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This research is motivated by the lack of interesting learning media that can motivate and facilitate students in understanding fashion design material. The purpose of this research is to develop Pop-Up Book Fashion media as an innovative and interactive learning tool and to determine the feasibility of Pop-Up Book Fashion media on the material of custom skirts. The research method used is development research with a 4D model with stages consisting of 4 main stages, namely: (1) Define (Definition) (2) Design (Planning); (3) Develop (Development); (4) Disseminate (Dissemination). Assessment of product feasibility results is carried out by validation to 1 validator, namely a media expert. There is 1 more validator, namely the validator of the student response questionnaire instrument. Based on the value of the validator regarding the results of the product feasibility, the average score from the media expert is 91% (very feasible). Trials on 18 class X students of SMK Negeri 6 Surabaya showed an interest level of 91.11% (very interesting). So it can be concluded that the Pop up book Fashion media is proven to be effective and interesting to use as a learning medium. This media is recommended as an innovative alternative to improve student learning outcomes, particularly in fashion design. In addition to enhancing students' understanding of fashion design materials, the use of Pop-Up Book Fashion media also provides a stronger visual and kinesthetic learning experience. Through direct interaction with media that can be touched and moved, students can imagine the final form of clothing more realistically, especially for the custom skirt material that requires visualization of models and construction. This media not only helps with cognitive aspects but also facilitates students' emotional engagement in the learning process. This is in line with the thematic learning approach that emphasizes the importance of multisensory engagement in increasing retention and learning interest.

This research aims to develop an electronic student worksheet (E-LKPD) based on Liveworksheet, integrated with Quizwhizzer, for teaching economic activities in elementary school. The background of this study stems from the limited variation in learning activities and the underutilization of digital technology in the learning process at schools. To address these problems, the study seeks to produce innovative, interactive, and easily accessible learning media that can support student engagement and improve learning outcomes. The development process follows the ADDIE model, consisting of five stages: Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. In the analysis stage, the needs of students and teachers were identified. The design and development stages involved creating E-LKPD content integrated with Liveworksheet and interactive quizzes using Quizwhizzer. The implementation was carried out through classroom trials, followed by evaluation to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of the product. Data collection was conducted through expert validation (media, material, and language experts) and questionnaire responses from both teachers and students. The validation results indicated that the E-LKPD developed is of excellent quality, with a score of 90% from media experts, 98% from material experts, and 96% from linguists. The student trial also produced highly positive results, with a feasibility score of 83%, reflecting strong student enthusiasm and acceptance of the media. Teachers also responded positively to the practicality and clarity of the content. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the Liveworksheet-based E-LKPD integrated with Quizwhizzer is highly feasible and effective for use in teaching economic activities at SD Negeri 7 Kampungdalem. This learning media is expected to increase students' interest, motivation, and active participation, while also optimizing the role of technology in supporting a more engaging and meaningful learning experience in the classroom.

Project Based Learning (PjBL) merupakan model pembelajaran inovatif yang menekankan keterlibatan aktif peserta didik melalui pengerjaan proyek nyata yang relevan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Model ini diyakini mampu memadukan aspek kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik, sehingga pembelajaran menjadi lebih bermakna sekaligus meningkatkan keterampilan kolaboratif siswa. Sejumlah penelitian terdahulu menegaskan efektivitas PjBL, antara lain dalam meningkatkan keterampilan kolaborasi, komunikasi, berpikir kritis, serta motivasi belajar siswa. Dalam konteks pendidikan Kristen, nilai-nilai kerja sama, kerendahan hati, dan kebersamaan yang diajarkan Rasul Paulus dalam Filipi 2:1–11 memiliki relevansi kuat dengan prinsip PjBL. Nilai sehati sepikir, rendah hati, dan menanggung bersama menjadi fondasi penting dalam membangun kerja sama kelompok yang sehat.Namun, realitas di SMA Bhakti Insani menunjukkan bahwa implementasi PjBL belum optimal. Siswa masih menunjukkan sikap pasif, kurang fokus, serta minim kerja sama baik dengan guru maupun teman sebaya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji lebih jauh implementasi PjBL yang diintegrasikan dengan nilai-nilai Alkitabiah dalam meningkatkan kerja sama siswa. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik observasi, kuesioner, dan wawancara terhadap 80 responden. Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan PjBL terhadap peningkatan kerja sama siswa, dengan korelasi sebesar 0,940 dan kontribusi pengaruh mencapai 94%.Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa PjBL dapat menjadi strategi efektif dalam meningkatkan kerja sama siswa apabila dijalankan sejalan dengan nilai-nilai Kristiani. Dengan demikian, PjBL tidak hanya melatih keterampilan akademik dan kolaborasi, tetapi juga membentuk karakter siswa yang berlandaskan kasih, kerendahan hati, dan kebersamaan

