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Rapid technological advancements have brought convenience to various fields, including healthcare. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that often affects the knees and hips, particularly in the elderly, and is a major cause of pain, joint dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. The prevalence of OA increases with age, with risk factors such as obesity, excessive activity, and muscle weakness. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment. This study aims to develop a diagnostic system for inflammatory arthritis, specifically osteoarthritis, using the Dempster-Shafer method. This method was chosen because of its ability to combine various evidence and expert beliefs to produce a more accurate diagnosis. By utilizing mathematical proof theory, this system is expected to assist medical personnel in detecting OA symptoms more efficiently. The research findings are expected to contribute to the healthcare sector, particularly in improving the accuracy of osteoarthritis diagnosis, allowing for earlier and more appropriate treatment. This system can also be a supporting tool for doctors and patients in understanding joint health conditions.

Steel structure projects are increasingly favored in the construction industry due to their benefits in execution time efficiency and long-term cost savings. However, the suboptimal management of human resources (HRM) remains a significant challenge in achieving these efficiencies. This study aims to systematically review the role of HRM in enhancing time and cost efficiency in steel structure projects. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted based on the PRISMA protocol, analyzing 35 accredited scientific articles published between 2013 and 2023. The articles were sourced from national databases such as Garuda and Neliti, and data were extracted using standardized documentation instruments. The analysis reveals that workforce planning, project-based training, performance monitoring, and inter-team coordination are key managerial aspects that consistently contribute to improving both time and cost efficiency. Visualization of topic networks using VOSviewer highlights strong interconnections between themes such as "training," "schedule control," and "performance evaluation," all of which are critical components of strategic HRM practices. This study concludes that HRM plays a crucial role in achieving efficiency in steel structure projects, especially through the integration of technical workflows and managerial control systems. Effective workforce planning ensures that the right skills are available at the right time, while performance monitoring and training programs help enhance productivity and reduce delays. The findings suggest the necessity for formulating HR policies that are based on workload analysis and the improvement of real-time workforce evaluation mechanisms. Furthermore, the study calls for further research to test integrative models for HRM practices in steel-based construction projects in Indonesia. This research opens avenues for refining HRM strategies to support the construction industry’s efficiency goals, offering insights for future studies and practical applications in the field.

Hypertension is a Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) whose prevalence continues to increase from year to year, especially in the elderly. This condition is a serious challenge in the field of public health because hypertension can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney failure if not properly managed. The high incidence of hypertension in the community, especially in Grujugan Hamlet, RT. 07–10, Bantul Village, has become a concern in community-based promotive and preventive efforts. Therefore, this community service activity aims to increase the knowledge and awareness of the elderly about hypertension through a direct screening and health education approach. The implementation method includes blood pressure checks (initial screening), counseling using educational media such as leaflets, posters, and interactive presentations, and evaluation of understanding through filling out pre- and post-tests. A total of 24 elderly people participated as respondents in this activity. The screening results showed that the majority of participants (62.5%) were in the Hypertension Level 2 category, while the other 8.3% were in the Hypertension Crisis category. Before the education, pre-test results showed that 58.3% of elderly people had low knowledge about hypertension. However, after the education, 75% experienced an increase to a high level of knowledge. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores (p < 0.001), indicating that the health education provided was effective in improving participants' understanding. This activity has had a positive impact on improving health literacy and can serve as the basis for developing sustainable, community-based, participatory hypertension prevention programs.

