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This study aims to analyze the impact of the family environment on effective communication skills in early childhood. The family environment, as the first and foremost setting, plays a crucial role in shaping children's communication skills, both through parenting styles, verbal interactions, and the emotional atmosphere within the home. The research method used is a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis techniques, which focuses on describing phenomena based on data obtained through observation and literature review. The results show that children who grow up in a communicative, supportive, and responsive family environment tend to have better communication skills, such as the ability to express opinions, listen well, and interact effectively with others. Conversely, a less harmonious family environment with minimal interaction can hinder the development of children's communication skills. Thus, it can be concluded that the family environment has a significant influence on the effective communication skills of early childhood, so the role of parents is essential in creating a positive and constructive communication atmosphere within the family.

This research addresses the high divorce rate in three districts and cities, highlighting the lack of household harmony and integrity. The study focuses on the role and function of the Marriage Guidance and Preservation Advisory Board (BP4) in consultation and mediation. The objectives of the research are: 1) To identify the role of BP4 in fostering household harmony, 2) To examine the implications of Family Law in BP4’s role, and 3) To analyze BP4’s contribution to household harmony in East Priangan. The research employs a sociological juridical approach, examining the law based on norms and regulations while assessing its empirical application in community life. The research adopts qualitative methods. The findings show that: 1) BP4's role in maintaining household harmony is functioning normatively and functionally through non-litigation counseling and mediation, but its implementation remains uneven and reactive, preventing optimal development of the preventive function. 2) BP4’s legal implications are strong as a pre-litigation mechanism, but its limited authority and minimal integration with the judicial system hinder its effectiveness. 3) Barriers to BP4’s assistance include low participation, limited legal authority, a litigative culture, and weak institutional capacity. The research suggests a new model for Restorative-Preventive Family Governance to strengthen BP4’s role in conflict prevention

This study aimed to analyze the effect of parent empowerment in optimizing tummy time on head control in infants aged 0–6 months at community health posts in Jatisampurna, Bekasi. Early motor development requires adequate sensory–motor stimulation, yet many parents have limited knowledge and practice of prone positioning activities. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed involving nine healthy infants selected through purposive sampling. Parents received education and practical training on tummy time and were instructed to implement a home program for two weeks with a minimum duration of 30 minutes per day. Head control was assessed before and after the intervention using the Head Control Scale across prone, supine, pull-to-sit, and supported sitting positions. The results demonstrated improvements in head control scores in all positions, with the most notable gains observed in infants who had lower baseline abilities. The findings indicate that repeated prone stimulation enhances postural control through increased neck and trunk muscle activation and improved sensory–motor integration. Parent empowerment also increased knowledge, adherence to home stimulation, and active participation in child development monitoring. This community-based intervention shows potential as a promotive and preventive strategy to support early motor development through family-centered approaches at primary health services.

High school adolescents are in a vulnerable developmental phase towards emotional and behavioral problems due to rapid biological, cognitive, and social changes. Limitations in emotional management can trigger the emergence of problematic behavior, such as aggressiveness, violations of school rules, conflicts with peers, and bullying, both directly and through digital media. This article aims to analyze problematic behavior in high school adolescents from the perspective of emotional conditions. This study used a qualitative approach with a literature review method of 20 national and international scientific articles obtained through Google Scholar and analyzed descriptively-thematically. The results of the study indicate that adolescent problematic behavior is influenced by the interaction of individual, family, school, and social environment factors that are increasingly complex. Low emotional regulation and emotional intelligence increase the tendency for maladaptive behavior, while family support, a conducive school climate, and Guidance and Counseling services act as protective factors. Therefore, a holistic and sustainable approach is needed through strengthening emotional intelligence, preventive Guidance and Counseling services, and the development of life skills to support the social-emotional development of adolescents.

