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The use of palm oil waste as boiler fuel is one of the innovative solutions in supporting the use of renewable energy while reducing the environmental impact of palm oil industry waste. Waste such as palm shells, mesocarp fibers, and empty oil palm bunches have high energy potential through direct combustion and other thermal technologies. This study aims to evaluate the potential use of palm oil waste as boiler fuel based on its calorific value, combustion efficiency, and environmental impact. The methods used include analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of waste, boiler performance tests, and exhaust gas emission evaluation. The results show that palm oil waste has a high calorific value (15–20 MJ/kg), which makes it an efficient alternative fuel. In addition, the use of this waste is able to reduce dependence on fossil fuels while minimizing carbon emissions, thereby supporting the greenhouse gas emission reduction target. From an operational perspective, the use of palm oil waste in industrial boilers can increase combustion efficiency by up to 75–85%, depending on fuel conditions and boiler design. This makes palm oil waste not only economically valuable, but also strategic in supporting the transition to clean energy. Another advantage is that waste management becomes more targeted, because solid waste that is usually only an environmental burden can be reused as an energy source. However, some of the challenges that need to be considered include relatively high ash levels, the potential for corrosion in boiler equipment, and the need for emission control technology to comply with environmental standards. With the right mitigation strategy, palm oil waste can be processed into sustainable and environmentally friendly energy.

This research aims to formulate a business development strategy for AK Laundry, a micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) located in Palembang that operates in the laundry service industry. As competition in this sector continues to intensify, MSMEs are required to adapt quickly through effective strategic planning. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, direct observations, documentation, and questionnaires, ensuring a holistic understanding of both internal and external conditions. The analysis was carried out using the SWOT framework, which identifies internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats. The findings reveal that AK Laundry possesses several strengths, including good relationships with its loyal customer base, competitive pricing that appeals to a wide range of market segments, and a strategic location that facilitates accessibility. However, weaknesses were also identified, such as limited promotional efforts, particularly in digital channels, and occasional delays in completing customer orders, which may affect satisfaction and trust. From an external perspective, AK Laundry has opportunities to expand its services, particularly through the growing demand for pickup and delivery facilities, as well as changes in consumer lifestyles that increasingly prioritize practicality and efficiency. Nevertheless, the enterprise must also address potential threats, such as intense competition in pricing strategies among similar businesses and the risk of item loss, which could undermine its reputation. Based on the SWOT matrix, AK Laundry is positioned in Quadrant I, indicating that it holds considerable potential for aggressive growth. Therefore, the recommended strategies include strengthening digital marketing initiatives, introducing innovative services to differentiate from competitors, enhancing employee competencies through training programs, and upgrading equipment to improve service quality and speed. These strategies are expected to help AK Laundry leverage its strengths and opportunities effectively, ensuring sustainable development and competitiveness in the MSME laundry service sector.

This study aims to analyze the adaptation strategies of Ananda Sehat Karangsono Clinic in facing the competition in healthcare services in the era of the National Health Insurance (JKN). The background of this research is based on the increasingly fierce competition between healthcare facilities, both clinics and hospitals, in providing fast, efficient, and quality services according to JKN standards. The presence of the JKN program, which demands integrated, transparent, and technology-based services, encourages clinics to innovate to remain competitive and maintain operational sustainability. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. Research informants included clinic leaders, healthcare workers, and administrative staff, thus providing a comprehensive perspective on the implemented adaptation strategies. The results show that Ananda Sehat Karangsono Clinic has integrated digital technologies, such as the Mobile JKN application and WhatsApp, to speed up the registration process, verify patient data, and facilitate communication. This innovation can improve the efficiency of service flows, reduce queues, and create a better service experience for patients. In addition, the clinic emphasizes the importance of patient satisfaction by improving service quality, speed, and friendliness of healthcare workers and support staff. The adaptation strategy implemented was not limited to technological aspects, but also encompassed operational efficiency and humanistic interpersonal services. Overall, the clinic's adaptation strategy was flexible and holistic, encompassing digitalization, strengthening internal management, and developing positive patient relationships. These findings confirm that the clinic was able to maintain competitiveness and service sustainability amidst the dynamics of the National Health Insurance (JKN) and the digitalization of the healthcare system.  

