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API abuse on lightweight edge gateways has intensified as microservice-based services expose many REST endpoints to heterogeneous clients. Conventional per-identity rate limiting, such as static token buckets, is frequently bypassed through distributed bots and identity rotation, while legitimate burst traffic may be rejected and degrade user experience. This study proposes Adaptive Rate Limiting with Verifiable Delay Functions (ARL-VDF), which couples a lightweight risk score with selective VDF challenges to impose a tunable sequential-computation cost on suspicious clients without forcing aggressive dropping for low-risk users. The gateway continuously derives a per-identity risk score from short-window request rate, error tendency, and identity freshness, then maps the score to a target delay bounded by  and . Evaluation uses a 600-second discrete-event simulation on a mixed workload consisting of normal clients, legitimate bursts, and distributed attackers. Compared with a static token bucket baseline, ARL-VDF maintains full success for legitimate traffic, reduces attacker throughput that passes the gateway, and keeps verification overhead within a fixed budget on the edge device. The results indicate that combining adaptive control with verifiable sequential cost can improve availability and fairness on resource-constrained edge gateways without resorting to aggressive dropping.

Online transportation services have become an important part of student life because they provide ease of access, time efficiency, and mobility flexibility. The Gojek application is one of the most frequently used services by students in Medan City to support academic and non-academic activities. This study aims to analyze students' experience in using the Gojek application and its effect on the effectiveness of the application in online transportation services. The research method used was a quantitative approach with survey techniques through a Likert scale questionnaire (1–5) to 50 students who were active users of Gojek. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression. The results showed that user experience (UX) was in the category of quite good with an average value of 3.58, while the effectiveness of the application was in the category of quite good with an average of 3.47. The reliability test showed Cronbach's Alpha values of 0.935 (UX) and 0.951 (Effectiveness), which means the instrument is very reliable. The results of the regression analysis showed that user experience had a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of the application (β = 0.961; R² = 0.881; p < 0.001). Thus, the better the student experience in using the Gojek application, the higher the effectiveness felt in online transportation services. These findings confirm that improving the quality of user experience is a key factor to maintain and increase the effectiveness of online transportation applications among students.

The increasing popularity of futsal in Jayapura City has created a growing demand for efficient access to information regarding available sports facilities. However, the lack of an integrated digital platform leads to inefficiencies in locating and booking futsal fields, often forcing users to rely on manual communication or generic navigation services that lack real-time data. This study aims to develop an Android-based application that optimizes the search for the nearest futsal field using the Greedy Algorithm (GA). The system integrates the Google Maps API, the Firebase Realtime Database, and Kotlin/Java to provide real-time field availability, route visualization, and online booking features. The research employed the Waterfall development model, with data collected through observation, interviews, and a literature review, involving 19 futsal fields in Jayapura City. System testing was conducted using Black-Box Testing and User Acceptance Testing (UAT). The results show that implementing the Greedy Algorithm increased route efficiency by 22%, reduced search time by 55%, and achieved 93.2% user satisfaction. All core functions passed functionality testing without errors. This study contributes both practically and theoretically by demonstrating the potential of heuristic-based optimization in sports facility management and promoting smart-city digitalization in urban sports infrastructure.

Public transportation plays an important role in supporting community mobility and accelerating regional economic growth. To improve public transportation services in East Java, the East Java Provincial Transportation Agency introduced the Trans Jatim Bus system. However, its implementation still faces several challenges, including long bus arrival times, the use of mobile applications that are difficult for elderly users, and inconsistencies in the availability of supporting facilities such as seating and trash bins at bus stops. This study aims to analyze the quality of Trans Jatim Bus services based on the service quality dimensions proposed by Wirtz and Lovelock. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, and analyzed using stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that reliability has not met service standards due to prolonged waiting times. Responsiveness and assurance were found to meet service standards, as passengers expressed satisfaction with service responses and complaint handling. Empathy was considered adequate, although accessibility issues for elderly passengers remain. Tangible aspects were also sufficiently met, but inconsistencies were found in the provision of seating and trash bins at several bus stops. Based on these findings, the study recommends increasing the number of buses on corridor 2, evaluating bus schedules, conducting public awareness campaigns, and ensuring the consistent provision of seating and trash bins at all bus stops to improve overall service quality.

