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Pregnant women with poor nutritional status or Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) are at risk of health complications for both the mother and fetus, such as low birth weight (LBW). This study aimed to determine the relationship between pregnant women with CED and the incidence of LBW at RSUD Sultan Muhammad Jamaludin I. The study used a descriptive correlational design with a retrospective approach using secondary data from medical records. The population consisted of 330 respondents, selected by total sampling technique. Univariate and bivariate analyses (Chi-square test) were performed. Most respondents were under 35 years old (66.4%), primigravida (62.0%), in their third trimester (100%), and had tertiary education (54.2%). Most did not have LBW infants (91.8%), and most were not diagnosed with CED (24.1%). Chi-square analysis showed a significant correlation (p=0.001) with an Odds Ratio of 11.566, indicating that CED significantly influences the likelihood of LBW.

A comprehensive understanding of Islamic law cannot be separated from the historical context of its formation, known as the Tarikh Tasyri'. This research aims to examine the urgency of studying the Tarikh Tasyri' in order to understand Islamic law completely and contextually. The method used is a literature study with a qualitative approach through content analysis of various primary and secondary sources. The research results show that without understanding the historical background of a law, the risk of distortion of meaning and inappropriate application is very high. Tarikh Tasyri' provides an important methodological framework for understanding the dynamics of law formation, and is the basis for modern ijtihad in responding to the challenges of the times. The implications of this research suggest the need to strengthen the teaching of Tarikh Tasyri' in the Islamic education curriculum and its application in contemporary legal practice and fatwas.

Career planning is a crucial step in equipping vocational high school students to face the world of work or continue their education. This study aims to explain the role of Guidance and Counseling (BK) teachers in helping students plan their careers through aptitude and interest test services. This study uses a narrative qualitative approach using data collection techniques through literature studies and content analysis. The study that will take place shows that BK teachers have a strategic role in helping students recognize their potential, determine educational paths, and choose the appropriate career direction using their abilities and interests. Aptitude and interest tests are important instruments that help students understand personal strengths and reduce the risk of mis-majoring. Barriers to the implementation of these services include limited resources, test sense, and lack of career issues. Therefore, an integrated strategy is needed between BK teachers, schools, and parents so that this service can run optimally.

Social media has a very important role, especially in the world of sports. Especially to increase interaction between sports clubs and fans in order to build a positive image of sports clubs. This research also aims to understand the role of social media to improve the interaction and image of sports clubs using an in-depth literature review. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach and collects and provides analysis of various journal articles and sources according to the use of social media in the context of sports. The results of this study also show that social media is not only an effective communication tool, but more than that it is also a marketing tool that also increases fan loyalty, expands sponsorship, and also attracts sponsors.  Effective and strategic content management also determines the success in building a positive image of the sports club. The influence of this research also states the importance of sports clubs having a professional team to effectively manage social media in order to maximize the positive impact and reduce the risks. This study also encourages further research to explore the dynamics of social media use in a sporting context.

Mercury is a highly toxic and bioaccumulative heavy metal. Despite its prohibition, mercury is still frequently found as a contaminant in cosmetic products, particularly in whitening products. This article aims to review and present various findings from previous studies on mercury levels in cosmetic preparations marketed in Indonesia, analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The method employed is a literature review of scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025, selected based on their focus on mercury analysis in cosmetics use of the AAS method. The review results show that the majority of whitening creams and lotions contain mercury levels exceeding the safety limits set by the Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM RI), with some samples showing extremely high concentrations reaching thousands of ppm. In contrast, other preparations such as powders, hair dyes, and deodorants generally have low or undetectable mercury levels. These findings indicate a lack of understanding regarding mercury and its dangers, especially regarding compliance with regulations on cosmetic products, especially those sold online. The conclusion of this review emphasizes the need for enhanced regulatory enforcement, stricter supervision, and increased public education to protect consumers from the health risks posed by mercury-containing cosmetics.