This study aims to determine the effect of the Course Review Horay learning model on students' comprehension ability in response text material at SMP Negeri 4 Gunungsitoli Idanoi. This learning model is an active and fun strategy that combines game elements with learning activities, so it is expected to increase student engagement and understanding of the material. The study used a quasi-experimental approach with a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The research procedure included three stages, namely (1) implementing a pre-test to measure students' initial abilities, (2) providing treatment by applying the Course Review Horay model in the experimental class and conventional learning in the control class, and (3) implementing a post-test to determine the increase in students' comprehension abilities. The study population was all seventh grade students consisting of two classes, namely VII-A and VII-B, each consisting of 20 students, so that the total number of participants was 40 people. Sampling used a saturated sampling technique because the entire population was sampled. The independent variable in the study was the application of the Course Review Horay learning model, while the dependent variable was student learning outcomes in the response text material. The results of data analysis showed a significant difference between student learning outcomes in the experimental class and the control class. Based on the hypothesis test, the t-value was 12.006, with a significance (2-tailed) <0.001, which is smaller than 0.05. 

This study aims to determine: 1) whether there are differences in social skills before and after the implementation of the Team Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning model and the direct learning model in the science subject for fourth-grade students of SDN X; and 2) how much influence the use of the TGT cooperative learning model has on students' social skills. The background of this study is based on the importance of developing social skills from an early age, especially through a collaborative learning approach that encourages active interaction between students. Social skills are considered essential for students to build collaboration, responsibility, and tolerance in classroom settings. The method used in this study is a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. The research sample consisted of fourth-grade students who were divided into two groups, namely the experimental class that implemented the TGT model and the control class that used direct learning. The research instrument was a social skills test sheet with four main indicators, namely cooperation, communication, responsibility, and tolerance. The cooperative learning model provides opportunities for students to learn not only academically but also socially through structured interaction. The results of the study showed a significant difference in the improvement of social skills between the experimental and control groups. Students in the experimental group experienced greater improvement in social skills, particularly in cooperation and communication. The TGT model has been proven to create a fun learning atmosphere, foster healthy competition, and encourage students to be more active in discussions and group activities. This finding confirms that TGT can be an effective strategy to improve students' social competence in elementary schools. Therefore, it can be concluded that the TGT cooperative learning model has a positive influence on improving students' social skills. This study recommends implementing TGT as an alternative effective learning strategy in science subjects in elementary schools.

This study aims to examine the application of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model assisted by animated videos in improving problem-solving skills in Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) subjects. The study used a quasi-experimental approach with a one-group pretest and posttest design. The subjects were 30 fifth-grade elementary school students selected as samples. The research instruments included a problem-solving ability test and an observation sheet for the implementation of learning. The results showed a significant increase in students' problem-solving skills after being treated through the PjBL model assisted by animated videos. The average posttest score was higher than the pretest, so it can be concluded that this learning strategy is effective in improving student learning outcomes. The use of animated videos helped students to visualize abstract concepts and engage more actively in the learning process. In addition, the results of observations of the implementation of learning showed that students became more active, enthusiastic, and able to work together in groups to complete the project. Student activity increased gradually, starting from the project planning stage, information collection, to the presentation of results. The teacher acted as a facilitator who provided direction and guidance, while students were directly involved in each process. This indicates that the integration of technology-based media supports collaborative and student-centered learning. Therefore, the implementation of the Project-Based Learning model with animated videos is not only effective in improving problem-solving skills but also fosters overall student engagement in science learning. Therefore, this learning model can be recommended as an innovative strategy to enhance problem-solving skills in primary education.