The reform of family law in Indonesia represents an essential response to social developments and the growing demand for constitutional protection of citizens’ rights. Family law, primarily governed by Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, has long been criticized for not fully reflecting substantive justice, particularly for vulnerable groups such as children born outside marriage, persons with mental disabilities, and couples facing complex marital relations. In this context, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Konstitusi) plays a crucial role as the guardian of the Constitution by promoting progressive reforms through its landmark decisions. This study examines the implications of five significant Constitutional Court rulings: Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 concerning the legal recognition of children born out of wedlock; Decision No. 93/PUU-XX/2022 addressing guardianship and the rights of persons with mental disabilities; Decision No. 69/PUU-XIII/2015 allowing post-nuptial agreements; and Decisions No. 68/PUU-XII/2014 and No. 24/PUU-XX/2022 regarding interfaith marriage. These rulings demonstrate a paradigm shift from a rigid legalistic approach toward a constitutional framework grounded in human rights, equality, and substantive justice. Furthermore, notaries hold a strategic position as public officials authorized to draft authentic deeds, serving as a bridge between constitutional values and legal practice. Notaries are not merely administrative actors but are responsible for ensuring that legal documents align with positive law and provide legal certainty and protection for individuals. Therefore, the reform of Indonesian family law should not remain solely at the normative level of Constitutional Court rulings but must be effectively implemented in daily legal practice.

Hypertension is a significant global health problem, especially in specific groups such as pregnant women. The high incidence and potential for serious complications demand non pharmacological management efforts and innovative use of local foods. This study examines the potential of local functional foods such as Ambon bananas, banana blossoms, and bamboo shoots as alternatives for health management and product development, particularly those related to hypertension in pregnant women. The method used was a systematic literature review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach, which encompasses four main stages: identification, screening, feasibility assessment, and analysis of results.The study results showed that the Ambon banana diet significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Factors such as age, family support, stress levels, and fast food consumption were shown to be significantly associated with the incidence of hypertension in pregnant women. Furthermore, bamboo shoot consumption significantly reduced blood cholesterol levels and blood pressure. In terms of product innovation, the fish floss formulation combined with banana blossoms or bamboo shoots received positive feedback from the panelists. The fermentation process of bamboo shoots is known to produce flour with a very high crude fiber content. Therefore, this local food has significant potential as a source of additional fiber and a raw material for value-added processed products to support food security and improve public health.

Online gambling has emerged as a growing public health and social concern, particularly in developing countries with rapid digitalization such as Indonesia. Increased internet accessibility, mobile device usage, and financial technology services have facilitated the widespread adoption of online gambling across diverse age groups, including adolescents. This study aims to investigate the phenomenon of online gambling and identify key determinants contributing to addictive gambling behavior. The method used is a narrative literature review, synthesizing findings from national and international studies related to online gambling, behavioral addiction, psychological mechanisms, and socio-environmental factors. The findings indicate that online gambling addiction is influenced by multiple interrelated determinants, including economic pressure, cognitive distortions such as illusion of control, low legal awareness, environmental exposure, and technological features embedded in gambling platforms. Neurobiologically, repetitive gambling behavior is reinforced by dysregulation of the brain’s reward system, particularly dopamine pathways, which strengthens compulsive engagement despite adverse consequences. Psychosocial impacts include increased risk of anxiety, depression, financial instability, social isolation, and criminal behavior. The study also highlights that adolescents are particularly vulnerable due to developmental factors and peer influence. The implications of these findings emphasize the need for comprehensive prevention strategies involving stricter legal enforcement, public education, mental health interventions, family support, and technological regulation. A multidisciplinary and public health–oriented approach is essential to reduce the prevalence of online gambling addiction and mitigate its long-term psychological, social, and economic consequences.

Background: Preschool age, which is 4-6 years, is a crucial stage in child development. Delays in development and growth in children will have long-term impacts on their cognitive, social, and emotional abilities. Children's diet and parenting styles are greatly influenced by their growth and development. Objective: This study aims to examine how parenting styles and nutritional status are related to the development of preschool children. Method: This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design and involved fifty parents of preschool children aged between 4 and 6 years. Total sampling was used as the sampling technique. To conduct bivariate analysis, researchers used the Spearman rank correlation test. PSDQ or Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire was used to collect data on parenting styles, Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST II) was used to assess child development, and Z scores were used to determine the child's nutritional status. Results: The majority of respondents indicated an authoritative (democratic) parenting style (88%), good nutritional status (88%), and normal child development (80%). There was a significant correlation between parenting style and child development, with p = 0.004 and r = 0.405. Meanwhile, for nutritional status and child development, the p value was 0.013 with r = 0.351. Conclusion: Nutritional status and democratic parenting style were significantly correlated with preschool children's development. Education on balanced parenting and nutrition needs to be strengthened through family-based nursing interventions.