The Dandu Bridge is one of the important infrastructures that functions as a land transportation link on the Suko-Sowominangun section, Lamongan Regency. The current condition shows that the bridge surface has suffered a lot of damage in the form of holes that can interfere with the smooth flow of traffic and endanger the safety of road users. Therefore, regular maintenance is needed so that the function of the bridge as a public facility remains optimal. One of the maintenance methods used is the Detailed Bridge Inspection Report (LPMJ), which aims to identify the condition of the bridge components as a whole. Field work practices carried out by students of the Lamongan Institute of Technology and Business in March-April 2025 are a means to understand the factors that cause damage. The results of the observation show that the damage is not only caused by structural factors, but also by non-structural aspects such as lack of awareness of road users and lack of communication with the surrounding community. Therefore, intensive education is needed for the community regarding the importance of maintaining the sustainability of the bridge's function, including the installation of proper traffic signs to minimize damage. In the LPMJ method, the upper structure components examined include floor plates, girders, and joints. Meanwhile, the lower structure includes pillars, abutments, and foundations. The bridge equipment that was observed included sidewalks, waterways, and railings. Maintenance should not only be focused on physical improvements, but also on social management that involves the active participation of the community, especially in areas with high traffic intensity. In conclusion, the maintenance efforts of the Dandu Bridge require an integrated approach that combines technical improvements and social empowerment, so that the sustainability of its function can be maintained for the long term.

This study examines the institutional discourse and administrative practices of the Secretariat of the Regional People’s Representative Council (DPRD) in the newly established province of Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Utilizing a qualitative content analysis approach, the research analyzes a corpus of official documents produced between 2022 and 2025, with particular attention to how the principles of good governance—transparency, accountability, participation, and effectiveness—are reflected and operationalized in a transitional bureaucratic setting. The findings reveal that while procedural transparency and organizational effectiveness are relatively well-articulated in formal documents, mechanisms for accountability and citizen participation remain underdeveloped and largely symbolic. This indicates that the new administrative structures are still in the process of consolidating practices that meaningfully incorporate civic engagement. The study further identifies significant patterns of institutional isomorphism, wherein bureaucratic templates, legal frameworks, and administrative routines from older provincial governments are mimicked and reproduced. Although such imitation provides a sense of stability and legitimacy, it may come at the expense of local relevance and the incorporation of context-specific innovations. In particular, reliance on inherited bureaucratic models risks marginalizing indigenous governance traditions and community-driven practices that could enhance inclusivity and responsiveness. The analysis underscores the performative and symbolic dimensions of governance during periods of institutional formation, highlighting the tension between adopting established administrative norms and fostering context-sensitive practices tailored to the realities of frontier provinces. Methodologically, the study demonstrates the value of document analysis in capturing governance dynamics where field access is limited, politically sensitive, or constrained by security issues. The study concludes by offering practical recommendations: strengthening participatory frameworks to ensure more substantive public involvement, integrating indigenous governance values to enhance legitimacy, and designing flexible policy models that can adapt to the unique sociopolitical challenges of Southwest Papua. In doing so, the research contributes both to the broader scholarship on governance in post-conflict and frontier regions and to the practical debates on institutional development in Indonesia’s newest province.

This community service program was implemented to address the needs of farmers in Kalicaah Village, Tanjung Jaya Village, Panimbang District, for an affordable, simple, and user-friendly fertilizing tool. Traditionally, the application of solid fertilizer has been done manually, which not only leads to inefficiency but also significantly increases the physical workload of farmers. To overcome this issue, the program team designed a solid fertilizer spreader using appropriate technology, constructed from recycled materials such as PVC pipes and used water gallons. This innovation was aimed at creating a sustainable, low-cost solution for the local agricultural community. The program’s implementation involved several key activities, including identifying the farmers' challenges, conducting assembly training sessions, demonstrating the tool’s use, and running direct field trials in local farms. The results showed that the use of the newly developed fertilizer spreader led to a 45% reduction in the time spent applying fertilizer, which directly contributed to more efficient farming practices. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in physical complaints, particularly lower back pain, which had been a common issue due to the manual labor involved in fertilizing. The tool proved to be easy to construct, requiring minimal technical knowledge, and the farmers were able to adopt the technology independently. The high rate of adoption among farmers further emphasizes the tool’s potential for widespread use. The success of this program also suggests that this simple, affordable technology could be replicated in other agricultural regions, benefiting more communities by improving work efficiency, reducing physical strain, and fostering a sustainable approach to farming practices.