This study aims to determine the village government's efforts to encourage community participation in development in Mario Village, Tanasitolo District, Wajo Regency, and to identify inhibiting and influencing factors in the implementation of these efforts. Community participation is considered a crucial element in sustainable village development, as without active involvement from residents, development programs are difficult to achieve optimal results. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. This approach allows the researcher to capture in-depth insights and perspectives directly from the community and village officials. This method allows the data obtained to more comprehensively describe the dynamics of community participation and the strategies implemented by the village government. The results show that the village government has implemented various efforts to encourage community participation, including through village deliberations, mutual cooperation activities, and community service. Community involvement was encouraged through collective decision-making and shared responsibilities in development programs. These efforts have generally had a positive impact on community involvement. However, the study also found inhibiting factors, particularly the community's economic limitations that affect their ability to participate in development. Furthermore, some residents still face challenges in terms of awareness and understanding of the importance of active participation. Therefore, more inclusive strategies oriented towards the socio-economic conditions of the local community are needed. Inclusive policies and adaptive strategies are essential to fostering sustainable rural development. This research is expected to serve as a reference for village governments and other stakeholders in formulating more effective policies, so that village development can proceed effectively, sustainably, and truly benefit all levels of society.  

Aceh is currently experiencing a public health crisis, with outbreaks of infectious diseases, including three cases of VDPV2 polio and a significant rise in diphtheria cases in 2023. Immunization plays a vital role in preventing and controlling diseases like polio and diphtheria. However, over the past five years, immunization coverage in Aceh has steadily declined, positioning it as the lowest in Indonesia. This study aims to explore how two local news outlets, Ajnn.net and Serambinews.com, frame news coverage regarding the low immunization rates in Aceh. Using a qualitative approach, the study applies Robert N. Entman’s framing analysis, which focuses on issue selection and salience. The findings reveal a notable difference in how the two media outlets frame the issue of low immunization coverage. Ajnn.net frames the issue by highlighting the root causes of the declining immunization rates, such as socio-economic factors and inadequate healthcare services. In contrast, Serambinews.com emphasizes the consequences of insufficient immunization, focusing on the potential health risks, outbreaks, and increased mortality rates among children. Despite their differing approaches, both outlets rely primarily on government sources for their reporting. This reliance makes their coverage less balanced and objective, as the perspectives of other stakeholders, such as local health experts, parents, and community organizations, are largely excluded. The analysis suggests that while Ajnn.net sheds light on the underlying causes of low immunization rates, Serambinews.com underscores the dire consequences. Both outlets, however, could enhance their reporting by incorporating a wider range of sources to offer a more comprehensive and investigative view of the issue.

This systematic literature review examines the philosophy of science approaches to user security in distributed devices, such as IoT and Federated Learning. The review was conducted in response to the exponential growth of connected devices and the increasing security threats, including cyberattacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access. As distributed systems become more complex, traditional security approaches, such as cryptography and differential privacy, are often insufficient to address the ethical, philosophical, and contextual challenges that arise in these ecosystems. Distributed devices, especially in IoT and Federated Learning contexts, rely on vast amounts of personal data. This data, often stored or processed in decentralized environments, creates significant risks to user privacy and system integrity. As the number of connected devices grows, security risks multiply, creating challenges in maintaining user trust, privacy, and overall system resilience. Conventional techniques, such as encryption, only focus on technical aspects, often neglecting the deeper philosophical dimensions, such as the nature of knowledge, privacy, and fairness in these systems. These gaps highlight the need for a more nuanced approach that incorporates philosophical perspectives into security frameworks. This study uses a systematic literature review method based on the PICOC (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Context) framework to analyze the relevance of epistemology, ontology, and ethics in strengthening system security. By examining the foundational principles of how knowledge is constructed (epistemology), what entities exist in the system (ontology), and the ethical considerations around data and user privacy (ethics), the review provides a comprehensive understanding of how philosophical concepts can be integrated into the design and implementation of security systems in distributed environments. The results reveal that epistemological principles, such as the verification and validation of data sources and models, can significantly improve the reliability and trustworthiness of distributed systems.  

