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The highest sovereignty lies in the hands of the people and is carried out based on the Constitution". Likewise, Article 1 paragraph (3) which reads: "The State of Indonesia is a State of Law". Previously known as a state based on law (rechtsstaat). This concept is an elaboration of the Rule of Law concept, guided by the continental European legal system. From the perspective of understanding people's sovereignty, the highest sovereignty lies in the hands of the people. The highest power in the hands of the people is limited by the agreement that they themselves determine together which is stated in the rules of law which culminates in the formulation of the constitution as a product of the highest agreement of all the people. The democratic system as stated in Article 1 Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, that: "is marked by direct democracy by the people, from the people, and for the people". So the head of state who before the amendment was elected by the MPR RI has changed where he is elected directly by the people through the election of the president and vice president and even regional heads (regional elections). Government for the people means that the power given from and by the people to the government must be exercised for the benefit of the people.Therefore, there needs to be government sensitivity to the needs of the people and to the aspirations of the people which need to be accommodated and then followed up through the issuance of policies or through the implementation of government work programs. This paper uses normative legal research conducted with a statutory and conceptual regulatory approach which will later assess the Indonesian General Election in the Pancasila.

The debate surrounding the inclusion of law enforcement agencies in the structure of Danantara has become a hotly debated discourse among the public because it is considered an attempt to minimize the duties and authority of law enforcement agencies in conducting oversight. Based on a review of the concept of separation of powers and the principle of checks and balances and the concept of COI, it can be said that the inclusion of law enforcement agencies in the structure of Danantara does not have a clear urgency because in fact, without being included as Danantara's oversight and accountability committee, the police and the prosecutor's office as law enforcement agencies should be able to carry out their duties properly in terms of overseeing Danantara. In fact, being involved in Danantara will further dwarf the functions of the police and prosecutor's office because they are easily involved in organizational conflicts of interest, which has become a disease of this nation. The inclusion of the prosecutor's office and the police as oversight and accountability committees also oversteps the legal instruments that provide the legal umbrella for the existence of these two institutions. The inclusion of law enforcement agencies in Danantara's structure could also create an imbalance of power. The government argues as if the inclusion of the police and prosecutor's office as Danantara's oversight and accountability committees strengthens the commitment to accountable and transparent management of state assets and maintains balance and control over Danantara.

This journal defines public policy as actions taken by governmental authorities to address specific social issues and emphasizes citizen participation as a key element in the democratic process. It outlines the importance of community involvement in policymaking to enhance legitimacy, governmental accountability, and the quality of policies. Factors influencing citizen participation include education, socioeconomic status, and access to information. The theoretical framework underscores the significance of active participation for successful community development, particularly highlighting the role of Generation Z in political engagement through digital platforms.Various methods for involving citizens in decision-making—such as public forums, surveys, and online platforms—are discussed, alongside the benefits of integrating technology to promote transparency and inclusivity. To explore this phenomenon in depth, a qualitative research method with an exploratory case study approach is employed. The study involves in-depth interviews with key informants such as public officials, representatives of civil society organizations, and Generation Z citizens who are actively engaged in digital participation. Additionally, participatory observation of public policy forums and documentation of various technology-based participatory initiatives are conducted. Thematic analysis is used to identify patterns, themes, and factors that influence the effectiveness of citizen participation in policymaking. Data validity is ensured through source and method triangulation, as well as member checking with selected respondents.This paper also presents case studies of successful participatory initiatives while addressing challenges such as unequal power dynamics and limited access to information. The recommendations focus on strategies to raise awareness, enhance transparency, encourage inclusivity, and foster a culture of active participation to ensure that policies reflect the diverse needs of society. Overall, meaningful citizen engagement is deemed essential for effective governance and policymaking.