This study was motivated by the low interest and skills of seventh-grade students at Darul Ulum Budi Agung Private Islamic Junior High School, which was caused by the use of uninteresting teaching methods and the lack of innovative learning media during classroom activities. This study aimed to develop animated video learning media for seventh-grade students' descriptive text material. The research methodology uses research and development with the ADDIE model, which consists of five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The population in this study was seventh-grade students at MTs Swasta Darul Ulum Budi Agung, with a sample size of 30 students from class VII-1 and 30 students from class VII-5. Data collection was conducted through observation, interviews, validation tests, questionnaires, and documentation, then analyzed using SPSS V.26 software with normality tests, homogeneity tests, and t-tests to obtain valid and accurate results. The research results indicate that the developed animated video was deemed highly suitable by media experts (90%), language experts (84%), and subject matter experts (86%). The practicality of the animated video also received highly practical results, with 94% of teachers, 58% of control class students, and 92% of experimental class students responding positively. Additionally, the effectiveness of the animated video showed an improvement in students' writing skills, with an average of 67.66 for the control class and 84.83 for the experimental class in the effective category. This study demonstrates that animated videos can serve as an alternative teaching material that supports the learning process and leads to significant improvements in learning outcomes.

This study aims to examine the influence of the implementation of the Mastery Learning model on the study results of seventh-grade students at Darussalam Islamic Middle School, Gowa. This research is a type of classroom action research (CAR), designed to improve the mathematics learning outcomes of seventh-grade students. The CAR approach was implemented in a cyclical form, consisting of four stages: (1) planning, (2) action, (3) observation, and (4) reflection. Data collection techniques used in this study included observation, testing, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive analysis to assess both the learning outcomes and the teacher and student activities during the process. The results of the first and second cycles indicate a significant improvement in student performance. In the first cycle, the study results showed a 75% improvement in student learning outcomes, and after the second cycle, student performance improved to 90%. The class's average grade also increased significantly, from 71 in the first cycle to 87 in the second cycle. This improvement demonstrates that the implementation of the Mastery Learning model can significantly enhance the mathematics learning outcomes of seventh-grade students at Darussalam Islamic Middle School, Gowa. Furthermore, this study proves that the collaborative approach in classroom action research not only improves student learning outcomes but also fosters an engaging and effective learning environment. The results suggest that the Mastery Learning model, with its emphasis on achieving mastery in learning before progressing to the next topic, is an effective strategy for improving mathematics achievement in middle school students. This study contributes valuable insights into the effectiveness of the Mastery Learning model in enhancing student performance in mathematics.

This study aims to determine the influence of the Time Token Learning Type learning model combined with science literacy on communication skills and cognitive learning outcomes of SMPN XYZ students. The background of this research is low communication skills and student learning outcomes that are still substandard, so an innovative learning approach is needed that can improve both aspects. The research method used was quasi experimental with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The research subjects involved one experimental class given Time Token Learning type learning with science literacy content and one control class that used conventional learning. The research instrument consisted of a reasoned multiple-choice test to measure cognitive learning outcomes and an observation sheet to assess communication skills. The results of the study show that the application of the Time Token Learning model with science literacy has a significant influence on improving students' cognitive learning outcomes. The average pretest score of 40 increased to 75 in the posttest with an N-Gain value of 45.5% which was in the medium category. These findings prove that the learning model is effective in improving students' understanding of concepts and cognitive thinking skills. However, the results of the analysis of communication skills did not show a significant improvement. In addition, the correlation between communication skills and learning outcomes was also insignificant with a significance value of 0.826 > 0.05. In conclusion, the Time Token Learning model with science literacy has proven to be effective in improving students' cognitive learning outcomes, but has not been able to optimally develop communication skills. Therefore, it is necessary to develop additional strategies or a combination of other learning models so that communication skills can develop in line with improving cognitive learning outcomes.