This research is motivated by the problem of the effectiveness of the BKKBN Banten Province family planning program in realizing quality families in Serang City based on Law Number 52 of 2009 concerning Population Development and Family Development. The identification of the research problem is how effective is the BKKBN Banten Province KB program in efforts to realize quality families in Serang City? and what are the factors that influence the effectiveness of the BKKBN Banten Province KB program and solutions in facing obstacles to realizing quality families in Serang City. The theory used is the theory of legal effectiveness and the theory of the welfare state. The method used is empirical juridical, the research specifications used are descriptive qualitative. Using research data sources in the form of primary data and secondary data. Meanwhile, the data collection technique used in this study uses literature studies and field research. The data analysis used is a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that the family planning program from the BKKBN of Banten Province has been quite effective in realizing quality families in Serang City. The conclusion of this study is that the effectiveness of the KB program in realizing quality families in Serang City is quite effective, this is based on a review of the effectiveness of law from Soerjono Soekanto on five aspects of legal effectiveness, namely legal factors, law enforcement, facilities and infrastructure, society, and culture. However, it still faces obstacles in cultural factors and its society. In addition, the iBangga value in Serang City is 53.41, which indicates that Serang City is in the fairly good (developing) category. This study shows the role of the government in improving the welfare and quality of life of the community. In this case, in an effort to fulfill social services through the BKKBN Banten Province family planning program which aims to realize quality families in Serang City. The obstacles faced require improvements in the legal culture factor that needs to be improved with education and socialization in order to build awareness of the Serang City community about the importance of following the family planning program in realizing quality families in Serang City.

Learning fatigue is a serious challenge in the world of education, including in Christian Religious Education (CRE) subjects. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of active learning methods in overcoming learning fatigue among students in CRE subjects. Furthermore, it aims to provide theoretical and practical contributions to the field of basic education, particularly in formulating more adaptive, interactive, and psychologically appropriate learning approaches. This article employs a qualitative research method by analyzing the effectiveness of active learning methods as a solution to address such boredom. Active learning methods, which include strategies such as group discussions, simulations, role-playing, and project-based learning, have proven to increase students' cognitive, emotional, and social engagement. In addition to providing an enjoyable learning experience, this approach also reinforces Christian values in the context of PAK learning. This article concludes that active learning is not only capable of reducing learning boredom but also improving the quality of the learning process holistically. Therefore, teachers need to continuously develop their pedagogical and spiritual competencies to achieve transformative PAK learning that frees students from boredom. This study is expected to serve as a practical reference for teachers and policymakers in designing relevant, interactive, and contextual learning strategies. Moreover, the implementation of active learning methods in CRE subjects can also foster a deeper connection between students and the spiritual teachings of Christianity. By engaging students through hands-on activities such as role-playing biblical stories or collaborating on projects related to Christian values, students are encouraged to actively reflect on their faith in a more meaningful and personal way.

This research is based on problems in the strategy of the environment and hygiene agency in waste management in the coastal area of Pangandaran Regency, including: 1). There are limitations of supporting facilities and infrastructure in waste management in coastal areas. 2). Low sense of responsibility and participation of the community and tourists in protecting the coastal environment from garbage. 3). A directed and sustainable waste management strategy in coastal areas has not been prepared by the Pangandaran Regency Environment and Hygiene Office. The purpose of this study is to find out the strategy of the environment and hygiene agency in waste management in the coastal area of Pangandaran Regency. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with a qualitative research approach. This study uses Primary Data and Secondary Data. The primary data in this study is the result of interviews with 8 informants consisting of 1 head of service, 1 head of field, 2 cleaners, and 4 community leaders from coastal areas. Secondary data in this study are documents that have relevance to the research. The data collection technique in this study consists of interviews, observations and documentation. The data analysis techniques in this study consist of data reduction, data display and conclusion or verification. The results of the study show that the strategy of the environment and hygiene agency in waste management in the coastal area of Pangandaran Regency has not run optimally. The obstacles are due to the ineffectiveness of the recycling program, the lack of public awareness, the absence of the application of technology and management strategies that have not involved the participation of other stakeholders, and the weak role of coordination among stakeholders. DLHK's efforts to overcome obstacles by education, policy issuance, and provision of basic waste management facilities.

