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This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Drops app in improving Japanese vocabulary acquisition among beginners. Based on the theory of cognitivism, the study used a descriptive qualitative method with a sample of 21 subjects who answered 11 questions through a Google Form survey. Results showed that the use of Drops significantly increased the average vocabulary score by 43 % (from 28.5 to 40.7), which was influenced by the integration of gamification features and spaced repetition mechanism in the application. The majority of respondents (76 %) reported high satisfaction with ease of use, learning motivation, and effectiveness of visual illustrations, consistent with previous research on audiovisual and gamification-based mobile apps. However, about 24 % of respondents recorded medium to low scores on motivational aspects and interface appearance, indicating the need for UX/UI enhancements to expand adoption. Demographic statistics revealed the average age of respondents to be 18.38 years (Q1=17; median=18; Q3=20), confirming that teenagers and pre-adults are the main group of Drops users. The findings provide recommendations for both language education practitioners and app developers to optimize design and features to maximize vocabulary learning effectiveness.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, requiring early and accurate diagnosis to reduce mortality. This study proposes a hybrid classification pipeline that integrates Hybrid Statistical Feature Selection (HSFS) with unsupervised LSTM-guided feature extraction for breast cancer detection using the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset. Initially, 20 features were selected using HSFS based on Mutual Information, Chi-square, and Pearson Correlation. To address class imbalance, the training set was balanced using the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). Subsequently, an LSTM encoder extracted non-linear latent features from the selected features. A fusion strategy was applied by concatenating the statistical and latent features, followed by re-selection of the top 30 features. The final classification was performed using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with RBF kernel and evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation and a held-out test set. Experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved an average training accuracy of 98.13%, F1-score of 98.13%, and AUC-ROC of 99.55%. On the held-out test set, the model reached an accuracy of 99.30%, precision of 100%, and F1-score of 99.05%, with an AUC-ROC of 0.9973. The proposed pipeline demonstrates improved generalization and interpretability compared to existing methods such as LightGBM-PSO, DHH-GRU, and ensemble deep networks. These results highlight the effectiveness of combining statistical selection and LSTM-based latent feature encoding in a balanced classification framework.

Small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs) face significant challenges in developing sustainable tour packages while implementing effective digital marketing strategies, particularly due to limited human resources and technical capabilities. This study analyzes the strategic role of tourism students in developing sustainable tour packages and implementing digital marketing transformation at CV. Mahkota Borobudur through a university-industry collaboration model. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach with single case study design involving 15 participants through in-depth interviews, participant observation during 6-month fieldwork, and document analysis. Data analysis followed thematic analysis with triangulation methods. Three key findings emerged: tourism students enhanced product innovation through systematic destination surveys, resulting in three diversified tour packages with improved market appeal; digital marketing implementation through social media platforms achieved broader market reach with improved cost efficiency; and the collaboration model generated mutual benefits, improving students' practical competencies while addressing company's human resource constraints. This study contributes to tourism education literature by demonstrating effectiveness of university-industry partnerships in sustainable tourism development and provides a framework for integrating academic resources into tourism product development and digital marketing transformation.

The Social studies has an important role in education, namely understanding the wider social world so that students are able to face the challenges of global issues. This research explores the transformation of social studies learning in the modern era, focusing on contemporary global issues such as climate change, geopolitical conflicts, economic disparities, health problems, and human rights violations. Through a qualitative-descriptive approach and literature study, this research examines the urgency of social studies education transformation in responding to these issues. The results show that social studies education needs to adopt more interactive and technology-based learning methods, integrate character values, improve digital literacy, and incorporate global issues into the curriculum, the key role of teachers as facilitators and continuous evaluation to ensure the effectiveness of the transformation. This study concludes that a comprehensive transformation of social studies learning is essential to prepare the younger generation to be responsible global citizens and able to contribute to a better society.  