This study aims to determine the implementation of the Smart Society 5.0-based digital literacy program in Ciamis Regency, implemented by the Communication and Informatics Office (Diskominfo). This program is part of the local government's digital transformation to create a smart, inclusive, and adaptive society to the development of information technology. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, and data is obtained through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation. The analysis is conducted using Charles O. Jones's theory of public policy implementation, which includes three main components: organization, interpretation, and implementation. The results show that organizationally, Diskominfo has a supportive structure and relatively competent human resources, although there are still limitations in the mastery of digital technology among employees. From an interpretation perspective, the digital literacy strategy is implemented through public education, hoax prevention, digital content provision, and social media utilization. Meanwhile, in terms of implementation, supervision is carried out through monitoring, regular reporting, the use of digital applications, and evaluation forums. Some obstacles faced include budget limitations, the digital divide between regions, uneven technological infrastructure, and the lack of specific evaluation indicators. Nevertheless, improvement efforts continue through human resource training, optimization of digital facilities and infrastructure, and cross-sector synergy. This study concludes that the implementation of the Smart Society 5.0-based digital literacy program in Ciamis Regency has been quite successful, but still requires strengthening human resources, evaluation policies, and equitable digital access in rural areas.

This study explores the impact of emotional intelligence and work–life balance on organizational commitment, with job satisfaction serving as a mediating variable, in the context of couriers at JNE Denpasar. Utilizing a quantitative research design, the study applies Partial Least Square (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze data collected from 56 participants through a census sampling method. The findings reveal that emotional intelligence has a direct and significant effect on organizational commitment, indicating that employees with higher emotional intelligence tend to demonstrate stronger loyalty and dedication to their organization. However, emotional intelligence does not show a significant influence on job satisfaction, suggesting that other factors may contribute to employees' overall contentment at work. Conversely, work–life balance significantly affects job satisfaction, highlighting the importance of maintaining a healthy equilibrium between professional and personal responsibilities. Despite this, work–life balance does not directly influence organizational commitment. Further analysis indicates that job satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between work–life balance and organizational commitment, demonstrating that employees who achieve a better work–life balance are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs, which in turn enhances their commitment to the organization. However, job satisfaction does not serve as a mediator between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment, implying a more direct pathway between these two variables. These results align with the Theory of Planned Behavior, emphasizing that positive attitudes, reflected through job satisfaction, play a critical role in fostering behaviors associated with organizational commitment. From a practical perspective, the study highlights the importance for companies, particularly in the logistics industry, to invest in initiatives that enhance emotional intelligence and promote effective work–life balance strategies. By doing so, organizations can cultivate stronger employee loyalty, improve engagement, and foster a more committed workforce, ultimately contributing to better organizational performance and stability.

This study aims to analyze the potential and challenges in implementing Fellowship-Based Cooperative Learning in D.I Edutainment, especially for Generation Z. The method used in this qualitative research is a case study, with data collection conducted through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and documents. The unit includes the analysis of Gen Z participation, and involves facilitators, namely D.I Edutainment managers as informants. D.I Edutainment shows significant potential in implementing fellowship-based cooperative learning. Thanks to the interactive edutainment concept, small programs, and adequate human resource support. However, this study also identified challenges such as Generation Z's relatively short attention span, preference for digital media, variations in self-confidence levels, and the need for structure and motivation for ongoing collaboration. It is recommended that D.I Edutainment utilize, develop interactive and collaborative vehicles, train facilitators, design interesting project groups, and optimize community courage. From an academic perspective, further research is needed on the impact of cooperative learning, the role of technology, Generation Z's perceptions, and their social skills measurement models.

Service quality is a vital element that must be prioritized to achieve excellence in public service delivery. It serves as the cornerstone for any institution, directly influencing public satisfaction. Such satisfaction can only be realized when services are delivered effectively, efficiently, and in alignment with the community’s needs. This study aims to assess the quality of public services at the Plampang Village Office and identify factors that hinder its enhancement in 2022. Using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, the research explores and analyzes various phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and community perspectives, both on an individual and collective level. The findings reveal that the assurance dimension of service quality received favorable feedback from service users. However, other dimensions still exhibit notable deficiencies, such as the public’s limited awareness of service standards, the small size of service spaces, and inadequate facilities, such as computers and laptops, which often experience technical issues, leading to delays in service completion.