Amal Madani Indonesia (AMI) is a zakat philanthropic institution based in Cimahi, West Java, with a vision to empower communities through professional, transparent, and accountable management of zakat, infaq, and alms (ZIS) funds. As a zakat institution, AMI focuses not only on the collection and distribution of funds but also emphasizes the importance of good governance so that the collected funds can have a real impact on improving community welfare. This study aims to analyze AMI's contribution to improving community economic empowerment, evaluate the efficiency of zakat distribution, and examine the practice of Islamic philanthropic governance in the Cimahi region. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through field observations, documentation studies, and in-depth interviews with administrators and beneficiaries. The results show that AMI has a significant role in encouraging the socio-economic development of the surrounding community. The programs implemented are not only oriented towards distributing consumer assistance, but also focus on sustainable empowerment, for example through entrepreneurship training, mentoring micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), providing access to capital, and providing educational scholarships for children from underprivileged families. This strategy demonstrates that AMI is striving to shift the paradigm of zakat from merely a means of distributing welfare to an instrument for the economic development of the community. However, research also found several obstacles faced, including the program's distribution reach which is still limited to certain areas, limited human resources in managing empowerment programs, and low levels of zakat literacy among the community. The low understanding of some communities regarding the obligation of zakat has an impact on the potential for zakat collection that is not optimal. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve zakat education, optimize digital technology in collection and distribution, and strengthen collaboration with various parties, both government and the private sector.

Athletic physical condition is a key factor in determining an athlete's performance during competitions. This study aims to assess the physical condition of Unesa Women FC athletes using a descriptive quantitative method, involving 20 athletes as the sample. Data was collected through a series of physical tests to measure various aspects of physical fitness, including aerobic endurance, speed, agility, leg strength, and explosive power. The tests conducted included the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT) for aerobic endurance, a 30-meter sprint for speed, Illinois Agility Run for agility, Leg Dynamometer for leg strength, and Jump MD for explosive power. The results of the study show that the average VO2Max of the athletes is 30.8 ml/kg/min, which falls into the "Poor" category. This indicates that the athletes' aerobic endurance has not yet reached the optimal standard required for competitive performance. The 30-meter sprint time recorded was 5.53 seconds, categorized as "Good," indicating that the athletes have adequate speed. However, the agility score obtained from the Illinois Agility Run was 21.97 seconds, classified as "Poor," suggesting that the athletes need to improve their agility for quicker movements on the field. The explosive power score, measured by the Jump MD test, was 45.75 cm, which also falls into the "Poor" category, while leg strength, measured using the Leg Dynamometer, resulted in a score of 57.47 kg, classified as "Very Poor." These findings indicate that most components of the physical condition of the Unesa Women FC athletes are still below optimal levels. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need for a more structured and targeted physical training program tailored to the individual needs of each athlete. A training program designed based on these test results will help improve the physical fitness components that are lacking and support the enhancement of their performance during competitions.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the use of Village Funds in Mengkait Village, South Siantan District, Anambas Islands Regency, Riau Islands Province. The Village Fund is a strategic policy of the government in order to accelerate the development and empowerment of village communities, so it is necessary to evaluate the extent to which the funds are used appropriately and effectively. The research approach used is qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation of informants consisting of village officials, community leaders, and beneficiary communities. This study uses four indicators of effectiveness, namely accuracy of timing, accuracy of cost calculation, accuracy in measurement, and accuracy in thinking. The results of the study show that the use of Village Funds in Mengkait Village in general has been quite effective. The timeliness of the implementation was largely achieved, although some activities experienced delays due to weather and logistical factors. In terms of cost calculation, the village government has prepared the budget in a participatory and transparent manner, although there have been some adjustments due to price changes in the field. Accuracy in measurements shows that physical activities have been carried out in accordance with the technical plan, although there is still a need for increased supervision and accuracy in implementation. Meanwhile, precision in thinking is reflected in program planning that starts to be based on data and the real needs of the community, although not completely visionary or long-term. The village government has shown progress in implementing the principles of good governance and village development management. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the use of Village Funds in Mengkait Village has reached a fairly good level. To increase effectiveness in the future, it is recommended to increase the capacity of village officials, strengthen the monitoring and evaluation system, and actively participate of the community in all stages of Village Fund management.