In educational research, identifying variables and determining data sources are essential components in designing a systematic and accurate study. Research variables refer to the elements that are observed and measured within a study. These variables can include student achievement, motivation, teaching strategies, or learning environment conditions. Generally, variables are categorized as independent, dependent, control, or moderator variables. The independent variable is the influencing factor, while the dependent variable is the outcome. Control variables are held constant to avoid interference, and moderator variables affect the strength or direction of the relationship. The process of identifying variables begins with formulating the research problem and objectives. By reviewing theoretical frameworks and previous studies, researchers can focus their investigation on measurable aspects. For instance, in a study about the effectiveness of online learning on student performance, the independent variable is online learning, while the dependent variable is student achievement. Beyond identifying variables, researchers must also determine the appropriate types of data sources. Data sources are generally divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary data are collected directly from research subjects, such as through interviews, observations, or questionnaires. Secondary data, on the other hand, are obtained from existing sources like documents, books, journals, or official reports. The choice of data source must align with the research approach—quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. In quantitative research, primary data such as test scores or survey responses are used to measure variables numerically. In qualitative research, in-depth interviews and observations are commonly used to explore meanings and context. Using both types of data in combination can enhance data validity through triangulation. Ultimately, researchers must ensure the validity and reliability of their data, while also maintaining ethical standards in data collection and reporting. By understanding how to identify variables and select appropriate data sources, educational research can yield credible findings that contribute meaningfully to educational theory and practice.

This study discusses the effectiveness of speed reading techniques in learning Arabic at the Darut Tauhid Patemon Islamic Boarding School. Speed ​​reading skills are very important for students to understand Arabic texts, such as classical books and other Islamic literature, in a shorter time. This study uses a qualitative method with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the speed reading techniques applied in this Islamic boarding school are divided into three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. The technique for beginners emphasizes the introduction of letters and harakat, mastery of understanding using the flashcard method, and repeated reading exercises using the shadowing method. At the intermediate level, students are trained to use skimming and scanning techniques, reading in phrases using the eye movement control method, and understanding the context of the text. Meanwhile, the advanced level focuses on evaluating understanding, discussion, and oral speed reading tests. Although this technique has proven effective in improving reading skills, there are several obstacles, such as limited understanding of students and lack of intensive practice outside of formal class hours. Therefore, a more optimal mentoring strategy is needed, such as increasing comprehension exercises, using technology in learning, and additional training for students who experience difficulties. With proper application, speed reading techniques can improve students' competence in understanding the texts they have mastered.

This study aims to analyze the integration of technology in Islamic Religious Education (IRE) as a strategic effort to develop students’ 21st-century skills, particularly the 4Cs: Critical Thinking, Creativity, Communication, and Collaboration. In the digital era, educators are required to adapt learning approaches that not only convey religious knowledge but also empower students with relevant skills for navigating modern challenges. Employing a qualitative research method through a comprehensive literature review, this study explores various scholarly works that discuss the role of digital technology in supporting the development of 21st-century competencies within the IRE framework. The analysis reveals that technology-enhanced IRE learning fosters student engagement, strengthens critical and creative thinking processes, facilitates interactive communication, and encourages collaborative learning environments. Furthermore, the integration of technology allows for the contextualization of Islamic values in formats that resonate with the current digital-native generation. This synergy between religious instruction and digital innovation supports the holistic development of learners, ensuring they are intellectually equipped and spiritually grounded. The findings highlight the necessity for educators to design innovative, flexible, and value-based learning strategies that align with technological advancements while preserving the core principles of Islamic education. Ultimately, this research offers valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and curriculum developers in enhancing the relevance and effectiveness of Islamic Religious Education in the 21st century.

  Abstract. This study aims to determine how effective the Inquiry Social Complexity (ISC) model is in increasing critical thinking in elementary schools. The Inquiry Social Complexity (ISC) learning model is a way of learning that focuses on the use of critical thinking and social complexity to identify and resolve dilemmas. Critical intelligence means cognitive skills that demonstrate a high level of thinking skills, involving analysis, drawing conclusions, and assessing the problem-solving process, which is one of the important competencies in the 21st century. This study uses a quantitative approach using the Pratung Pre-Experimental design. The design applied is the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. After the treatment was given, the average homogeneous value obtained was 78.11, while the t-test results gave a sig value (2-tailed) of 0.00 with a significance level of 5%. These results indicate that sig (2-tailed) is less than 0.05, so the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. This means that there is a significant disparity between the pretest and posttest. The conclusion of this study is an example of Inquiry Social Complexity (ISC) learning that has effectiveness in improving critical thinking skills of students in PPKn subjects at Elementary School 1, class V, Natar District. In addition, the analysis with the n-gain test produced an n-gain of 0.511 which is classified as moderate, which strengthens the acceptance of the other method hypothesis (Hα). This confirms that there has been a significant disparity between the pretest and posttest, regarding the effectiveness of the Inquiry Social Complexity (ISC) learning model on students' thinking skills in PPKn subjects at SDN 1, class V, Natar District.