The concept of market orientation is an important cornerstone in modern marketing strategies, where companies not only focus on a deep understanding of customer needs, but also actively monitor competitors and maintain internal coordination between departments. Jaworski and Kohli (1993) emphasized that market orientation is one of the key factors that can affect a company's performance. Through the use of market information, companies can adjust their business strategies to meet current customer needs while anticipating future needs. A strong market orientation is believed to be able to make a significant contribution to increasing the company's competitiveness in the long term. However, if market orientation is based solely on materialistic goals and worldly gains, then the value of sustainability and societal well-being is often overlooked. From an Islamic perspective, market orientation needs to be based on sharia values, especially the principle of maslahah. This concept emphasizes that every business activity must bring benefits, avoid harm, and be in harmony with maqasid al-shariah, which is to protect religion, soul, intellect, descent, and property. Thus, market orientation is not only directed at the fulfillment of customer satisfaction and competitive advantage, but also at the achievement of blessings and social welfare. The integration of maslahah values in market orientation gives birth to the concept of Maslahah Market Responsiveness, which is the ability of companies to respond quickly and appropriately to market dynamics while still being based on ethics and social responsibility. This is an advantage in itself because it not only improves marketing performance, but also strengthens the company's image as a trustworthy and ethical entity. By combining conventional market orientation and sharia values, companies can build a sustainable competitive advantage, increase customer satisfaction, and make a positive contribution to society at large.

This study aims to describe the transformational leadership strategy implemented in Masohi hospital and analyze its impact on the performance of human resources (HR). The research approach used is qualitative with case study design, which allows researchers to understand the phenomenon in depth in a real context. The Data was collected through in-depth interviews with eight informants, consisting of directors, field heads, room heads, and implementing staff, so that diverse perspectives were obtained from various levels of management and implementers. The data analysis process is carried out through three main stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion/verification. The results showed that transformational leadership strategies in Masohi hospital include exemplary, inspirational motivation, innovative thinking encouragement, and attention to individual employee needs. Implementation of this strategy can improve discipline, work ethic, teamwork, and a sense of responsibility of employees in providing services to patients. In addition, it was found that the work culture built through transformational leadership can strengthen organizational commitment and improve overall service quality. However, the implementation of this strategy is not free from challenges. The obstacles that arise include complex bureaucracy, managerial competence gaps between units, as well as resistance to change among staff. This challenge requires an adaptive approach and effective communication so that the strategy can run optimally. Overall, the findings of this study confirm that transformational leadership has a positive impact on strengthening work culture and improving service quality in regional hospitals. This research is expected to be a valuable input for the development of leadership and HR management policies, not only in Masohi hospital, but also in other regional hospitals that face similar challenges.

The rapid development of digital technology has had a significant impact on various aspects of human life, including the distribution and consumption of entertainment content. One form of entertainment that has undergone a major transformation is film, where the existence of digital platforms has made access to various film titles increasingly easy, fast, and practical. The presence of official, legal streaming services offers a comfortable viewing experience and supports the sustainability of the film industry. However, on the other hand, this phenomenon has also given rise to a new problem, namely the increasing practice of accessing films through illegal streaming sites that are easily found on the internet. The use of illegal streaming sites certainly has various consequences, both legal, ethical, and economic. From a legal perspective, such actions clearly violate copyright, which should be protected by law. From an economic perspective, this illegal practice is detrimental to many parties, from film producers and distributors to the state, which loses potential revenue. However, the reality on the ground shows that the majority of the public, especially students, still frequently use illegal sites due to considerations of free access, the availability of the latest films, and ease of use. Based on this phenomenon, this study focuses on evaluating the perceptions of students at the Indonesian Computer University (UNIKOM) regarding the legality of using illegal streaming sites. The research was conducted using a descriptive quantitative approach, with primary data obtained through questionnaires distributed to 30 students from various study programs. The results are expected to provide insight into students' level of legal awareness and the factors influencing their choices regarding accessing films through legal and illegal channels. These findings are also expected to provide input for stakeholders in formulating educational and outreach strategies regarding the importance of respecting copyright.

The contractual relationship between government entities (PA/KPA/PPK) and construction service providers in procurement activities is complex, as it intersects with both public and private law. Government procurement contracts for construction projects are often structured through a tender process, where service providers must compete to win the contract. Once the provider is selected, a legal agreement is formed, which regulates the roles, responsibilities, and obligations of the parties involved. This agreement is typically outlined in a contract document that serves as a formal, legally binding commitment. In civil law, such contracts are typically governed by private law principles, which include contracts, obligations, and liabilities. However, the nature of government procurement contracts adds a unique element of public law, particularly administrative and criminal law. The government’s involvement in these contracts introduces a dual legal framework that governs the relationship between the parties. On one hand, the contract is influenced by the state’s regulatory powers and administrative authority, ensuring compliance with legal standards and public interests. On the other hand, it is also subject to private law principles, as the government enters into agreements with construction providers just like any other business transaction. This mixed legal framework (or "mixed law") creates a distinctive legal relationship, where elements of public law, such as administrative regulations and oversight, coexist with private law principles, such as those governing contract enforcement and dispute resolution. The contract, which is a Keputusan Tindakan Administrasi Negara (KTUN), remains a civil law act, despite its public law foundation. This hybrid nature of government contracts ensures that both public and private law aspects are considered in the process, which can sometimes lead to legal complexities and challenges in the implementation and enforcement of these contracts.