This study aims to describe the principles of legality in Indonesia and France. This study uses normative legal research methods, namely secondary legal materials in the form of data obtained from books and opinions of experts related to this study. The results of this study indicate that the principles of legality in Indonesia and France highlight the importance of legal certainty, human rights, and a sense of justice in the criminal law system. In Indonesia, the principle of legality has been regulated in the Criminal Code since 1946, but its application is often not pure because of the customary law that still applies. Although there have been amendment efforts, it often ends in a confusing system. Meanwhile, in France, the principle of legality developed from resistance to arbitrary power, which was emphasized in the Habeas Corpus Act in England in 1679. This principle gives parliament the authority to determine the components of violations and their sanctions, as a guarantee of the freedom of citizens from excessive tyrannical actions.

Global economic issues have significantly impacted national economic progress in recent decades, especially for developing countries such as Indonesia.  Currency exchange rates are one of the main variables that influence this economic process.  The performance of a country's external sector is largely determined by the exchange rate, which also affects a number of other macroeconomic factors.  The purpose of this study is to see how much Indonesia's economic growth is affected by the exchange rate between 1980 and 2023. Data from government agencies including the Central Bureau of Statistics and Bank Indonesia are used in this quantitative approach using a literature study approach.  The findings show that changes in the value of the rupiah, especially when depreciation occurs, have a significant influence on a number of economic factors, such as imports, exports, inflation, domestic investment, and consumption.  The competitiveness of Indonesian export goods in the global market increases with the depreciation of the exchange rate. At the same time, however, it also leads to higher prices for imported goods, increases the burden of foreign debt, and depresses people's purchasing power and domestic investment activity. The last five years of data reflect the fluctuating pattern of Indonesia's international trade, which is closely related to exchange rate conditions and global economic dynamics. Exchange rate instability creates economic uncertainty, which can hamper long-term growth. Therefore, stabilizing the exchange rate and strengthening the export sector are important strategies, supported by monetary and fiscal policies that are adaptive to global changes.

Noise generated by Diesel Power Plants (PLTD) is a significant environmental problem, especially in urban areas and settlements adjacent to power plant facilities. This study analyzes the noise level around the Fakfak Cotton Plant and its impact on the local community. This study uses a combination of methods, including noise level measurements using a Sound Level Meter (SLM), field observations, interviews with the community, and a SWOT analysis to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in noise mitigation. The measurement results show that the noise level generated exceeds the threshold of 55 dBA set by the Decree of the Minister of Environment Number 48 of 1996 for residential areas. This condition has a negative impact on the comfort, health, and social interaction of the community around the PLTD location, causing sleep disturbances, stress, and decreased quality of life. The SWOT analysis shows that although the PLTD has advantages in terms of sustainable operations and professional workers, the main weaknesses lie in the lack of soundproofing and the absence of regular noise evaluations. However, there is a great opportunity in the application of noise mitigation technologies, such as the installation of soundproofing, the use of acoustic walls, and planting vegetation as a sound barrier. In addition, collaboration with local governments and increasing environmental awareness can help manage noise impacts more effectively. The main threats identified include potential social conflicts with surrounding communities, negative health impacts, and changes in environmental policies that can affect PLTD operations. With the right mitigation strategies, such as the application of soundproofing technologies, improved communication with the community, and better integration of environmental policies, the environment around PLTDs can become more comfortable and conducive for the community. This study emphasizes the importance of regulatory and technology-based approaches in managing noise in urban environments, as well as the need for sustainable mitigation measures to maintain the well-being of communities around PLTDs..

Paranoid schizophrenia is a condition of mental and behavioral disorders characterized by impaired thoughts, perceptions, feelings and consciousness of the patient is fully conscious and intellectually can still be maintained. According to WHO, the prevalence of schizophrenia in 2021 reached 24 million people, and the prevalence of schizophrenia experiencing from 2019-2021 has increased by 54%. Patient Mr. Mr. Z said he was brought to Cut Meutia Hospital because he had a fight with his wife, and he had divorced his 3 wives. The patient said he did not want to eat because there was dirt in his food. The patient said that he heard whispering voices from his wife. The patient said he wanted to divorce his wife but she kept pursuing him. The patient said that he was beaten by his wife's brother. The patient said that he was taken for breaking the glass of a woman's house who insisted on having him. The patient said that he was a Messenger of Allah and he was upset because his power was taken away by a woman. The patient broke the glass because he was taking revenge on the woman who first broke the glass of his house and cellphone. The patient also said that he was given a lethal injection yesterday and his hand now hurts. Fluent speech, verbal and relevant contact, euthymic mood and dulled affect. The patient was given psychopharmacological therapy in the form of anti-psychotic drugs and the family was also given education about supportive therapy to the patient.  