Laboratories play a crucial role in ensuring patient safety, with approximately 80–90% of clinical diagnoses relying on laboratory test results. Despite their importance, laboratory errors are reported to occur in about 0.012% to 0.6% of all tests conducted. Patient safety is fundamentally a managerial responsibility that can be improved through the implementation of robust systems aimed at detecting and addressing quality deficiencies. A reactive approach to this involves incident reporting followed by root cause analysis, which helps uncover and rectify weaknesses in existing policies and procedures. Alternatively, a proactive strategy such as Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) focuses on evaluating the entire testing process, anticipating potential adverse events, and taking preventive measures before such issues arise. This method is particularly effective for prospective risk assessment in high-risk procedures, thereby minimizing the likelihood of errors within laboratories and other areas of patient care.

Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication that often occurs in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is a major cause of blindness in older adults and the elderly. This study aims to describe the characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus through a literature review of 10 journals published between 2022 and 2025. The results of the analysis show that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy globally reaches 35%, with the main risk factors including long duration of diabetes (>5 years), high HbA1c levels (>7%), and poor glycemic control. The majority of cases of diabetic retinopathy are found in the non-proliferative stage (65%), which is characterized by microaneurysms and retinal hemorrhages, while the proliferative stage is less common but has a high risk of causing blindness. The study also revealed that patients with comorbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia tend to experience more severe diabetic retinopathy. Further stages of diabetic retinopathy if not managed properly can cause vision-threatening conditions. However, low patient compliance in metabolic control and eye examination is a major challenge. Management of diabetic retinopathy requires a holistic approach that includes patient education, regular screening, and comprehensive risk factor control to prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy and maintain the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Energy efficiency in air conditioning systems is a critical factor in reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. This study aims to analyze the energy performance of an air conditioning system using the thermodynamic cycle method. The analysis focuses on the refrigeration cycle, particularly the vapor compression cycle commonly used in residential and commercial systems. Key parameters such as coefficient of performance (COP), refrigerant flow rate, and enthalpy at each cycle point were examined to determine overall efficiency. Data were collected through simulations and experimental measurements under standard operating conditions. The results show that optimizing system components, especially the compressor and expansion valve, can significantly improve energy efficiency. The COP increased by 12% when a high-efficiency compressor was utilized. In addition, the selection of eco-friendly refrigerants contributed to better thermal performance and reduced environmental risks. This research highlights the importance of thermodynamic analysis in designing and improving air conditioning systems for sustainable energy usage. Future studies are recommended to incorporate real-time monitoring and adaptive control systems to further enhance system performance and energy savings.

Job analysis plays a crucial role in improving the performance and efficiency of educators. This study aims to examine the role of job analysis in the context of education through a literature review approach, focusing on five selected articles published between 2020 and 2024. The findings indicate that proper job analysis can enhance teacher performance by ensuring their placement aligns with qualifications, identifying training needs, and clarifying tasks and responsibilities. Additionally, the integration of organizational culture and regular updates to job analysis contribute to work efficiency and educator productivity. These findings provide practical implications for educational institutions to optimize human resource management through dynamic and structured job analysis. , 

Hypertension is one of the health problems, especially for hajj pilgrims, because hypertension is one of the entry points or risk factors for diseases such as heart disease, kidney failure, diabetes mellitus, and stroke. In 2024, cases of hajj pilgrims suffering from hypertension were 1,822 people (38.66%). This study aims to analyze the factors related to the incidence of hypertension in hajj pilgrims at the Aceh Embarkation. Quantitative research with a Cross Sectional Study approach using secondary data. The population is all hajj pilgrims at the Aceh Embarkation in 2024 totaling 4,713 people. The research sample is the total population. Bivariate data analysis with the chi-square test and multivariate with logistic regression. The results of the study obtained variables that have a significant relationship with hypertension are age (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 3.08–3.95; p-value = 0.0001), family history (OR = 2; 95% CI: 1.74-2.25; p-value = 0.0001). Obesity (OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.14–1.44; p-value = 0.0001), diabetes (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.28–1.75; p-value = 0.0001) and poor physical fitness OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.48–1.89; p-value = 0.0001). The conclusion of this study is that the age variable is the most dominant variable with the incidence of hypertension in the Aceh Embarkation Hajj pilgrims.