Warfarin (commonly known by its trade name, Coumadin) is an oral anticoagulant that has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Despite its clinical benefits, warfarin therapy is complicated by a very narrow therapeutic index and wide inter-individual variability in dose requirements. This variability represents a major challenge for clinicians, as inappropriate dosing may lead to serious adverse outcomes such as bleeding or thrombotic events. A growing body of evidence suggests that genetic polymorphisms are among the most important factors contributing to this variability, particularly those involving the Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene. VKORC1 encodes a key enzyme that functions as a bottleneck in the vitamin K cycle, playing an essential role in the regeneration of reduced vitamin K (VKH). This active form of vitamin K is required for the γ-carboxylation of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, including prothrombin and other coagulation proteins. Polymorphisms within VKORC1 can significantly alter the enzyme’s expression and activity, thereby modifying an individual’s sensitivity to warfarin. One of the most clinically relevant variants is the -1639G>A (rs9923231) polymorphism, which reduces VKORC1 transcription and subsequently decreases enzyme activity. Patients carrying the A allele often exhibit increased sensitivity to warfarin and therefore require lower maintenance doses compared to those with the G allele. Understanding these genetic influences not only improves our knowledge of warfarin pharmacogenomics but also highlights the importance of personalized medicine in anticoagulant therapy. Incorporating VKORC1 genotyping into clinical practice could optimize dose prediction, minimize adverse events, and enhance the safety and effectiveness of warfarin therapy. This narrative review aims to provide an in-depth discussion of the complex role of VKORC1 in vitamin K metabolism and its impact on warfarin sensitivity, thereby underscoring the critical relevance of genetic factors in guiding individualized anticoagulation therapy.

This study explores the contribution of regional taxes and levies to Regional Original Revenue (PAD) in Surabaya City and their role in fostering fiscal independence within the framework of regional autonomy. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected from the Surabaya City Regional Revenue Agency and relevant local government offices, complemented by secondary sources such as regulatory documents and literature on regional finance. The data analysis process followed McNabb’s (2002) framework, which consists of categorization, interpretation, generalization, testing alternative perspectives, and refining theoretical insights. The findings reveal that PAD acts as a crucial financial backbone for the implementation of regional autonomy, with taxes and levies serving as the primary contributors. On average, these sources accounted for 89.08% of the total PAD during the 2021–2024 period. The growth trend observed is driven by several factors, including the presence of a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework, diversification of tax types and structures, adequate institutional and human resource capacity, as well as increasing public awareness of tax obligations. Although there was a temporary decline in proportional contribution in 2023, overall tax and levy collections exceeded their targets, underscoring their vital role in supporting government administration and regional development programs. This study emphasizes the need for strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing administrative capacity, encouraging greater community participation, and optimizing the use of digital technologies to improve efficiency in revenue collection. These strategies are essential to reduce reliance on central government transfers and to promote greater fiscal independence for Surabaya City.

This study aims to analyze the effect of liquidity and credit risk on the profitability of banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2018–2022. Profitability is measured by Return on Assets (ROA), liquidity is proxied by the Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), while credit risk is measured using the Non-Performing Loan (NPL) ratio. The research employs a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis to test the partial and simultaneous influence of the independent variables on profitability. Data were obtained from the annual financial reports of banks published on the IDX, covering a five-year observation period. The results of the analysis show that credit risk, as measured by NPL, has a significant negative effect on bank profitability. This finding reflects that the higher the NPL ratio, the lower the bank’s ability to generate returns on assets, emphasizing the importance of effective credit quality management. In contrast, the liquidity level measured by LDR demonstrates a positive but statistically insignificant effect on ROA. This suggests that although liquidity plays a role in supporting banking operations, its direct impact on profitability is relatively weak when considered independently. However, when examined simultaneously, both credit risk and liquidity significantly affect bank profitability. These findings imply that effective credit risk management is a crucial determinant of financial performance in the banking sector. High levels of non-performing loans can erode bank profits, while optimal liquidity management supports operational efficiency, even if its impact is not strongly significant in isolation. From a managerial perspective, banks need to strengthen monitoring of loan quality, implement more prudent credit policies, and adopt sustainable liquidity strategies to enhance profitability. For regulators, the results highlight the importance of supervising asset quality and ensuring adequate liquidity management in the banking system. This study contributes to the literature on banking performance by providing empirical evidence on the interaction between credit risk, liquidity, and profitability in the Indonesian banking sector.