Malnutrition and stunting among children under five remain major public health challenges in developing countries, including Indonesia. These conditions are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, impaired cognitive development, and reduced productivity in adulthood. Stunting reflects chronic nutritional deficiencies, while severe malnutrition indicates acute or prolonged inadequate nutrient intake, often exacerbated by infections, poor caregiving practices, and unfavorable socioeconomic conditions. This case report aims to describe the clinical condition, contributing factors, management, and outcomes of a 14-month-old female toddler diagnosed with severe malnutrition and stunting without complications in Blang Dalam Geuteung Village, Nisam Subdistrict, North Aceh Regency. The assessment was conducted using a family medicine approach, incorporating detailed history taking, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, and nutritional status evaluation based on World Health Organization Z-score indicators. Interventions included nutritional rehabilitation through appropriate dietary intake, family education on balanced nutrition and proper feeding practices, routine growth monitoring, and optimization of primary healthcare services. The results showed gradual improvement in the child’s nutritional status, evidenced by weight gain, better appetite, and improved feeding patterns following the intervention. This case highlights the importance of early detection, comprehensive family-centered management, and continuous monitoring in addressing malnutrition and stunting at the primary care level. Strengthening community-based interventions, improving caregiver knowledge, and enhancing collaboration between healthcare providers and families are essential to reduce the burden of malnutrition and support optimal child growth and development.

This research analyzes the phenomenon of identity concealment bu the main character in the anime 91 Days, Angelo Lagusa, who disguises himself as Avilio Bruno to revenge his family’s murder. The focus of this research is to identify and classify the ego defense mechanisms by Sigmund Freud employed by Angelo thoughout this process of concealment. Utilizing a descriptive qualitative method and a literary psychology approach, this research aims to provide a detailed description of how ego defense mechanism is manifested in the character’s actions and behavior. Data was collected through direct observation of all episodes in the series. The analysis reveals that four primary ego defense mechanisms are predominant. These four primary ego defense mechanisms are repression, sublimation, displacement and rationalization. Repression emerges as the most prominent mechanism, characterized by Angelo’s constant effort to suppress emotional drives (id), particularly in pain, rage and trauma into the subconscious to prevent them from interfering with his primary mission. Meanwhile, sublimation is evident when he channels his emotional energy into strategic and structured planning for his revenge. Displacement is observed in moments where his anger is redirected toward less threatening targets. Furthermore, rationalization is used by Angelo to justify his harsh and cruel actions with the logic of vengeance and justice. This research concludes that Angelo as Avilio in disguise is not merely a narrative strategy but an external representation of a complex internal psychological dynamic, where the ego functions as a mediator between the demands of the emotional id and the constraints of reality. Through this analysis, this research is expected to contribute to development of literary psychology studies, particularly in understanding the psychological construction of fictional characters through a Freudian theoretical lens.

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the most common health problems among primary school–aged children and may interfere with the learning process as well as children’s overall health status. This community service activity aimed to improve primary school students’ knowledge and awareness regarding ARI prevention through the implementation of the Faculty of Medicine Teaching Movement. The methods used were interactive lectures and demonstrations tailored to the characteristics of primary school children, including education on ARI, proper cough and sneeze etiquette, and correct handwashing practices. The community service program was conducted in three stages: planning and preparation, implementation, and evaluation and monitoring. The activity involved collaboration between lecturers and medical students from the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, who served as health education facilitators. The evaluation results showed a significant improvement in students’ knowledge, with the proportion of students in the good knowledge category increasing from 47.4% before the intervention to 78.9% after the intervention, along with an increase in the mean score of 28.4 points (p < 0.05). This activity not only enhanced students’ understanding of ARI prevention but also strengthened the role of medical students in field-based learning and promoted the development of health awareness within the school and family environment.

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) remains a major global health issue that requires serious attention. Based on the Indonesian Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia/SKI), Indonesia’s MMR in 2022 was recorded at 195 per 100,000 live births and decreased to 189 per 100,000 live births in 2023. Although this decline indicates some progress, the figure remains far from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target of fewer than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030. Therefore, various promotive and preventive efforts are needed to reduce MMR, one of which is by improving pregnant women’s compliance in attending antenatal classes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between pregnant women’s knowledge and family support and their compliance in attending antenatal classes in the working area of Sinaboi Public Health Center. This research employed a quantitative analytic method with a cross-sectional design. The total number of respondents was 136 pregnant women. The results of the univariate analysis showed that 78 respondents (57.4%) had good knowledge, 74 respondents (54.9%) received family support, and 106 respondents (78.0%) were compliant in attending antenatal classes. The Chi-square test results indicated a significant relationship between pregnant women’s knowledge and compliance in attending antenatal classes (p-value = 0.03), as well as a significant relationship between family support and pregnant women’s compliance in attending antenatal classes (p-value = 0.02). This study is expected to serve as a reference for health workers and future researchers in enhancing education and family involvement to encourage active and regular participation of pregnant women in antenatal classes.