This community service activity aims to improve the promotional capabilities of early childhood education (PAUD) schools by utilizing the Kids Art Space facility as an educational medium featured in school flyers. Kids Art Space is a creative learning space that plays a crucial role in developing creativity, fine motor skills, and artistic expression in early childhood. However, this facility has not been optimally utilized as part of the educational institution's promotional strategy. The community service implementation method included initial observations of school facilities, assistance in designing promotional content, and simple training for PAUD teachers and administrators on creating informative and engaging flyers. The results showed that assistance in utilizing Kids Art Space in flyers improved PAUD administrators' understanding of educational promotional strategies and produced promotional media that concretely represented the quality of learning. Flyers featuring children's activities in the Kids Art Space were deemed more communicative and able to attract parents as potential users of educational services. Thus, this community service activity makes a significant contribution in helping PAUD schools optimize learning facilities as a promotional strategy that is not only commercial, but also educational and oriented towards child development.

The Special Dental and Oral Hospital of South Sumatra Province has an official WordPress-based website (https://rsgigimulut.co.id/) that functions as a medium for information dissemination, communication, and public services to the community. This website is expected to provide accurate, up-to-date, and easily accessible information for users. However, in practice, the website management staff still face challenges and limitations in independently managing and updating the content, resulting in the suboptimal utilization of the website’s potential. This community service activity aims to provide website management training for the staff by utilizing the WordPress Content Management Sistem (CMS) so that they are able to manage the website effectively and sustainably. The training was conducted on August 11, 2025, in the third-floor meeting room of the Special Dental and Oral Hospital of South Sumatra Province, involving two website management staff members. The implementation methods included lectures, demonstrations, and hands-on practice covering the introduction to the WordPress interface, page layout customization, the addition of new posts and pages, menu creation and management, as well as tips on content management and website maintenance. The results of the training indicate an improvement in participants’ understanding and skills in independently managing the website, which has a positive impact on enhancing the quality of public information presentation and strengthening the hospital’s digital services.

The development of music streaming services such as Spotify has increased the need to understand the factors that influence user loyalty, particularly among university students who are highly engaged with digital platforms. Despite the rapid growth in music streaming adoption, research specifically examining the relationship between user satisfaction, measured using the End-User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) model, and user loyalty among Surabaya university students remains limited. This study aims to examine the influence of the five EUCS dimensions, namely content, accuracy, format, ease of use, and timeliness, on the loyalty of Spotify users. A quantitative research approach was employed, with data collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire distributed to 77 students who have used Spotify for at least three months. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression through SPSS to determine both partial and simultaneous effects of each dimension. The findings reveal that only the ease-of-use dimension has a positive and significant impact on user loyalty, while content, accuracy, format, and timeliness show no significant effects. These results highlight that ease of use plays a crucial role in shaping and maintaining user loyalty among Spotify users in Surabaya. Furthermore, the study provides valuable insights for developers to prioritize usability improvements while also contributing to the enrichment of EUCS-based satisfaction studies in the digital music service domain.

This study aims to analyze the role of Collaborative Governance in the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by Bank BRI Jombang Branch as an alternative strategy to enhance financial access. Utilizing the theoretical framework of Ansell and Gash, this study examines how the dimensions of starting conditions, facilitative leadership, and institutional design influence the effectiveness of inter-actor synergy in bridging access gaps that are unreachable through single-actor approaches. This research employs a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with bank management, village officials, and community leaders, supported by field observations and document analysis. The findings indicate that collaboration effectively mitigates information asymmetry and credit risks through a trust-based "social collateral" mechanism managed by local actors. Empirically, this collaborative intervention successfully reduced community dependence on informal high-interest lenders (moneylenders) significantly from 40% to 10% in the target area, and transformed customer behavior from merely holding passive accounts to becoming active users of productive financial services for micro-business development. It can be concluded that Collaborative Governance has successfully shifted the role of State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) CSR from mere transactional philanthropy to an inclusive strategic empowerment instrument. Nevertheless, this success still faces challenges regarding the discrepancy between rigid banking administrative standards and the simpler economic practices of rural communities, as well as a significant digital literacy gap. This study recommends the adoption of a more adaptive institutional design through the simplification of verification procedures for vulnerable groups and the strengthening of hybrid-model mentoring, to ensure the program remains effective and supports the sustainability of community economic independence in the digital era.