Global economic uncertainty has raised concerns among the public, triggering actions to secure economic stability by investing, especially in gold and bitcoin. This study uses a comparative quantitative method, with the aim of comparing the returns, risks, and performance of the two investment instruments. The population in this study is in the form of data on the monthly closing prices of gold and bitcoin for the period of January 2019 – April 2025 which totals 152 data, consisting of 76 data from each variable. Data analysis was carried out by calculating returns, risks, Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen indices. The three indices are widely used performance measurement methods and have included return and risk factors in their measurements. The results of this study show that there is a significant difference between the return of gold and bitcoin, while for the risk variable between the two, there is no significant difference. Performance based on the Sharpe method also showed no significant difference between the two. However, for performance measurement using the Treynor and Jensen methods, significant differences were obtained between the two instruments. Overall, bitcoin offers higher profit potential than gold, even more so for investors who can accept high volatility. However, the decision to choose an investment instrument still depends on the risk profile of each investor.

The life insurance industry plays a strategic role in the national financial system, not only as a provider of protection against life risks such as premature death or critical illness, but also as an instrument of long-term fund accumulation. Increased public awareness of the importance of risk protection has driven significant growth in the number of active policies. This condition has a direct impact on the risk exposure of claims that must be carefully managed by insurance companies. One of the main challenges in risk management is to accurately estimate the number of claims in a certain period, to support premium setting, technical reserve planning, and maintain the company's financial stability. This study aims to examine the use of Poisson regression model in estimating the frequency of life insurance claims based on the number of active policies in life insurance company. The data used is simulative and represents an exponential relationship between the number of policies and claims. The model is analyzed using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) approach and evaluated through goodness-of-fit indicators such as deviance, Pearson chi-square, log-likelihood, and Mean Squared Error (MSE). The results of the analysis show that the Poisson regression model can capture the significant relationship pattern between the number of active policies and claims, and provide accurate prediction results. Thus, Poisson regression is proven to be a relevant and applicable statistical method in supporting strategic decision-making in insurance companies, especially in the context of data-driven risk management.

Background: Midwifery-led care (MLC) is a continuity of care model that positions midwives as the primary responsible providers in managing low-risk pregnancies. Despite endorsement by the World Health Organization, its implementation in Indonesia remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the effect of MLC intervention on maternal and neonatal outcomes in low-risk pregnancies.Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at four primary health centers in Surabaya, Indonesia, from January to December 2024. A total of 240 low-risk pregnant women meeting inclusion criteria were allocated into two groups: MLC intervention (n=120) and conventional care control (n=120). Outcomes measured included preeclampsia, preterm delivery, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, low birth weight, neonatal asphyxia, and maternal satisfaction. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-test, and multivariate logistic regression with significance set at p<0.05.Results: The MLC group demonstrated significantly better maternal outcomes, including lower cesarean section rate (15.7% vs 28.2%; p=0.018), lower preeclampsia incidence (5.2% vs 13.7%; p=0.024), and lower postpartum hemorrhage (3.5% vs 10.3%; p=0.034). Neonatal outcomes also showed significant differences in low birth weight (4.3% vs 12.0%; p=0.029) and neonatal asphyxia (2.6% vs 8.5%; p=0.041). Overall maternal satisfaction was higher in the MLC group (92.2% vs 71.8%; p<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified MLC as a protective factor against adverse maternal-neonatal outcomes (OR=0.42; 95% CI: 0.24–0.73; p=0.002).Conclusion: Midwifery-led care intervention significantly improves maternal and neonatal outcomes in low-risk pregnancies and enhances maternal satisfaction with care. This model is recommended for broader implementation within the Indonesian maternal and child healthcare system.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of occupational safety and health (OHS) and identify potential hazards and risks of work accidents in the production section of PT. Adhi Persada Beton Batching Plant Kebonarum using the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method. The study was conducted with a descriptive analytical approach through direct observation. The results of the study showed that the highest risk of accidents occurred in the mobilization of the loader to the hopper, while moderate risks were found in the process of washing the mixer truck, loading concrete, transporting concrete to the casting location, and unloading concrete. The risk controls implemented, such as providing personal protective equipment (PPE), installing safety signs, and routine training, succeeded in reducing the risk level significantly.