Adolescence is often faced with various challenges from the community, school, and family environment. Adolescents from underprivileged families are often overshadowed by economic limitations that hinder access to quality education and skills development. One way to address this is by empowering adolescents through non-formal education by honing skills to improve their quality when entering the world of work. This study aims to determine the implementation of empowerment of underprivileged adolescents in increasing independence at the Information and Communication Technology Islamic Boarding School (PeTIK) in Depok using qualitative methods and data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. Data are presented in the form of descriptions and written reports, as well as drawing conclusions. The results show that PeTIK significantly helps underprivileged adolescents to gain education and real-world experience in the world of work. This empowerment is an effort made so that adolescents have the ability to develop their academic and non-academic potential. In addition, PeTIK has succeeded in increasing adolescent independence such as emotional independence, social independence, intellectual independence, and economic independence.

Islamic education in the global era faces various complex problems and challenges, ranging from conventional teaching methods, varying teacher quality, to curriculum unpreparedness in addressing social and technological dynamics. The globalization of information and culture also significantly influences students’ behavior and identity, requiring digital literacy, critical cultural awareness, and resilience in religious values to remain aligned with Islamic principles. This study employs a library research approach with a descriptive qualitative method, analyzing various books and scientific journals related to Islamic education in the global era. The findings indicate that the problems of Islamic education include the gap between traditional methods and 21st-century needs, teachers’ unpreparedness in using technology, and the lack of integration between religious education and contemporary social contexts. Other challenges involve education management, family and community involvement, and policy-making that responds to global changes. To address these issues, recommended solutions include revitalizing an integrative curriculum that combines Islamic values with 21st-century skills, utilizing technology wisely, enhancing teacher competence, strengthening collaboration between schools, families, and communities, and developing media literacy and inclusive pedagogical approaches. Implementing these strategies is expected to produce students who are competent, adaptive, character-driven, and globally competitive without losing their moral and spiritual identity. These findings contribute to the development of Islamic education that is relevant, adaptive, and sustainable in the global era.

Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that occurs in mothers after childbirth, with symptoms that can appear from pregnancy until 4 weeks postpartum. This condition negatively impacts the psychological health of the mother and the development of the baby. This study aims to analyze factors associated with the risk of postpartum depression. The method used was quantitative with an analytical survey design through a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was carried out using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire consisting of 10 questions. The results of the validity test showed a calculated r value of > 0.3610 and the reliability test obtained a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.67. The study sample consisted of 42 respondents selected using a total sampling technique, with inclusion criteria of mothers aged ≥18 years, in the period <6 weeks postpartum, and willing to be respondents. Data analysis used the chi-square test. The results showed that all variables had a significant relationship with the risk of postpartum depression (p < 0.05). These variables include age (p=0.040), education (p=0.018), occupation (p=0.011), history of depression (p=0.024), complications (p=0.017), economic status (p=0.048), parity (p=0.016), type of delivery (p=0.006), husband's support (p=0.000), and family support (p=0.028). Therefore, it can be concluded that demographic, obstetric, and social support factors play an important role in the risk of postpartum depression. These results are expected to form the basis for prevention efforts and early intervention to improve postpartum maternal mental health.

Toddlers are a critical age group 0–59 months who require optimal nutritional intake to support physical and cognitive growth and development. The quality of toddler feeding patterns is influenced by family socioeconomic factors, including income, education, and parental occupation. This study aims to analyze the relationship between family socioeconomic status and toddler feeding patterns in the working area of the Saritani Community Health Center, Boalemo Regency. This study used an observational design with a cross-sectional approach and involved 40 respondents selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, interviews, observations, and secondary data from the Community Health Center, then analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of p < 0.05 . Results: Most families have middle (45%) and low (40%) socioeconomic status. Good feeding patterns are received by 55% of toddlers, while 45% have inadequate feeding patterns. The analysis shows a significant relationship between family socioeconomic status and toddler feeding patterns (p = 0.043). Families with low incomes and limited maternal education tend to provide food with less than optimal variety and nutritional content. Conclusion: Family socioeconomic status has a significant influence on toddler feeding patterns in Saritani.