This study aims to analyze the handling of left-behind baggage by Lost & Found officers of PT Gapura Angkasa for Fly Scoot airline at Zainnudin Abdul Madjid Internation Airport, Lombok. Left -behind baggage is a critical issue in ground handling service as it directly affects passenger satisfaction and the airline’s reputation. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method, using data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal several key factors contributing to babbage being left-behind, including limited time during connecting flights, labeling errors, and the inclusion of prohibited items such as betteries and power bank is cheked baggage. Additionally, procedural errors and human error were also identified as challenges in the handling process. To address these issues, Lost & Found Officers track baggage through the World Tracer system, coordinate with the origin airport and related airline, and arrange delivery of the baggage to passengers’ addresses. This research is expected to serve as an evaluative reference for improving the quality of left-behind baggage handling services at the airport.

Global climate change demands immediate technological advancements, particularly in the transport industry that continues to use fossil fuels. One viable solution is to reduce the size of vehicle engines to make them more fuel-efficient and lower carbon emissions. The purpose of this research is to assess the effect of reducing engine size on fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions in low-cost green car hatchbacks in Indonesia. The technique employed is straightforward analytical modeling, employing Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression among three significant variables: engine capacity, fuel economy, and CO₂ emission. The data are obtained from the technical specifications of four hatchback automobile models, all of which have an engine capacity of less than 1,200 cc. Findings indicate that smaller engine capacity is accompanied by greater fuel economy and lower carbon emissions. The lowest engine size of 998 cc is used in the Toyota Agya, which demonstrates the most efficient fuel and lowest emissions. The statistical analysis shows that there is an inverse relationship between engine size and fuel efficiency, but a positive relationship between engine size and CO₂ emissions. The limitation of sample size causes reduced statistical power of the model. In conclusion, engine downsizing can prove to be a productive approach in promoting green schemes, but additional research with a larger data set and other determinants must be undertaken to establish a more advanced and precise model.

The increasing prevalence of occult practices within Indonesian society, including among church congregations, from a biblical theological perspective. The study employs a qualitative method, analyzing both Old and New Testament scriptures and conducting interviews with church members and leaders. Findings reveal that occultism-defined as beliefs and practices related to supernatural powers-has existed since ancient times and continues to evolve in modern society. The Bible strictly prohibits all forms of occultism, considering them abominations before God and detrimental to spiritual life. Involvement in occult practices leads to spiritual decline, disrupted relationships with God, and various spiritual and social problems. This article highlights the crucial role of the church in providing sound theological understanding and practical solutions to protect congregations from the influence of occultism.

The termination of employment agreement by mutual consent is a form of agreement between an employer and an employee to end the employment relationship based on the will of both parties. This agreement has significant legal implications in ensuring workers' rights and preventing industrial disputes. This study aims to analyze the role of a notary in drafting mutual termination of employment agreements and the legal strength of notarial deeds as written evidence. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results show that a notary plays an essential role in ensuring that agreements are made voluntarily, do not violate workers' rights, and comply with applicable laws and regulations. A notarial deed also provides stronger evidentiary power in the resolution of industrial disputes.