The issue of waste management remains one of the significant environmental challenges in Indonesia, mainly due to the lack of awareness and understanding from an early age. This article discusses the implementation of a community service program through innovative interactive learning using educational games "Reresik" and "Bersihkan Sampah di Laut" designed to enhance elementary school students' interest and understanding of waste management. The implementation method includes teacher training, the introduction of waste material, the application of educational games, and the evaluation of program effectiveness through satisfaction surveys. The results indicate that game-based learning methods significantly increase student enthusiasm, simplify understanding, and foster positive habits in maintaining environmental cleanliness. Moreover, the training provided to teachers improved their ability to integrate educational technology into the learning process. This program is expected to serve as a sustainable innovative learning model to raise environmental awareness among younger generations.

Modernization of education in Islamic boarding schools is an important need to maintain the relevance of learning in the digital era. Salafiyah Islamic boarding schools, which are synonymous with the traditional approach through the study of the Yellow Book, face the challenge of adapting technological developments without losing their scientific character. This research aims to develop a model of curriculum modernization through the integration of deep learning-based digital technology  to improve the effectiveness of learning and the quality of academic evaluation. The methods used include literature studies, observation of the learning process, and trial implementation of digital learning tools equipped with deep learning algorithms  for student ability analysis. The results of the study show that the application of deep learning technology  is able to speed up the competency mapping process, provide automatic feedback on reading and comprehension of classical texts, and assist teachers in monitoring the development of students more accurately. This integration also increases interest in learning and strengthens the mula curriculum system without shifting the traditional values of the Islamic boarding school. Thus, technology-based modernization can be a strategic solution to bridge the classical approach and the needs of 21st century learning in Salafi Islamic boarding schools.

Gross motor development is essential for elementary students’ physical growth and learning. Traditional games are a fun and culturally rich method to stimulate gross motor skills. To examine the effectiveness of the Karapan Sapi traditional game in improving gross motor skills among 4th-grade students at SDN Bubutan IV Surabaya. This study employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) in two cycles involving 26 students, using observation, interviews, and documentation for data collection. Initial observations showed most students were in the "Less Skilled" category. After the intervention using the Karapan Sapi game, all students progressed to the "Highly Skilled" category. The Karapan Sapi game enhanced not only physical abilities but also teamwork, student engagement, and appreciation for local culture. The Karapan Sapi traditional game is an effective and enjoyable educational tool to improve elementary students’ gross motor skills through contextual and cultural-based learning.

Infrastructure problems have become a significant concern in educational discourse, primarily focusing on how inadequate facilities impede the achievement of educational objectives. This research examines the challenges related to educational infrastructure in teaching Islamic Cultural History (SKI) at MTS 1 Kota Bengkulu. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the study identifies key issues including limited technological resources, insufficient maintenance funding, and inadequate government oversight. The findings reveal that these limitations significantly impact teaching effectiveness, student engagement, and learning outcomes. The implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum, which emphasizes technology integration, faces particular challenges due to infrastructure deficiencies such as limited electrical outlets and projection equipment. The research proposes comprehensive solutions including improved financial management, strategic resource allocation, teacher professional development, and enhanced stakeholder collaboration. This study contributes to understanding how infrastructure limitations affect specialized subjects like SKI and offers practical recommendations for educational institutions facing similar challenges.