Background: Adolescence is a transitional period characterised by significant physical, psychological, and social changes, including reproductive maturation. Limited knowledge and negative attitudes toward reproductive health can increase adolescents’ risk of engaging in unhealthy behaviours. Understanding their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours is crucial for developing effective educational interventions. Objective: This study examined the relationships among knowledge, attitudes, and reproductive health behaviours among adolescents. Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted at a junior high school in Batam City from March to June 2024. Of 250 students, 72 were selected using the Slovin formula and simple random sampling. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analysed using univariate and bivariate methods, including the Chi-square test. Results: Most respondents had moderate knowledge of reproductive health (41.7%), positive attitudes (63.9%), and good reproductive health behaviour (55.6%). Bivariate analysis showed significant correlations between knowledge and behaviour (p = 0.021) and between attitudes and behaviour (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Knowledge and attitudes are significantly associated with adolescents’ reproductive health behaviour. Strengthening reproductive health education in schools is recommended to improve adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

The use of Paylater as a means to achieve a desired lifestyle, especially among the younger generation, is the highlight of this research. With a focus on psychological and financial impacts, this study combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to investigate the complex interactions between demographic factors, motivations, and the consequences of using Paylater for prestige. Through data collection using questionnaires and interviews with samples covering various age groups, education levels, and income levels, the research results highlight interesting findings. The main motivation for using Paylater was revealed as a drive to achieve a prestigious image and keep up with emerging digital consumption trends. The psychological impact cannot be ignored either, with some respondents admitting to the financial stress associated with this habit. Data analysis shows that education level plays an important role in an individual's ability to manage Paylater debt. Respondents with a higher level of education tend to be more aware of risk and have better debt management strategies. The implications of the results of this research include challenges in financial literacy and psychological well-being in the digital era. A more targeted approach is needed to educate young people about the financial risks associated with using Paylater for prestige. Nonetheless, this study acknowledges limitations in the generalisability of the results and suggests further research to investigate alternative financial management strategies and the long-term impact of this phenomenon      

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed fundamental vulnerabilities in global supply chain systems, such as over-reliance on single suppliers and a lack of operational visibility. This has highlighted the urgent need for a new approach to risk management—one that leverages smart technologies. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising solution, thanks to its capabilities in predictive analytics and adaptive, data-driven decision-making in real time. This study aims to develop an AI-based predictive system framework to enhance the resilience of global supply chains in the face of post-pandemic disruptions. Using the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology, the research designs and evaluates a system that integrates algorithms such as LSTM, Random Forest, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and Reinforcement Learning. It also applies a federated learning approach to ensure data privacy among supply chain partners. The study analyzes over 12,000 data entries from diverse sources, including IoT devices, weather data, demand trends, and social media. The system's effectiveness is evaluated through a combination of quantitative methods (PLS-SEM analysis on 103 respondents) and qualitative methods (interviews with 12 industry executives). The findings show that AI-driven predictive analytics significantly improve supply chain resilience (β = 0.67; p < 0.001), with demand forecasting accuracy increasing by up to 40% and delivery times reduced by 30%. Conceptually, the study contributes by designing a resilient model that integrates real-time visibility, adaptability, and cross-organizational collaborative learning. Unlike traditional approaches focused solely on automation, this framework offers a more holistic solution, addressing key gaps in the literature. The implication is clear: AI is becoming a strategic asset in building sustainable, resilient supply chains amid ongoing global uncertainty.