The TikTok application, which now offers the TikTok Shop feature, is one example of how significant changes in the digital commerce industry have been fueled by information technology advancements. This feature creates a real-time interactive experience by enabling customers to shop directly through live broadcasting. The purpose of this study is to examine how using the live streaming feature affects purchasing decisions, particularly for students at STAI Sangatta. 64 students enrolled in STAI Sangatta's Islamic Economics Study Program were given a questionnaire as part of this quantitative field study. Validity tests, reliability tests, t and f tests, simple linear regression, and classical assumptions were used to assess the data. The analysis's findings indicate that live broadcasting significantly influences consumers' decisions to buy. The resulting regression equation is Y = 10.166 - 0.742X. The hypothesis is supported since the t-value of 10.178 is greater than the t-table of 1.999 and has a significance level of 0.000 (p < 0.05). At 103.584, the F test is likewise significant. The influence of the live streaming variable is indicated by the coefficient of determination (R2) of 62.6%, whilst other elements not included in this research model influence 37.4%.

Advances in digital technology in the financial sector have encouraged Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to shift from cash payment systems to non-cash payments through QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) as an effort to increase efficiency and modernize transactions. This research is motivated by the low level of QRIS adoption among MSMEs in Junti Village, Jawilan District, Serang Regency, Banten, most of which still rely on cash-based transactions. The purpose of this research is to analyze the implementation of QRIS by MSMEs, identify the obstacles faced, and assess the impact of the system's implementation on daily business activities. Data were collected through field observations, interviews with MSME actors, and supporting documentation, and this research was conducted in Junti Village in July 2025. The results revealed that some MSMEs that have adopted QRIS experienced benefits in the form of ease in conducting transactions, increased efficiency, and a more professional business image. These findings also confirm that the use of QRIS contributes to the acceleration of digital transformation in the MSME sector, although not yet fully optimal. The main obstacles encountered were limited access and the quality of internet infrastructure, which is still uneven, making it difficult for some business actors to utilize QRIS optimally. Based on these results, the study recommends the importance of increasing the intensity of socialization and training on QRIS use, as well as the need for ongoing support from local governments and financial institutions so that MSMEs can adapt more quickly and comprehensively to changes in digital technology, so that MSME digital transformation can take place effectively, inclusively, and sustainably. This study recommends the need for increased socialization, training, and support from financial institutions and local governments to encourage sustainable digital transformation of MSMEs.

This study aims to analyze the correlation between the principle of equality before the law and the affirmative action policy, which is expressed in the form of a 30% quota for women's representation in the political field, as stipulated in Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections. The focus of the study is directed at the extent to which this quota policy is in line with the principle of equality before the law and reflects substantive justice in democratic practices in Indonesia. The research method used is normative research by examining laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and relevant literature. This approach is used to assess whether the quota policy for women's representation is in accordance with the constitutional principle of equality, while also considering the challenges of its implementation in a socio-political context that is still gender biased. The results of the study indicate that the 30% quota for women in legislative candidacy is a form of positive discrimination intended to correct structural and historical inequalities in women's political participation. This policy is expected to open wider spaces for participation so that women have equal opportunities to play a role in the legislative process and public policy making. However, this policy has also drawn criticism. Some believe that the quota emphasizes fulfilling numbers rather than the quality and capacity of the individuals nominated. Therefore, the quota must be accompanied by efforts to improve the quality of women's human resources, political education, and transparent, merit-based selection mechanisms. This way, women's representation will not only be formal but also substantial and contribute significantly to democratic development. In conclusion, the 30% quota policy remains necessary as an affirmative step toward de facto equality. However, strengthening capacity and supporting systems is crucial for its implementation to align with the principle of equality before the law and achieve substantive justice.  