This study develops Prezi-based audio-visual learning media aimed at improving motivation and economics learning outcomes for Grade X students at SMA X. The primary issue addressed is the low motivation and achievement among students due to the use of monotonous teaching methods and unengaging media. This research distinguishes itself by integrating Prezi’s Zooming User Interface (ZUI) with economics content, aligning with the independent curriculum and the Pancasila student profile. The study follows the Four-D Research and Development (R&D) model, consisting of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate phases. Data were collected through needs analysis, expert validation, and a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Two classes, each consisting of 36 students, participated in the study. The learning media developed integrates various components such as text, images, charts, animations, and audio explanations, creating a comprehensive and interactive learning experience. The media was validated and found to be suitable, practical, and flexible for classroom use. The experimental group using the Prezi-based learning media saw a significant improvement in their learning outcomes. The average score of this group increased from 43.472 to 86, showing a substantial gain. In contrast, the control group, which used traditional methods, showed a smaller increase in average score, from 43.056 to 66.389. These results indicate that Prezi-based media is an effective tool for enhancing students' motivation and learning outcomes. It provides an innovative and engaging alternative for teachers, making economics content more dynamic and accessible. The study suggests that integrating such audio-visual tools can play a crucial role in improving the quality of learning, fostering both student engagement and academic achievement.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model in science education on students’ environmental literacy and science communication skills at SMK Negeri 3 Pekanbaru, focusing on the topic of disaster mitigation. The research employed a causal comparative approach with a post-test only design, comparing two student groups: an experimental class using the PBL model and a control class using conventional teaching. The results revealed a significant difference in environmental literacy, with the experimental class achieving a higher average score (81.86) compared to the control class (62.05). This indicates that the PBL model is effective in enhancing students' understanding, awareness, and environmentally responsible behavior. The PBL approach encourages active student engagement and the application of knowledge to real-world scenarios, which is particularly beneficial in the context of environmental issues and disaster mitigation. By working through problems related to environmental challenges, students are likely to gain a deeper understanding of the topic, which fosters a sense of responsibility towards environmental sustainability. In terms of science communication, although the experimental class showed a higher average score (75.78) than the control class (72.92), the difference was not statistically significant. This may be due to a lack of intensive training in scientific discussions and presentations. While PBL encourages collaborative problem-solving and idea-sharing, students may still require more structured practice in presenting and communicating their findings clearly and persuasively. The integration of more structured activities focusing on science communication skills could further enhance the effectiveness of the PBL model. Overall, the PBL model demonstrates positive potential in improving both environmental literacy and science communication. However, to achieve its full impact, its implementation must be consistent, with a focus on providing students with additional opportunities to develop their communication skills.

This study aims to analyze the potential and challenges in implementing Fellowship-Based Cooperative Learning in D.I Edutainment, especially for Generation Z. The method used in this qualitative research is a case study, with data collection conducted through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and documents. The unit includes the analysis of Gen Z participation, and involves facilitators, namely D.I Edutainment managers as informants. D.I Edutainment shows significant potential in implementing fellowship-based cooperative learning. Thanks to the interactive edutainment concept, small programs, and adequate human resource support. However, this study also identified challenges such as Generation Z's relatively short attention span, preference for digital media, variations in self-confidence levels, and the need for structure and motivation for ongoing collaboration. It is recommended that D.I Edutainment utilize, develop interactive and collaborative vehicles, train facilitators, design interesting project groups, and optimize community courage. From an academic perspective, further research is needed on the impact of cooperative learning, the role of technology, Generation Z's perceptions, and their social skills measurement models.

This systematic literature review examines the philosophy of science approaches to user security in distributed devices, such as IoT and Federated Learning. The review was conducted in response to the exponential growth of connected devices and the increasing security threats, including cyberattacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access. As distributed systems become more complex, traditional security approaches, such as cryptography and differential privacy, are often insufficient to address the ethical, philosophical, and contextual challenges that arise in these ecosystems. Distributed devices, especially in IoT and Federated Learning contexts, rely on vast amounts of personal data. This data, often stored or processed in decentralized environments, creates significant risks to user privacy and system integrity. As the number of connected devices grows, security risks multiply, creating challenges in maintaining user trust, privacy, and overall system resilience. Conventional techniques, such as encryption, only focus on technical aspects, often neglecting the deeper philosophical dimensions, such as the nature of knowledge, privacy, and fairness in these systems. These gaps highlight the need for a more nuanced approach that incorporates philosophical perspectives into security frameworks. This study uses a systematic literature review method based on the PICOC (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Context) framework to analyze the relevance of epistemology, ontology, and ethics in strengthening system security. By examining the foundational principles of how knowledge is constructed (epistemology), what entities exist in the system (ontology), and the ethical considerations around data and user privacy (ethics), the review provides a comprehensive understanding of how philosophical concepts can be integrated into the design and implementation of security systems in distributed environments. The results reveal that epistemological principles, such as the verification and validation of data sources and models, can significantly improve the reliability and trustworthiness of distributed systems.  