Low parental literacy regarding nutrition, parenting, and lack of utilization of Posyandu services as well as low father participation are among the factors contributing to the continued existence of malnutrition and stunting risks at the Flamboyan 3-4 Ulu Posyandu. This study aims to identify the root causes of low parental literacy, map its impact on the condition of toddlers, and evaluate two alternative policies to improve the quality of parenting education. This study uses a mixed method with a predominance of descriptive qualitative data. Data were collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and anthropometric data. Policy analysis was conducted using the six evaluation criteria of William Dunn (1999), namely effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, fairness, responsiveness, and accuracy. The results of the study show that of the 13 children examined in August-September, there were 3 children whose weight and height were not appropriate for their age. The three main factors causing this problem were limited knowledge about nutrition and feeding, low understanding of child growth and development, and minimal use of posyandu services, including the involvement of fathers. The impact of this condition is evident in several toddlers with Z-scores for weight-for-age and height-for-age below the standard. Two policy alternatives were evaluated: the Healthy Family Room Program (RKS) and the 1000 HPK Home-to-Home Counseling Program. The evaluation results show that the RKS Program received the highest score with an average of 3.3, making it more feasible to implement because it is more effective, sufficiently efficient, and more responsive to family needs.

This community service research is about the creation of Taman Kita “Taman Dusun Sudimampir” as an artificial tourism to utilize local potential implemented in Kaliangsana Village, Kalijati District, Subang Regency. This artificial tourism destination is one of the incidental activity programs carried out by the Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Study Program, University of Subang together with the community in Sudimampir Hamlet in an effort to increase environmental attractiveness while encouraging the economic growth of the local community. Sudimampir Hamlet is located in Kaliangsana Village and has beautiful and strategic natural conditions, but has not been optimally managed as a tourist destination. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an area in the form of a thematic park that can function as a means of recreation, education, and community empowerment. The method of implementation of this research activity includes the stages of planning, preparation, implementation, and management of the park. The concept of the park is educational and family-friendly nature tourism by providing various facilities such as flower gardens, children's play areas, photo spots, gazebos, and educational gardens. In addition, this park also involves active community participation in the management and development of micro-enterprises. The expected results of the development of this park are the creation of comfortable green open spaces, increased tourist visits, and the opening of new business opportunities for the surrounding community. Thus, Sudimampir Hamlet Park is expected to become a sustainable tourist attraction and provide social, economic, and environmental benefits.

Exclusive breastfeeding is the provision of only breast milk without any other food or drink from birth to six months of age. The practice of exclusive breastfeeding is very important in supporting infant growth and development and reducing infant morbidity and mortality. However, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is still not optimal, including for mothers with first-born children (first-born toddlers). This study aims to determine the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in first-born toddlers in the work area of ​​Dewantara Health Center, North Aceh with variables of knowledge, attitude, and support for breastfeeding. This study uses a quantitative research type with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study were all mothers who had their first-born children (first-born toddlers) in the work area of ​​Dewantara Health Center, as many as 30 people. The sampling technique used total sampling so that the entire sample population was used. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results showed no significant relationship between maternal knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.241), no relationship between maternal attitudes and exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.786), and no relationship between breastfeeding support and exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.850). The conclusion of this study is that knowledge, attitudes, and support for breastfeeding are not significantly related to exclusive breastfeeding in first-born toddlers. It is recommended that health workers improve breastfeeding education and support, and strengthen family support for the success of exclusive breastfeeding.

The modern era has brought significant changes to human life, including to family structures and relationships. The dominance of individualism and materialism, as well as the development of digital technology, has affected the quality of interpersonal relationships within families. This paper aims to analyse the family as communio personarum in the modern era, based on the teachings of Familiaris Consortio. The research method used was qualitative research with a descriptive-analytical approach through a literature study of Church documents, particularly Familiaris Consortio, as well as theological literature on family and related scientific literature. The results of the study show that the family as Ecclesia Domestica is called to live out a communion of persons rooted in Trinitarian love. However, the modern reality reveals serious challenges in the form of individualism, work commitments, and technological dependency, which reduce the quality of family relationships. Therefore, an updated understanding and practice of communio personarum is required to ensure that the family remains an authentic and relevant community of love in the modern era.