Drug abuse constitutes a serious threat to public health, social stability, and national security. This study examines law enforcement mechanisms against drug abuse under Indonesian Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics and evaluates preventive measures implemented to combat this phenomenon. Employing a normative juridical approach through a comprehensive literature review, this research analyses the implementation of both penal and non-penal approaches in addressing narcotics-related offences. The findings reveal that law enforcement practices predominantly emphasise punitive measures, despite legislative provisions accommodating rehabilitation for drug users. The dual approach integrating criminal sanctions with social and health services remains suboptimal due to institutional constraints, limited rehabilitation facilities, inadequate training for law enforcement personnel, and weak inter-agency coordination. Preventive efforts through education, family empowerment, school-based programs, community engagement, and media campaigns have been implemented but continue to face challenges, including social stigma and insufficient public awareness. This study recommends strengthening restorative justice implementation, expanding rehabilitation service capacity, and enhancing cross-sectoral collaboration to build societal resilience against drug abuse while ensuring that users receive appropriate treatment rather than mere criminalisation.

This study aims to analyze the role of internet technology in enhancing the competitiveness of ebusiness in Indonesia, particularly in the sector of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Based on theoretical reviews, internet technology, e-business, technology adoption (TAM), and the concept of competitiveness serve as the main foundations for understanding the ongoing digital transformation. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a purposive sampling technique, involving five informants consisting of digital SME owners, online store managers, and users of service platforms. Data were collected through interviews and observations, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the internet plays a crucial role as an essential infrastructure that enhances marketing effectiveness, expands market reach, and improves operational efficiency. Marketplaces, social media, and delivery-service platforms contribute significantly to sales growth and service quality. However, challenges such as low digital literacy, platform commission fees, changes in social media algorithms, and uneven infrastructure development still limit optimal utilization. From a policy perspective, the study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure and improving national digital literacy. This research emphasizes that the success of e-business depends on technology access, human resource competence, and support through public policy. It can be concluded that internet technology serves as a vital foundation for e-business competitiveness in the digital era.

The city of Singkawang has experienced rapid population growth, leading to an increase in the number of students. On 17 September 2024, the Singkawang City Transportation Agency implemented a free revitalized Student Transport service to reduce the number of traffic accidents involving students. The aim of this study is to identify service and respondent characteristics, evaluate operational management, and assess performance and user satisfaction using the IPA and CSI methods, as well as Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC). The research employs a descriptive quantitative method by analyzing descriptive statistical data. Data were obtained from field observations, interviews, and surveys of 400 student respondents (146 users and 254 non-users). The results show that the student transport operates with two vehicles serving the North and East Singkawang routes. The load factor for outbound trips is 22%–32% and for return trips is 11%–12%, with travel times of 68–85 minutes, average operating speeds of 20–22 km/hour, and circulation times of 68–85 minutes. Based on the IPA analysis, the indicators in quadrant D require socialization regarding the functions and use of the interior of the student transport. The CSI result shows a score of 99.79% (very satisfied). The annual VOC amounts to IDR 292,905,814 (East Singkawang) and IDR 282,020,390 (North Singkawang). In conclusion, this service is satisfactory but still requires socialization to enhance its attractiveness and effectiveness.

This study aims to analyze the influence of relationship marketing and e-servicescape on customer loyalty of Tokopedia users in Medan City. The rapid development of digital technology encourages Tokopedia to build long-term relationships with customers while creating a convenient and secure online shopping experience. This research employed a quantitative method with an associative approach, using data collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 Tokopedia users in Medan City and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results show that relationship marketing has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, where effective communication, responsive services, and loyalty programs such as Tokopedia Points increase customer trust and emotional attachment. In addition, e-servicescape also has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty through an attractive interface, easy navigation, and reliable transaction security. Simultaneously, both variables make a substantial contribution to building customer loyalty toward Tokopedia. Thus, effective relationship marketing strategies and high-quality digital environments are crucial factors in maintaining customer loyalty and enhancing Tokopedia’s competitiveness in the increasingly intense e-commerce industry.