Religious gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation that uses religious authority and teachings to question or doubt a person's perceptions, emotions, and experiences, so that the victim feels guilty or unfaithful. In the context of the Muslim community, this practice can occur when religious understanding is used narrowly and authoritarianly, suppressing freedom of thought, and perpetuating power imbalances—both in family relationships, communities, and religious institutions. This article examines the phenomenon of religious gaslighting from the perspective of critical Islamic education, with the aim of dismantling manipulative patterns wrapped in religious narratives. The approach used is qualitative-descriptive with literature analysis of classical and contemporary Islamic sources, as well as interdisciplinary studies in the fields of religious psychology and educational philosophy. The results of the study show that religious gaslighting is not only a matter of individual morals, but also part of an authoritarian social and cultural structure that needs to be countered through liberating (ta'dib) and transformative Islamic education. Islamic education based on the values ​​of justice (al-‘adl), compassion (rahmah), and deliberation can be a critical tool for building a healthy spiritual awareness and freeing people from the shackles of manipulative authority. Thus, education has a central role in forming a generation of Muslims who are able to distinguish between the authenticity of Islamic teachings and their misuse in the practice of power.    

Despite their 45% contribution to the global economy, international micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) face considerable obstacles in enhancing their global competitiveness because they lack the resources and access to efficient market analysis (OECD, 2025). In order to optimize cross-border MSME market analysis, this research attempts to construct a machine learning (ML) model coupled with a mixed-methods approach. A combination of quantitative (XGBoost and SEM-AMOS were used to analyze transaction data of 500 Indonesian export MSMEs 2020–2024) and qualitative (interviews with 15 MSME players) methods showed that the XGBoost model achieved 89% accuracy in predicting market trends, with key variables including exchange rate fluctuations (19%) and social media sentiment (28%). According to qualitative findings, the ML model does not identify cross-border regulatory constraints that 65% of MSMEs must deal with. These results validate market intelligence powered by AI as a strategic asset, extending the Resource-Based View paradigm. The significance of contextual adaptation and technological integration in the digital transformation of MSMEs is emphasized by this study.

PLN as an electricity provider that serves all regions in Indonesia certainly always wants to provide the best service to its consumers, including PT. PLN Persero UP3 Gresik. Along with the increase in consumers, the company continues to develop distribution lines, however, because the addition of more and more lines makes the distribution cables longer and the load becomes greater, resulting in voltage drops and power factors decreasing in several feeders, including in the feeder network. LOWAYU, causing poor power quality.This research aims to find and obtain the magnitude of the power flow which includes active power, reactive power, apparent power and the magnitude of the power losses (losses) contained in the LOWAYU feeder network, the magnitude of the voltage and voltage drop on each bus on the network. LOWAYU feeder using the backward-forward method. And determine the value of reactive power required for the capacitor on each bus that experiences a voltage drop. Then a comparison will be made between the results of manual calculations using the backward-forward method and the results of simulation data using ETAP Power Station 19.0.1 software.From this research, it can be seen that the safe limit for the voltage drop value is still below 5% or above 5%, so it is necessary to add capacitor banks to improve the power factor and reduce the voltage drop value on distribution network buses that experience voltage drops.

The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has transformed the paradigm of shopping experiences on e-commerce platforms. This article examines the future of AI-powered virtual shopping assistants designed to provide personalized solutions in the digital marketplace experience. Virtual shopping assistants, driven by technologies such as chatbots, voice assistants, and machine learning, enable consumers to receive more relevant product recommendations and a shopping experience tailored to their preferences. This study aims to explore how the implementation of AI-powered virtual shopping assistants can enhance customer loyalty, sales conversion, and consumer satisfaction in online marketplaces. Using a mixed-method approach involving in-depth interviews and quantitative surveys, the research identifies consumer perceptions of this technology and its impact on their purchasing decisions. Findings reveal that consumers who engage with AI-powered virtual shopping assistants report more personalized and satisfying shopping experiences, contributing to increased loyalty and sales conversion for e-commerce platforms. This article provides practical insights for marketplace managers to optimize the use of AI in creating more personalized and responsive shopping experiences. Furthermore, this research opens opportunities for further exploration of AI integration across various digital shopping channels.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the 4P marketing mix strategy (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) at Firdaus Farm, a tilapia farming business in Tasikmalaya, and its effectiveness in enhancing the business's competitiveness and profitability. The method used is qualitative descriptive with a case study through observations, interviews, and direct documentation at the business location. The research findings indicate that the product strategy, which emphasizes tilapia quality—such as freshness, uniform size, clean packaging, and quality certification—constitutes the primary factor in attracting consumer interest. The flexible and competitive pricing strategy, adjusted according to market conditions and consumer purchasing power, along with bonuses for loyal customers, proved to increase customer loyalty and sales. Product distribution is carried out through traditional channels and has begun utilizing digital platforms to expand market reach, with the strategic location of the business supporting distribution efficiency. Promotion, still mainly traditional, is starting to develop into digital promotion through social media, which effectively increases product visibility and appeal. This study concludes that the consistent and adaptive application of the 4P marketing mix can enhance Firdaus Farm’s competitiveness in the tilapia market. It is recommended that business practitioners continue to develop product innovations, evaluate pricing, expand digital distribution, and optimize digital promotion in order to face increasingly intense market competition.