Instant noodles, categorized as part of ready-to-eat cuisine, represent a form of food that is conveniently packaged, easily served, practical, and prepared in a straightforward manner. Despite their convenience, instant noodles fall short of being considered a comprehensive food option due to their inability to fulfill the body's well-rounded nutritional requirements. A typical serving of instant noodles primarily consists of elevated levels of carbohydrates and protein, yet lacks sufficient energy, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The consumption of instant noodles is driven by the time constraints faced by a majority of consumers, preventing them from indulging in a complete meal and preparing it from scratch. Regularly consuming instant noodles may pose health risks and hazards, given their inclusion of preservatives and low nutritional content. This study employs quantitative research methods, adhering to scientific principles by being concrete, empirical, objective, measurable, rational, and systematic. Quantitative approaches prioritize the analysis of numerical data, subsequently processed through suitable statistical methods. In conclusion, the statistical analysis conducted reveals that both preference (X1) and suitability (X2) jointly exert a significant impact on packaging quality (Y) within the scope of this research. However, it is crucial to note that 51.1% of the variation in Y remains unexplained by these two independent variables, suggesting that other factors may also contribute to determining the quality of packaging.  

 A brand is one of the most valuable intellectual assets in the business sector, serving not only as a product identity but also as a reflection of reputation and quality. However, the increasing phenomenon of brand infringement indicates the urgent need for stronger and more effective legal protection. Brand infringement brings various negative consequences, including loss of consumer trust, unfair competition, and significant financial losses for brand owners. This study aims to analyze brand infringement from a criminological perspective, identify causal factors, and evaluate the role of law in addressing such violations. The research employs normative legal methods through analysis of statutory regulations, legal and criminological theories, and a literature-based approach using secondary data obtained from books, journals, and legal documents. The findings reveal that criminology provides relevant insights through theories such as Rational Choice Theory, which explains that perpetrators calculate the risks and benefits before committing the violation, and Anomie Strain Theory, which highlights how the inability to achieve economic or social goals legally can drive individuals or groups to commit brand infringement. The classification of violations includes imitation, counterfeiting, misuse, and unlawful exploitation of brand rights. Several causal factors were identified, including weak legal supervision, limited enforcement, and the high consumer demand for cheaper counterfeit products. Furthermore, the study underlines the essential role of the criminal justice system in addressing brand infringement through the enforcement of criminal, civil, and administrative sanctions as regulated under Law Number 20 of 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications. In conclusion, brand infringement is not merely a legal issue but also a criminological problem that requires comprehensive handling through effective law enforcement, stronger supervision, and increased public awareness to protect intellectual property and ensure fair business practices.

Background: Anxiety is one of the psychological conditions commonly experienced by pregnant women, especially in the third trimester approaching delivery. Untreated anxiety can affect physiological balance, including increasing the risk of high blood pressure which can develop into complications such as preeclampsia. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and blood pressure in pregnant women in the third trimester. Method: This study used an analytical quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 80 pregnant women in the third trimester selected using a purposive sampling technique at the Fitri Clinic in Batam City. Anxiety level data were collected using the HARS (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) questionnaire, and blood pressure data were obtained through direct measurement and recording from medical records. Bivariate analysis used the Chi-Square test with a significance level of p <0.05. Results: As many as 20% of respondents experienced severe anxiety, and 27.5% had high blood pressure. The results of statistical tests showed a significant relationship between anxiety levels and blood pressure in pregnant women in the third trimester (p = 0.012). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between anxiety levels and blood pressure during pregnancy. Detection and management of anxiety need to be part of antenatal care services to prevent the risk of pregnancy complications due to increased blood pressure.