability through Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, its implementation in air pollution cases continues to face substantial challenges, especially with regard to the proof and assessment of non-material damages. Non-material damages such as disturbances to living comfort, deterioration of environmental quality, psychological stress, and health-related anxiety are intangible in nature and lack clear measurement standards, resulting in their frequent exclusion or inadequate consideration in environmental civil litigation. This study aims to analyze the legal basis for the application of the strict liability principle to air pollution cases in Indonesia, identify relevant forms of non-material damage, and examine the implications of the absence of standardized methods for assessing such damages on legal certainty and the effectiveness of corporate liability enforcement. The research employs a normative legal research method with a library-based approach, incorporating statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical method, drawing upon legislation, court decisions, and scholarly literature on environmental law and environmental damage valuation. The findings indicate that the absence of standardized criteria for assessing non-material damages leads to evidentiary difficulties, inconsistent court decisions, and a weakened deterrent effect on polluting corporations, thereby preventing the full realization of victims’ rights to effective remedies. This study underscores the urgency of developing an integrated national technical guideline for the assessment of non-material environmental damages based on scientifically grounded valuation methods, as well as the need for cross-institutional policy harmonization to strengthen legal certainty, access to justice for affected communities, and corporate accountability in controlling air pollution.

This study explores the effectiveness of a time management intervention in reducing academic procrastination among first- and second-semester undergraduate students at several universities in Malang. A quasi-experimental method was employed involving two groups with a total of 20 participants: 10 students in the experimental group who received a time management workshop and 10 students in the control group. The research instrument was the Academic Procrastination Scale developed by Onwuegbuzie. The intervention was conducted over six sessions focusing on techniques such as the Pomodoro Technique, Eisenhower Matrix, distraction management, relaxation, reward systems, to-do lists, leisure time management, and weekly scheduling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using an independent samples t-test and the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test. Participants were selected using a random sampling technique, and the academic procrastination scale was used as the primary measurement instrument. The results indicate that the time management intervention was effective in reducing academic procrastination, suggesting important implications for the development of more effective educational strategies. This research is expected to contribute to the design of more effective intervention programs to increase the academic productivity of students in higher education.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires comprehensive management beyond pharmacological therapy, including sustainable lifestyle-based interventions. Yoga asana, as a form of mind–body intervention, integrates physical postures, breathing techniques, and relaxation practices that may influence metabolic and psychosocial pathways relevant to T2DM. This article aimed to synthesize evidence regarding the physiological mechanisms, clinical effectiveness, and healthcare implementation context of yoga asana in T2DM management, as well as to discuss the role of physicians in integrating this complementary therapy, including within health tourism settings. A narrative literature review was conducted using scientific databases, focusing on publications addressing yoga asana, mind–body interventions, T2DM, and clinical integration. The findings indicate that yoga asana is associated with improved glycemic control, including reductions in fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, and HbA1c, alongside modulation of stress-related physiological parameters and psychological well-being. Beyond clinical outcomes, yoga asana shows potential for community-based and health tourism contexts as part of chronic disease lifestyle management. Physicians play a central role in clinical assessment, patient education, coordination with complementary therapy providers, and ongoing monitoring to ensure safe, evidence-based integration. Although current evidence suggests consistent beneficial trends, methodological heterogeneity highlights the need for more standardized and mechanistic research.  

This study aims to analyze the financial performance of the East Java Provincial Government based on the Budget Realization Report (LRA) for the 2022–2024 period. This study is important to assess the effectiveness of revenue achievement and the efficiency of regional expenditure management. The research method used is quantitative descriptive with secondary data in the form of Budget Realization Reports obtained through documentation techniques. Data analysis was performed using financial ratio analysis, namely effectiveness and efficiency ratios. The results show that the revenue performance of the East Java Provincial Government is in the highly effective category, as reflected in the realization of revenue that was able to reach and even exceed the budget target. However, regional expenditure performance is still considered inefficient because the realization of expenditure is close to the set budget. The conclusion of this study shows that even though revenue optimization has been achieved, the local government still needs to improve expenditure control so that regional financial management becomes more efficient in the future.

Regional government financial performance is a strategic indicator for assessing the success of regional autonomy implementation, particularly in managing public finances in an effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable manner. This study aims to analyze the financial performance of the Government of West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB) during the 2018–2022 period using a regional financial ratio analysis approach. The research employs a descriptive quantitative method utilizing secondary data obtained from the Budget Realization Reports (LRA) and the Regional Government Financial Statements (LKPD) that have been audited by the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (BPK). The analysis is conducted by calculating regional financial ratios, including the financial independence ratio, the effectiveness ratio of Regional Original Revenue (PAD), the efficiency ratio of regional finances, the activity ratio (expenditure harmony), and the revenue growth ratio. The results indicate that the financial performance of the Government of West Nusa Tenggara Province has generally improved. The regional financial independence ratio falls within the participatory category with an average value of 57.81%, reflecting a gradual reduction in dependence on central government transfer revenues, particularly in 2022. The effectiveness ratio of PAD is categorized as moderately effective, with an average of 92.84%, although it fluctuates due to increases in revenue targets that were not fully matched by actual revenue realization. The regional financial efficiency ratio consistently remains in the efficient category, indicating the local government’s ability to control expenditures relative to revenues. Furthermore, the activity ratio analysis shows a shift in expenditure composition from operating expenditure toward capital expenditure, indicating an increased orientation toward development and long-term investment. The growth ratio reveals a significant increase in PAD in 2022, accompanied by a decline in transfer revenue growth.

This study examines the effectiveness of the purchasing accounting information system at PT. ABC, with an emphasis on the quality and timeliness of information from ordering to payment to vendors. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data was obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation involving departments related to purchasing activities. The results show that although the system has been implemented in accordance with company procedures, its effectiveness is still not optimal. This is evidenced by inconsistent documentation, frequent invoice revisions, and delays in the verification and payment processes, which reduce the efficiency and reliability of information. These problems are caused by weak document control, limited interdepartmental coordination, inadequate human resources, and high workloads in the purchasing unit. Therefore, improvements in system implementation and internal control are needed to improve the accuracy, timeliness, and overall effectiveness of the purchasing accounting information system.

Critical reading is one of the important language skills that students need to acquire. Based on observational results, the critical reading skills of eleventh-grade students at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Semarang have not yet reached an optimal level. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of teaching critical reading of news texts using the OK5R and SQ3R methods assisted by the Wordwall website for eleventh-grade students. This study employed an experimental method with a quasi-experimental design, specifically a nonequivalent control group design. The research instruments consisted of test and non-test instruments. The test instrument was a written test, while the non-test instruments included observation sheets and interview guidelines. Data analysis was conducted through prerequisite analysis tests (normality and homogeneity tests), instrument validity testing, and hypothesis testing using paired sample t-tests, independent sample t-tests, and n-gain score analysis with the assistance of SPSS version 25. The results showed that the n-gain score of the experimental class I using the OK5R method was 0.3465, while the experimental class II using the SQ3R method obtained an n-gain score of 0.0660. Based on these findings, teaching critical reading of news texts using the OK5R method assisted by the Wordwall website was more effective than the SQ3R method. It can be concluded that the OK5R method assisted by the Wordwall website is effective for teaching critical reading of news texts to eleventh-grade students, whereas the SQ3R method assisted by the Wordwall website is less effective.