This study investigates KIDI IoT, an educational service by PT Telkom Indonesia designed to bridge the skills gap between Vocational High School (SMK) graduates and the demands of the Industry 4.0 workforce. The primary objective was to assess the extent to which the KIDI IoT service fulfilled the requirements of educators and learners to substantiate its value proposition. A qualitative, exploratory methodology was employed utilizing in-depth interviews and the Value Proposition Canvas (VPC) framework for analysis. The outcomes demonstrate how effectively the program's project-based, experiential approach increases user motivation and offers a practical, industry-relevant learning environment. The service successfully generates the desired customer benefits. A major customer pain point that the current model ignores is that participants often expressed that the two-day offline training period was insufficient to help them master the material or build their confidence for working independently. This led to a significant misalignment. The KIDI IoT value proposition is fundamentally strong and well-regarded; however, the study concludes that its implementation necessitates improvement, particularly through the provision of more specialized teacher training and an extended training duration, to ensure sustained impact and skill acquisition.

This research is motivated by the low speaking ability of children in group A of RA Tarbiyatul Khoiriyah. This problem is caused by the lack of varied learning methods and the use of learning media that have not been able to optimally attract children's attention and interest. In fact, speaking ability is an important aspect in early childhood language development, which plays a role in communication and further learning processes. Therefore, an innovative and interesting approach is needed to encourage children's speaking skills. This research aims to develop children's speaking ability through storytelling activities using Paflaber (Pictured Flannel Board) as an interactive visual aid. This research uses the Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach model Kemmis and Taggart, which is implemented in three cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects in this study were 20 children aged 4–5 years, consisting of 10 boys and 10 girls. The instruments used in the research included open modules, child performance assessment sheets, as well as observation notes and activity documentation. The results showed a significant increase in children's speaking ability in each cycle. Learning completion increased from 30% in the pre-action phase to 40% in cycle I, 60% in cycle II, and 85% in cycle III. The implications of this research result indicate that Paflaber media is very effective in improving the speaking skills of early childhood children. This media not only helps children understand the content of the story through visualization but also stimulates active involvement and verbal interaction. Therefore, Paflaber media is recommended as one of the creative learning strategies that can be implemented by early childhood teachers to develop children's language skills in a fun and meaningful way.

The Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5) aims to develop students who possess strong character and skills that are relevant to the demands of the times, particularly in facing global challenges and technological advancements. One of the implementations of P5 at SMK NU 1 Sukodadi is the Gelar Karya activity, which serves as a platform for students to showcase their creativity and apply the values of Pancasila in real life. The theme of this activity is "Build a Healthy Body, Mind, and Sustainable Lifestyle," aimed at raising awareness of the importance of physical and mental health, as well as adopting environmentally friendly practices that support sustainability. The method used in this activity is a project-based learning approach, where students are given the opportunity to learn through direct experience. This allows them to understand and apply the theories they have learned in real-world practices. Additionally, the activity emphasizes collaboration between students and teachers, creating a supportive learning environment and strengthening the relationship between learners and educators. By utilizing experiential learning, students are directly involved in the learning process, which facilitates a deeper understanding. The results of this community service project show that the Gelar Karya activity successfully increased students' awareness of the importance of healthy lifestyles and sustainable environmental management. Students not only gained theoretical knowledge but also practical skills that they can apply in their daily lives. Furthermore, the activity strengthened students' character and supported the values of the Pancasila Student Profile. These findings can serve as a model for other schools to optimize the sustainable implementation of P5, providing a positive impact on shaping students' character and skills for a better future.

The research that has been conducted is entitled "Development of Adventure Comic Media to Improve Fantasy Story Writing Skills of Class VII MTs Negeri 2 Medan", the background of this research is the low writing ability of students, which is caused by difficulties in developing ideas and the use of conventional learning methods. This problem encouraged researchers to develop learning media in the form of comics as an innovative alternative to support more interesting and effective learning. This research uses the ADDIE development model which consists of five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, observations, tests, and documentation, and involved a validation process by material experts, media experts, and linguists. Furthermore, trials were conducted on students of class VII-G as an experimental class. The results of the study showed that the developed adventure comic media was classified as very feasible, practical, and effective. The validation results by three experts showed that the media expert gave a score of 95% (after revision), the material expert 98.33%, and the linguist 88%. In addition, user responses to the media were also very positive. Students in class VII-G gave an assessment of 94,52%, while the teacher gave an assessment of 97.14%. All assessment results are included in the very practical category. In terms of effectiveness, pretest and posttest tests were conducted to measure the improvement of students' writing skills. The results of the effectiveness trial were analyzed using the N-Gain value. In class VII-F (control class), the N-Gain score was 48.66%, while in class VII-G (experimental class) it was 68.35% with a fairly effective category. These results indicate that adventure comic media is quite effective in improving students' fantasy story writing skills. Thus, adventure comic media can be used as an alternative learning media that is interesting, easy to understand, and able to increase students' motivation and writing skills, especially in fantasy story text material.