The transformation of marketing strategies from conventional methods to digital marketing has become an important factor in the development of the beauty industry, especially for Make Up Artists (MUAs) in Bandung. This study aims to analyze the impact of digital marketing through social media on increasing customer interest and the number of MUA service users, with a case study of Iwan Haadi, a professional MUA in Bandung who is active on Instagram (@iwanhaadimakeup) and TikTok (@iwanhaadi). This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach, using interviews, observations of social media activities, and documentation of digital promotional content. The results show that before implementing digital marketing, MUAs generally relied on conventional promotions such as word of mouth and collaborations with wedding organizers. However, technological developments have encouraged many MUAs to shift to social media to expand their promotional reach. Based on observations of Iwan Haadi and 20 other MUAs in Bandung, around 85% have utilized social media particularly Instagram and TikTok to showcase their portfolios and client testimonials. The implementation of digital marketing strategies has proven to increase brand awareness and the number of customers by up to 65% over the past two years. In conclusion, digital marketing has a significant influence on increasing customers and competitiveness among MUAs in Bandung. Consistent and creative use of social media is the key to attracting customer interest and strengthening a professional image in the modern beauty industry.

This study aims to analyze the influence of terminal users’ perceptions on business development opportunities at Mangkang Type A Terminal, Semarang City, managed by the Central Java Class I Transportation Management Agency (BPTD). As a major transportation hub, the terminal functions not only as a passenger transit point but also as a strategic economic area with potential for commercial facility development. However, the utilization of business opportunities at Mangkang Terminal remains suboptimal, necessitating an evidence-based analysis of the factors that shape these opportunities. This research employs a quantitative approach using a survey method involving terminal users, including passengers, public transport drivers, and terminal visitors. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through multiple linear regression to examine the influence of user perceptions on business potential, which includes interest in facility usage, demand for additional services, and preferences for commercial space utilization. The findings indicate that perceptions related to comfort, safety, cleanliness, accessibility, and service quality significantly affect business development opportunities. Comfort and service quality emerge as the most dominant factors driving user interest in commercial facilities. These results emphasize that improving terminal service quality can serve as an effective strategy to expand business opportunities and enhance non-tax revenue.

This study compares two service management models to evaluate the governance of the Wi-Fi network in Dusun Gita Nagari Baru. The main objective is to measure user satisfaction and service quality following the implementation of the COBIT 2019 framework, particularly the DSS02 domain (Manage Service Requests and Incidents). The research employed a mixed methods approach, using historical-comparative document analysis and Likert scale questionnaires distributed to 21 active users. The data were analysed through gap analysis, capability level mapping, and descriptive statistical analysis to identify performance differences between two periods. The results indicate that most indicators in the COBIT 2019 capability model are at Level 4 (Predictable), one indicator reaches Level 5 (Optimising), and another indicator is at Level 3. Indicators directly related to the DSS02 domain, such as ease of reporting, response speed, schedule accuracy, and repair time, demonstrate the most significant improvements. These findings support the hypothesis that implementing COBIT 2019-based governance for DSS02 can enhance user satisfaction and the quality of Wi-Fi network services in rural areas. This study also provides practical recommendations for the sustainable management of digital infrastructure in areas with limited access.

This study aims to examine the effects of service quality and product quality on customer satisfaction and purchase decisions, as well as the mediating role of customer satisfaction. The population consists of Shopee users in Semarang City (January–May 2025). Using the Lemeshow formula, 97 respondents were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a 5-point Likert questionnaire and analyzed with SEM-AMOS. The findings show that both service quality and product quality significantly increase customer satisfaction. Service quality and product quality have positive but insignificant direct effects on purchase decisions, while customer satisfaction has a significant positive effect on purchase decisions. Customer satisfaction also significantly mediates the influence of service quality and product quality on purchase decisions. These results underline the crucial mediating role of satisfaction in shaping consumer purchasing behavior on digital platforms like Shopee.

