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Oral loan agreements remain a prevalent form of contract in Indonesian society, particularly within familial relationships, friendships, and informal financial transactions. This study aims to examine the legal standing of oral loan agreements under the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata/KUHPerdata) and to analyse the evidentiary mechanisms applicable in cases of default (wanprestasi). This research employs a normative juridical approach, utilising secondary data sources comprising legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate that oral loan agreements are legally valid and binding provided they satisfy the requirements stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely mutual consent, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. However, the fundamental weakness of such agreements lies in the evidentiary challenges that arise during dispute resolution. In the absence of written documentation, proof of the agreement's existence and content must rely on alternative forms of evidence, including witness testimony, acknowledgement by the parties, bank transfer records, receipts, electronic communications, and circumstantial evidence as recognised under Article 1866 of the Civil Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The success of claims in default cases largely depends on the strength, consistency, and relevance of the evidence presented. This study concludes that while oral agreements possess full legal force, parties are strongly advised to document loan transactions in writing or secure supporting evidence to ensure greater legal certainty and facilitate effective dispute resolution.

Drug abuse constitutes a serious threat to public health, social stability, and national security. This study examines law enforcement mechanisms against drug abuse under Indonesian Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics and evaluates preventive measures implemented to combat this phenomenon. Employing a normative juridical approach through a comprehensive literature review, this research analyses the implementation of both penal and non-penal approaches in addressing narcotics-related offences. The findings reveal that law enforcement practices predominantly emphasise punitive measures, despite legislative provisions accommodating rehabilitation for drug users. The dual approach integrating criminal sanctions with social and health services remains suboptimal due to institutional constraints, limited rehabilitation facilities, inadequate training for law enforcement personnel, and weak inter-agency coordination. Preventive efforts through education, family empowerment, school-based programs, community engagement, and media campaigns have been implemented but continue to face challenges, including social stigma and insufficient public awareness. This study recommends strengthening restorative justice implementation, expanding rehabilitation service capacity, and enhancing cross-sectoral collaboration to build societal resilience against drug abuse while ensuring that users receive appropriate treatment rather than mere criminalisation.

This research aims to analyze the criminal liability of perpetrators of fraud through bounced checks and the legal protection provided to victims. The study focuses on Decision Number 1698/Pid.B/2022/PN Sby, in which the defendant was found guilty of fraud under Article 378 of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP). Using a normative juridical approach through literature study with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that the panel of judges correctly applied the elements of fraud, including malicious intent (mens rea), the use of deception or a series of lies, and actual loss suffered by the victim. The judge's legal considerations have reflected the principles of legality, justice, and legal certainty in criminal law. Legal protection for victims can be pursued through both criminal and civil legal remedies, where victims may report to police for criminal prosecution under Article 378 KUHP and claim compensation through civil breach of contract lawsuits. Law enforcement against perpetrators is carried out through repressive and preventive criminal sanctions. This decision confirms that bounced check fraud is not merely a civil breach of contract but can be classified as a criminal offense when accompanied by malicious intent to deceive others.

Remission constitutes a right granted to inmates who meet specific requirements as a form of recognition for good behavior during imprisonment. This study aims to examine the requirements for granting remission to correctional inmates and analyze the societal impacts when remission is given to convicts of corruption, terrorism, and narcotics offenses. The research employs a normative juridical approach through a literature study. The findings demonstrate that remission possesses a clear legal foundation encompassing both general and specific requirements, particularly for perpetrators of serious crimes. General requirements include serving at least six months of imprisonment, demonstrating good behavior, and actively participating in guidance programs. For special crime perpetrators, additional requirements apply, including becoming justice collaborators, paying fines and compensation, and participating in deradicalization programs. However, granting remission to special crime convicts generates negative impacts on public perception of justice, deterrence effects, and the integrity of law enforcement. The research concludes that a more selective and accountable remission policy supported by public oversight is necessary to align with the objectives of correctional guidance and legal justice.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly influenced the formation of contracts in civil law, particularly through the automation of clause drafting, risk analysis, and the standardization of contractual documents. The use of AI in contract drafting raises complex legal issues, especially concerning the validity of agreements and the attribution of legal liability in the event of default. This study aims to analyze the validity of contracts created through Artificial Intelligence from the perspective of Indonesian civil law and to examine models of legal liability in AI-based contracts. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, examining the provisions of the Indonesian Civil Code, particularly Article 1320, as well as legal doctrines and scholarly perspectives on digital contracts and AI. The findings indicate that AI-based contracts are, in principle, legally valid as long as they fulfill the requirements of a valid agreement, namely the consent of the parties, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. Artificial Intelligence cannot be positioned as a legal subject because it lacks intent, consciousness, and the capacity to bear rights and obligations, and therefore functions solely as a technological tool. Consequently, legal intent and liability remain attached to the human or legal entity that uses, controls, or benefits from AI. This study also emphasizes that the primary challenge of AI-based contracts lies in the absence of specific legal regulations governing the allocation of liability among AI users, system providers, and developers, particularly when default occurs due to algorithmic errors or system failures. Therefore, clearer, adaptive, and comprehensive regulations are required to ensure legal certainty, protect the parties involved, and maintain a balance between technological innovation and the principles of justice in AI-based contractual practices in Indonesia.