This study investigates the impact of taste and service quality on customer loyalty, with customer satisfaction serving as a mediating variable, at Dapoer MbokSum Kediri. The research adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were obtained through the distribution of structured questionnaires to customers, while secondary data were collected via interviews with the business owner and direct field observations to gain a deeper understanding of operational practices. A total of 120 respondents were selected through accidental sampling, ensuring that participants met specific criteria relevant to the study objectives. The data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS 4.0, incorporating validity and reliability testing to ensure the robustness of the measurement instruments, as well as hypothesis testing to evaluate the relationships between variables. The results of the analysis indicate that both taste and service quality exert significant and positive influences on customer satisfaction. Furthermore, service quality demonstrates a significant and direct positive effect on customer loyalty. In contrast, taste does not show a direct influence on loyalty, suggesting that its effect on loyalty is more indirect and mediated by satisfaction Additionally, the mediation analysis confirms that customer satisfaction plays a critical role in linking both taste and service quality to customer loyalty. This implies that while customers may appreciate the taste of food, it is their overall satisfaction—encompassing both taste and service experiences—that ultimately drives loyalty. The study highlights the importance for culinary businesses, particularly in the competitive food service industry, to focus not only on product quality but also on delivering excellent service to enhance satisfaction and foster long-term customer relationships. The findings provide practical insights for Dapoer MbokSum Kediri and similar establishments to strategically prioritize service quality improvements alongside maintaining food taste to maximize customer retention and loyalty.

The background of this research is based on the importance of good management of inactive participant archives to support the smooth running of administrative services, considering that inactive participant archives still have utility value, especially as evidence of claims and participant audits. This research has the objectives of (1) Knowing the principles of organizing inactive participant archives at BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Jakarta Rawamangun. (2) Knowing the filing/storage system for inactive participant archives at BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Jakarta Rawamangun. (3) Knowing the role of archivists/archive officers at BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Jakarta Rawamangun. (4) Knowing the obstacles and solutions carried out in managing inactive participant archives at BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Jakarta Rawamangun. The research method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, through observation, interview, and documentation study techniques. The results of this study (1) The principle used by BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Jakarta Rawamangun is a combined principle, because the storage of active archives and inactive archives is carried out separately, active archives are in the membership room while inactive archives are in the archive room. (2) BPJS Ketenagakerjaan applies a numeric system by sorting the Company Registration Number (NPP) from the smallest to the largest so that it is easy to find archives when needed. (3) The role of archivists is very much needed, but in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Jakarta Rawamangun there is a streamlining of the organizational structure resulting in the absence of archivists within it. (4) Archive management is still faced with several obstacles, such as limited storage space, still carried out manually, and a lack of workers with special competencies in the field of archiving. BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Jakarta Rawamangun Branch has also attempted to overcome these obstacles by digitizing participant archives, although the implementation has not been fully integrated into an adequate electronic archive management system. The conclusion of this study is the need to increase the capacity of human resources in archiving, optimize storage space and facilities, and develop an integrated digital system to achieve more effective and efficient management of inactive membership records.