This article discusses the learning strategies applied in developing the moral character of students through the Equivalency Education Programme as a solution to the limitations of formal education. Using a qualitative approach based on field research, this article examines the role of tutors in conveying moral values through lectures, discussions, question and answer sessions, and recitations. Psychological and socio-cultural approaches are employed to enhance the effectiveness of these strategies, supplemented by the application of habit formation, modelling, advice, and disciplinary measures. Findings indicate that the success of moral education in non-formal education pathways is influenced by the alignment of strategies with students' conditions, teachers' readiness, and curriculum flexibility. This article emphasises that character education can still be optimised outside the formal education system through structured and contextual strategies.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) in learning media presents challenges related to the uneven readiness of human resources and infrastructure, thus affecting the effectiveness of its implementation. This study aims to examine the effect of AI implementation in learning media development on learning outcomes of students of Faculty of Economics, University of Balikpapan. The method used is quantitative with survey design and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis using AMOS. The sample consists of 113 students selected by simple random sampling from the population of 376 active students. The results of the analysis showed that the readiness of lecturers and the quality of AI-based learning media had a significant effect on improving student learning outcomes. However, the success of AI implementation is also strongly influenced by infrastructure support and educator training. The findings provide important implications for learning media developers and policy makers to strengthen lecturers' capacity and improve technology infrastructure to support inclusive and sustainable digital transformation of education. In addition, ethical aspects and data privacy should be the main concerns in the development of AI-based learning media.

Introduction: Achieving carbon neutrality in industrial systems is essential for mitigating climate change and promoting sustainability. The increasing demand for energy optimization and carbon emission reduction has driven the development of advanced technologies, particularly hybrid machine learning (ML) models. These models, combining ensemble learning and reinforcement learning (RL), offer significant promise in optimizing industrial processes, reducing energy consumption, and improving environmental performance. This study explores the application of hybrid ML models in achieving carbon neutral goals through dynamic process optimization and energy control in industrial settings. Literature Review: Hybrid ML models integrate different machine learning techniques to handle complex and dynamic environments effectively. Ensemble learning methods, such as boosting, bagging, and stacking, combine multiple algorithms to improve predictive performance and robustness. Reinforcement learning (RL), on the other hand, enables real time decision making and adaptation based on trial and error interactions with the environment. In energy optimization, these models are used to reduce energy intensity and carbon emissions, enhancing overall operational efficiency. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ML models in energy management, but challenges such as data quality, model integration, and computational complexity remain. Materials and Method: The study applies hybrid ML models combining ensemble learning and RL to optimize energy consumption and minimize carbon emissions in industrial processes. Data from real time sensors and operational parameters are used to train the models. The ensemble learning component improves the accuracy of energy predictions, while RL ensures dynamic process adjustments in response to fluctuating energy demand. The models were tested in various industrial settings, including manufacturing processes, smart grids, and microgrid systems. Performance metrics such as energy efficiency, carbon emissions reduction, and operational costs were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of the models.  Results and Discussion: The hybrid ML models achieved significant reductions in energy intensity (15-20%) and carbon emissions (18-25%). The real time adaptability of the RL component allowed the models to adjust energy consumption patterns dynamically, improving energy efficiency and reducing waste. The models demonstrated their ability to adapt to varying operational conditions, ensuring optimal energy use. A cost-benefit analysis showed that the hybrid models provided substantial energy savings and reduced operational costs, with a return on investment (ROI) of 30-35% within the first year of deployment. However, challenges such as computational complexity and data quality issues were identified, highlighting the need for further refinement in model development.

The teaching of Professional Ethics in the Culinary Arts Study Program is often delivered in a theoretical manner, make lack of contextual and reflective learning experiences for students. This study aims to develop and evaluate an interactive pocket book as a learning medium to support students' understanding of ethical values in real culinary work settings. The research employed the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), with data collected through observation, interviews, expert validation, practicality questionnaires, and pretest–posttest design. The study was conducted over three months at Universitas Negeri Medan. Validation results indicated that the media was highly feasible in terms of content, layout, and language. Practicality testing showed that students found the media very practical, while the effectiveness test revealed an improvement in learning outcomes with a gain score of 0.60 (moderate to high category). These findings demonstrate that the interactive pocket book is effective in promoting ethical learning that is contextual, reflective, and applicable. The media is recommended for integration into learning strategies focused on values and professional attitudes and is suggested for further development into digital formats to enhance flexibility and wider accessibility.