The advancement of technology and information, which coincides with digitalization alongside the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), has colored human social life around the world. Currently, cadets of the Naval Academy often use gadgets/digital tools to access information or other media. With this, there are emerging threats that are very dangerous for individuals and the state. An currently prevalent case is Cyber Crime Identity Theft. Cyber crime identity theft refers to the crime of stealing someone's personal information online for the purpose of fraud or financial gain by stealing personal data such as names, identity numbers, and financial information, to carry out illegal transactions or obtain illegal benefits, which can lead to financial loss and damage the victim's reputation. Indonesia still has a very high number of cases of cyber crime identity theft, but it should be preventable by fostering. the cyber security awareness of cadets at the Naval Academy of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The conclusion of this research is that by strengthening modern technological infrastructure, both equipment and administrative services, developing modern software and hardware with strong security systems, and tightening regulations regarding access to users' personal data in cyber services, supported by strengthening cyber security institutions, it can enhance the cyber security awareness of cadets at the Naval Academy of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.

Menstrual cycle disturbances are common side effects of injectable hormonal contraception and may affect contraceptive satisfaction and continuation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the duration of injectable contraceptive use and menstrual cycle disturbances among injectable contraceptive acceptors. A quantitative analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted at TPMB Maya from September to October 2025. A total of 67 injectable contraceptive users were included using a total sampling technique. The independent variable was the duration of injectable contraceptive use, categorized as less than one year and more than one year, while the dependent variable was menstrual cycle disturbance. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through univariate analysis and Kendall’s tau-b correlation test. The results showed that most respondents were aged 20–35 years (86.6%), had a senior high school education (55.2%), and were multiparous (77.6%). Most respondents had used injectable contraception for more than one year (82.1%), and 74.6% experienced menstrual cycle disturbances. Bivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the duration of injectable contraceptive use and menstrual cycle disturbances (τ = −0.264; p = 0.032). The study concludes that longer use of injectable contraception is associated with a higher occurrence of menstrual cycle disturbances, emphasizing the importance of duration-based counseling in family planning services.

The UNAMA Library employs information systems to enhance its academic services. Nevertheless, its administrative framework continues to encounter obstacles, such as inadequate service system support for users, constrained resources allocated for the management and upkeep of the system, an absence of standardized protocols for addressing technical challenges, and insufficient assessment system efficacy. If these issues remain unaddressed, the operational effectiveness of the library information system will be compromised, thereby thwarting the objective of delivering dependable information services. This investigation seeks to illuminate the maturity level of information system governance as delineated by COBIT 2019 within the Decision Support Systems (DSS) domain, specifically focusing on the DSS01 (Manage Operations) and DSS02 (Manage Service Requests and Incidents) processes. The findings suggest that the degree of information system governance capability the UNAMA Library is situated at the Established Process level (level 3), signifying that the process has undergone implementation; however, it has yet to be comprehensively documented and consistently evaluated. Moreover, a disparity persists between the existing state and the anticipated capability level of the organization, particularly concerning IT operations management, the standardization incident handling, and the documentation of operational procedures. An elucidation of the expected level is articulated, especially in terms of operational standards, incident documentation, and IT infrastructure oversight. Recommendations encompass the formulation of standard operating procedures (SOPs), the enhancement of documentation practices, and periodic assessments grounded in COBIT 2019. These findings are anticipated to assist libraries in augmenting the efficacy of information systems governance and the quality of IT services.

The development of digital technology has driven significant changes in people's transaction patterns, including the increased use of app-based financial services. This study aims to analyze the role of the DANA app in increasing the convenience of cashless transactions in Indonesia. The method used was a literature review, analyzing journals, reports, and official documents related to the use of digital wallets and the development of DANA services over the past three years. The results show that DANA contributes to accelerating transaction processes, increasing accessibility to financial services, and providing secure and efficient payment features. Features such as QRIS, flexible balance top-ups, instant transfers, and integration with various public and commercial services have proven to facilitate users' cashless transactions. However, challenges remain, including unequal digital literacy, data security risks, and network limitations in some regions. Overall, the DANA app plays a crucial role in accelerating the digital payment ecosystem and increasing transaction convenience for the Indonesian people.