School laboratories are learning environments that have high potential hazards, both from exposure to chemicals, the use of complex equipment, and other environmental factors. Unfortunately, the application of occupational safety and health (K3) principles in schools is still often ignored, increasing the risk of accidents and occupational diseases. In response to this issue, the S1 Occupational Safety and Health Study Program of the Batari Toja Bone Institute carried out Community Service (PKM) activities which aimed to increase students' understanding of the importance of K3 culture in the laboratory. This activity was held on August 13, 2025 at SMAN 3 Bone by involving students of class XII.F.3 as the main participants. The method of implementing the activity includes filling out an initial questionnaire to measure the level of initial understanding of students, delivering material through lectures and direct demonstrations, and interactive question and answer sessions to deepen participants' understanding. The material presented included identification of potential hazards in the laboratory, procedures for using personal protective equipment (PPE), recognition of K3 signs, and strategies to prevent the risk of work accidents. The results of the evaluation showed a significant increase in students' understanding of aspects of K3, which was shown through the comparison of questionnaire results before and after the activity. Students become more aware of the importance of using PPE, are able to recognize K3 signs, and understand preventive measures in dealing with potential dangers in the laboratory. This activity is expected to encourage the formation of a K3 culture in the school environment, so as to create a safe, healthy, and productive learning atmosphere. In addition, this program is an educational model that can be replicated in other schools as a preventive effort in managing work risks in the educational environment.

This research was conducted with the main purpose of examining and analyzing the specific needs of elementary school teachers in designing and implementing a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model that is grounded in the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, with the ultimate goal of enhancing students’ critical thinking skills as a crucial competency in the 21st century. The study is rooted in the understanding that critical thinking is not only a fundamental learning outcome but also a key skill for students to thrive in modern society, while at the same time recognizing the current limitations in technology integration within elementary-level PBL practices. A quantitative descriptive method was employed, involving a purposive sample of 100 elementary school teachers who provided data through structured questionnaires and interviews. The analysis focused on five core indicators, namely teachers’ initial knowledge of TPACK-based PBL, the availability of facilities to support its implementation, teachers’ participation in relevant professional training, the degree of TPACK integration in classroom learning, and the actual application of PBL in teaching practice. Findings revealed that only 36% of teachers possessed sufficient awareness of TPACK-based PBL, 40% reported having adequate facilities in their schools, 40% had previously joined related training, 36% had integrated TPACK into their instruction, and 50% had applied PBL in their classrooms. These results clearly demonstrate a significant gap between existing practices and the ideal conditions needed for maximizing the potential of TPACK-based PBL. Consequently, the study emphasizes the urgency of developing and strengthening this model by improving teacher knowledge, ensuring continuous professional development opportunities, and promoting the effective use of technology to foster innovative, contextual, and student-centered learning that can systematically nurture critical thinking abilities in elementary school students.

This study examines the effectiveness of education and training programs in improving employee performance and identifies the factors influencing training outcomes at the Personnel and Human Resources Development Agency (BKPSDM) of Southwest Papua Province. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, utilizing interviews, observations, and documentation, with key informants including the Head of BKPSDM. Data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles et al. (2014), encompassing data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. Findings reveal that education and training programs at BKPSDM significantly enhanced employee performance, as evidenced by improved timeliness in task completion, increased knowledge, skills, and expertise, and notable positive changes in employee behavior and attitudes. Training outcomes were also reflected in improved workplace discipline and greater responsibility among civil servants. Evaluation of program effectiveness employed five levels: participant reaction, learning achievement, behavioral change, organizational impact, and cost-effectiveness, all of which indicated favorable results. Factors influencing training effectiveness included the relevance of training materials to employee roles, appropriate scheduling that minimized work disruption, the use of clear and supportive training methods, and the competence of instructors in delivering material effectively. These findings demonstrate that well-planned and well-delivered training programs can strengthen the capacity and professionalism of civil servants, enabling them to better fulfill governmental and developmental responsibilities while supporting overall organizational performance improvement. In addition, the study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring and feedback throughout the training process to ensure sustained improvements in employee performance. It suggests that the involvement of employees in the design and planning stages of training programs can enhance the relevance and applicability of the content, fostering greater engagement and retention of knowledge.