This study investigates the use of MATLAK (Mathematics Through Congklak) media in improving mathematics learning for class 5C students at SDN 067240 Medan Tembung. The objectives are to: (1) describe the application of MATLAK in the classroom, (2) determine its impact on students' mathematics learning outcomes, (3) analyze its effect on student motivation and engagement, and (4) assess the effectiveness of the traditional congklak game as a learning tool. Conducted as Classroom Action Research (CAR), this study aims to address classroom learning challenges through reflective cycles that enhance both teaching processes and student outcomes. The findings reveal that the integration of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model with MATLAK media, rooted in constructivist principles, significantly increased student activity and understanding, especially when problems presented were closely related to daily life. Students were encouraged to collaborate, think critically, and articulate their ideas during discussions. Additionally, student responses toward the use of MATLAK media were overwhelmingly positive, demonstrating increased motivation and active participation. Teacher observations also showed improvement in classroom engagement and implementation effectiveness from cycle I to cycle II. Overall, the study concludes that using the traditional congklak game as a mathematics learning medium when combined with the PBL model effectively enhances learning outcomes and student involvement in class 5C.

Masadepan.ku platform provides digital-based job training classes; however, the utilization of user data to enhance learning effectiveness remains suboptimal. This study aims to analyze user learning patterns based on completion rates, final scores, and participation across various fields of study. The methods used include pearson correlation analysis and data visualization through dashboards. The findings indicate no significant correlation between final scores and class completion time, with a correlation value of -0.0896. Fields of study with high participation and completion rates include social sciences, which have a participation rate of 99% and a completion rate of 97%, as well as entrepreneurship, with a participation rate of 93% and a completion rate of 95%, followed by religion, law, and administration. Fields of study with low participation and low completion rates include education and others. Additionally, fields of study that also exhibit low participation and low completion rates include technology and accounting. In terms of user satisfaction, the health category recorded the highest average rating of 4.96, indicating a very high level of satisfaction among participants. Meanwhile, the engineering and automotive category registered the lowest average rating of 4.76. Fields of study that require improvement based on low completion rates and low ratings include automation, with a completion rate of 85% and an average rating of 4.79, and tourism, with a completion rate of 83% and an average rating of 4.85, as well as the others, design, technology, and accounting categories.

Learning media has an important role in increasing the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process. This study aims to analyze the use of podcasts as a learning medium in the Media and Educational Technology course at the Islamic Religious Education Study Program, Primagraha University. The research approach used is qualitative descriptive, with data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research subjects are students who take the course, selected purposively based on the criteria of active users of social media and digital software. The results of the study show that podcasts are an effective learning medium in increasing students' interest and motivation to learn. Although the majority of students are used to using platforms like YouTube and Instagram, they don't have any experience in producing and distributing podcasts. The implementation of podcasts not only provides a new learning experience, but also encourages creativity and improves students' digital literacy. Group-based learning projects such as Ngajak Podcast show positive responses from students and show increased engagement in exploring educational materials independently. Thus, podcasts can be an alternative learning media that is relevant to technological developments and students' digital habits today.

Environmental education plays a crucial role in modern curricula, emphasizing sustainability and ecological responsibility to address global challenges. This study compares faith-based and secular environmental education strategies, focusing on how theological reflection and ecological consciousness are integrated into teaching frameworks. Faith-based schools, particularly those rooted in Christianity and Islam, incorporate ecological ethics within religious teachings, framing environmental stewardship as a moral and spiritual duty. In contrast, secular models prioritize scientific literacy and environmental problem-solving. The study reveals that faith-based models promote both scientific understanding and moral engagement with environmental issues through religious values like Imago Dei (in Christian schools) and khalifah (in Islamic schools). These values instill a sense of moral accountability, motivating students to act sustainably. The research also highlights how curriculum design, teacher involvement, and experiential learning contribute to the effectiveness of both models in fostering ecological responsibility. By comparing these approaches, the study proposes an integrative eco-theological pedagogical framework that combines the strengths of both methods to promote long-term commitment to sustainability. The findings have implications for educational policy, curriculum development, and teacher training, especially in pluralistic school settings where diverse perspectives must be considered. Integrating ecological ethics into education can cultivate a generation committed to sustainability and ethical responsibility.