Negotiation is the most fundamental form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), emphasizing the peaceful settlement of conflicts through direct dialogue between disputing parties without involving a third party. In Indonesia, negotiation has become one of the most widely used ADR mechanisms and has developed across various fields, including civil law, labor relations, administrative disputes, and environmental issues. This study aims to analyze negotiation as an ADR forum from two main perspectives. First, a theoretical review that examines the principles of negotiation, its stages, as well as its advantages and limitations compared to other dispute resolution mechanisms. Second, a practical review that elaborates on the implementation of negotiation within the Indonesian legal context through case studies of disputes resolved through negotiation. The research employs a normative-juridical approach to analyze the legal foundations and principles governing negotiation, combined with an empirical review through case data exploration and interviews with legal practitioners. The findings indicate that negotiation offers several advantages, including efficiency in time and cost, procedural flexibility, and the potential for mutually beneficial solutions (win–win solutions). However, this study also identifies challenges such as unequal bargaining positions between parties, limited legal recognition of negotiation outcomes, and the insufficient capacity of negotiators or informal mediators to fully grasp legal aspects. Based on these findings, the study recommends several strategic steps: enhancing legal recognition and protection for negotiation outcomes, strengthening the capacity and competence of negotiators through legal and communication skills training, and expanding the use of negotiation as an initial step in resolving various types of disputes. With stronger legal frameworks and improved human resources, negotiation has the potential to become a more effective, efficient, and sustainable dispute resolution instrument in Indonesia.

Civil servants play a crucial role in governance and development to achieve the national goals as stipulated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Civil servants (PNS) are the primary foundation for the implementation of the Indonesian government system, as they implement public policy and provide public services. Their integrity, competence, and legal status significantly determine the quality of government bureaucracy. This study aims to determine the role of the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) in handling cases involving civil servants using fake diplomas during recruitment or promotion. The approach used is normative juridical, reviewing existing regulations, such as Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus, Government Regulations, and other technical regulations. Data were also obtained through interviews with BKD officials and analysis of relevant case documentation. The results of the study indicate that in practice, there is still a discrepancy between established legal procedures and their implementation in the field. Several cases indicate that administrative sanctions or termination of civil servants found to have used fake diplomas have not been fully based on proper verification and sanction mechanisms. This raises doubts about the validity of decisions and has the potential to undermine public trust in government institutions. This study emphasizes the importance of enforcing administrative discipline and improving internal oversight systems, as well as the need for stricter and more coordinated regulations between central and regional agencies to ensure that every administrative action has a valid legal basis. Implementing the principles of accountability and transparency in personnel management must be a priority to create a clean and professional bureaucracy.

A fiduciary guarantee agreement is a formal agreement that must be stated in a notarial deed as regulated in Article 4 of the Fiduciary Guarantee Law. This provision states that a fiduciary guarantee is a subsidiary agreement of the main agreement that creates an obligation for the parties to fulfill a performance. Execution, in this context, is a legal action carried out based on a legally binding decision. Article 15 paragraph (2) of the Fiduciary Law explains that the executorial power of a fiduciary guarantee certificate allows for direct implementation without going through a court, is final, and binds the parties. This research uses an empirical normative method, namely combining library studies with field research. Primary data was obtained through interviews with Judges of the Yogyakarta District Court, Judges of the Sleman District Court, the Yogyakarta State Assets and Auction Service Office (KPKNL), and the Yogyakarta Regional Office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Secondary data comes from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The analysis was conducted qualitatively. The research results indicate that following Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019, the execution of fiduciary collateral objects can no longer be carried out unilaterally by creditors, but must instead be filed through the District Court. This provision balances the legal standing between debtors and creditors and prevents potential arbitrariness. Nevertheless, execution through the courts is an alternative if there is no agreement between the parties regarding a default. The court's role following the Constitutional Court decision includes resolving disputes between creditors and debtors and ensuring that execution procedures are carried out in accordance with the HIR (Regional Regulations for the Protection of Creditors), RBG (Regional Regulations for the Protection of Creditors), and the Supreme Court's technical instructions. In general, the execution mechanism through the courts is considered quite effective in ensuring legal protection for both parties.