Improving the quality of education in Indonesia requires continuous efforts to develop teachers' competencies, especially in soft skills related to pedagogical abilities and the use of technology in learning. This community service aims to enhance the soft skills of teachers in the Majelis Dikdasmen PNF PDM of Sorong City through the application of the microteaching method with simple interactive visual media. The microteaching method provides teachers with the opportunity to practice teaching in short sessions, which are then evaluated by peers and facilitators. Additionally, simple visual media such as PowerPoint, learning videos, and infographics are used to enrich the teaching and learning experience. This community service is conducted in the form of theory and practice sessions, followed by group discussions and reflections to strengthen participants' understanding. The results of the service show an improvement in teachers' ability to effectively use visual media, as well as an enhancement in their skills in managing classrooms interactively. This service is expected to significantly contribute to the professionalism of teachers in Sorong City, particularly in improving the quality of the teaching-learning process in non-formal education levels.

This study aims to analyze in regard of women's social conditions in the film Holy Spiderdirected by Ali Abbasi. Using a descriptive qualitative approach based on Simone de Beauvoir's theory of women's position, Erving Goffman's theory of stigma, Michel Foucault's theory of power, and the sociology of literature approach, this research reveals how Holy Spiderrepresents gender inequality and the oppression of women within Iran's social structure. The characters Rahimi, a journalist, along with Somayeh and Soghra, who are sex workers, illustrate how women experience restricted mobility, violence, discrimination, and social marginalization. The findings show that the portrayal of women's social conditions in the film not only reflects the social realities in Iran but also highlights how power and social norms contribute to reinforcing injustice against women. Through this film, Abbasi presents the harsh reality faced by women living under a rigid patriarchal system that denies space for gender equality.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the contribution of leg muscle power to long passing in football games at SSB Margosuko Tuban. The type of research applied in the research to be carried out refers to quantitative descriptive research. The subjects in this study involved 15 players. Data collection techniques used observation and tests, the tests used were power tests applied with vertical jump tests and ball kicking tests. Data analysis techniques applied normality tests and hypothesis tests with Pearson correlation test analysis. The results of this study indicate that there is a contribution between leg muscle power to the distance of kicks in football games, this condition is indicated by the person correlation value of 0.639, so it can be concluded that leg muscle power contributes to the distance of kicks (long passing) in football games, especially for SSB Margosuko Tuban players.

Islam is a religion that places its concentration on regulating the economic order, so that the economic cycle is not only focused on one group or dominated by certain people. Islam applies strict sanctions against the hoarding of the economy that is only accessible to certain groups who have power, while the weak can only be witnesses. The economic gap that has been felt lately is a trigger for the compartmentalization of human life. Relationships between humans become foreign, do not know each other, let alone care about the problems felt by each individual. Life that feels foreign in the midst of society because of individualistic lifestyles is a trigger for crime and other bad behavior caused by economic inequality. Sayyidina Ali said that disbelief occurs due to persistent poverty. Even the crime of theft is also triggered by poverty.