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect passenger satisfaction at the airport through three main perspectives, namely: service, technology, and operations. The approach used is a literature study of ten scientific journals that discuss airport service quality from various aspects. The results of the study show that service quality, especially those covering SERVQUAL dimensions such as reliability, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, and physical evidence, plays a major role in shaping service user perceptions. The technology perspective, through the implementation of self-service such as self check-in, Flight Information Display Sistem (FIDS), and digital service applications, is proven to increase efficiency and convenience, even contributing up to 96.8% to user satisfaction according to one study. Meanwhile, from an operational perspective, aspects such as queue time at check-in counters, public facilities, and accessibility to the terminal also have a significant impact on the overall passenger experience. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of integration between the three perspectives in designing strategies to improve airport service quality. Suggestions are given to airport managers to continue to improve services, expand technology adoption, and reorganize operations to create a safe, comfortable, and satisfying travel experience for all service users

The implementation of a recommendation feature in the courier service selection system on e-commerce platforms is a technological innovation aimed at improving logistics efficiency while providing a more optimal user experience. Through this feature, consumers can find alternative delivery services based on certain indicators, such as cost, estimated time, and service quality. However, in practice, the implementation of recommendation features has the potential to raise legal issues when platforms prioritize internal couriers or certain partners without transparency and clear objective indicators. This situation can lead to discriminatory treatment, limit market access for other businesses, and reduce consumer freedom in choosing services. This study aims to analyze the implementation of recommendation features by e-commerce platforms from a competition law perspective, specifically based on Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. The method used is normative juridical research with a descriptive-analytical approach, through the review of secondary data in the form of laws and regulations, literature, and the practice of implementing recommendation systems in the digital industry. The research results indicate that recommendation features that unilaterally prioritize internal couriers without objective basis and without information transparency have the potential to violate Article 19 letter d of Law Number 5 of 1999. This practice can hinder competition, close opportunities for other courier service providers, and create distortions in the digital logistics ecosystem. Therefore, this study recommends that recommendation features in e-commerce be designed in a neutral, transparent manner, and based on objective indicators, such as rates, estimated delivery times, and service performance. This will maintain healthy business competition and protect consumers' rights to obtain the best service options.

Background : Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) generally experience difficulties in communication skills, both verbal and nonverbal. These difficulties impact social interaction and academic development in children. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) in improving communication skills in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Method : Three children aged 4, 5, and 6 years, diagnosed with moderate-level ASD using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), participated in the study. A six-month ABA intervention was administered individually, incorporating Discrete Trial Training (DTT), prompting, and positive reinforcement. Communication outcomes were measured pre- and post-intervention using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS), supported by direct observation and parent interviews. Data were triangulated across multiple sources. Result : Participant A1, who participated for 4 years, showed modest improvements across all categories. For example, their RSP score increased from 45 (RSPe) to 60 (RSPo), while TTL scores rose from 30 (TTLPe) to 42 (TTLPo). Participant A2, with 5 years of engagement, exhibited more pronounced progress. Their RSP scores improved from 52 to 70, and TTL scores increased from 40 to 55, reflecting consistent gains across emotional expression and overall performance. Participant A3, who had the longest participation (6 years), achieved the highest scores in all areas. Their RSP scores increased from 60 to 78, EXPe to EXPo from 58 to 76, and TTL scores from 50 to 68, indicating strong developmental outcomes over time. Conclussion : The results of the VABS and CARS before and after the intervention showed significant improvement. These findings indicate that ABA therapy is effective in developing communication skills and reducing the severity of symptoms in children with ASD. Result : The implications of these results reinforce the importance of early behavioural-based intervention in therapy programmes for children with autism.