The capital market plays a strategic role in supporting national economic growth through its function of raising funds and providing investment vehicles for the public. However, the integrity of the capital market is often threatened by the practice of insider trading, which involves securities transactions conducted using material, non-public information by certain parties for personal gain. This practice violates the principles of fairness and transparency and has the potential to harm public investors and undermine confidence in the capital market. This study aims to analyze the law enforcement mechanisms for insider trading in the Indonesian capital market and examine legal protection efforts for investors. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach through a literature review of laws and regulations, scientific journals, books, and publications from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results indicate that law enforcement against insider trading is carried out through mechanisms of supervision, investigation, and the imposition of administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions. However, the effectiveness of law enforcement still faces various challenges, particularly in proving the use of insider information and the complexity of transaction technology. Furthermore, insider trading negatively impacts investor confidence and capital market stability. Investor protection efforts are implemented through a preventative approach, including information disclosure, supervision, and investor education, as well as a repressive approach through legal sanctions, dispute resolution, and whistleblower protection. This research is expected to provide theoretical contributions to the development of capital market law and practical recommendations for strengthening law enforcement and investor protection in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the role and optimization strategies of Pecalang Segara in monitoring fishing activities that contribute to coral reef ecosystem degradation in the Traditional Village of Pemuteran, North Bali. Pecalang Segara is a customary security institution that holds social legitimacy and customary authority in maintaining order within coastal areas. This research applies an empirical legal approach using a qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through field observations, interviews with customary leaders and coastal communities, and a literature review of environmental laws and related regulations. The findings indicate that Pecalang Segara plays a strategic role in supervising fishing activities based on local wisdom, particularly in preventing destructive fishing practices that damage coral reefs. However, the effectiveness of this role remains limited due to insufficient technical capacity, low environmental legal awareness, and weak integration between customary law and formal legal systems. The study highlights the importance of strengthening Pecalang Segara through environmental education, regulatory-based monitoring training, and institutional coordination with local government authorities. The integration of customary law and national environmental law is expected to establish a sustainable community-based marine monitoring model capable of effectively protecting coral reef ecosystems and supporting environmental governance in coastal areas.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability among the elderly population. This degenerative joint disease is characterized by progressive damage to the articular cartilage and structural alterations of the knee joint, resulting in pain, reduced mobility, and diminished quality of life. This Community Service Program (PKM) aimed to promote early detection of knee OA through simple radiological screening as a preventive strategy to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disability. The activity was conducted at Asisi Church, South Jakarta, involving 87 participants aged 54–87 years (mean 70.77 ± 7.32 years). Radiological examination was performed using standard anteroposterior knee X-rays, and results were classified according to the Kellgren–Lawrence grading system. Findings revealed that 98.9% of participants exhibited radiological signs of OA, predominantly grade II (60.9%), followed by grade III (21.8%), grade I (11.5%), and grade IV (4.6%), while only 1.1% showed normal results. Female participants (74.7%) predominated across all OA grades, indicating hormonal and biomechanical influences on disease progression. The mean age increased with OA severity, supporting the degenerative theory that aging leads to decreased chondrocyte function and cartilage elasticity. In addition to screening, participants received education on weight management, muscle strengthening exercises, and injury prevention. The results demonstrate that simple radiological screening is an effective, practical, and cost-efficient community-based approach for early detection of knee OA. Integrating such preventive strategies within primary care systems could significantly reduce the burden of disability among the elderly population.

Introduction: Triglycerides are a lipids fractions that play an important role in energy metabolism, but high levels in the blood are strongly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia tends to increase, including in urban area such us West Jakarta which have high risk consumption patterns. This community service activity aimed to raise public awareness about the importance  lipid profile management with screen triglyceride levels in community of Kelurahan Kota Bambu. Method: The activity was conducted in June 2025, involving 168 adult participants. The method was used was health education on the role of triglycerides and their risk,, followed by laboratory testing using the Nesco BL-101 5in1 Lipid Panel Monitoring System. Triglyceride level was classified into normal, borderline, high, and very high categories according to the NCEP ATP III guidelines. Results: The average triglyceride level of the participants was 181.21 mg/dL, with a range of 47–830 mg/dL. The triglyceride levels of the majority of participants were in the normal category, but the proportion with high and very high triglyceride levels was significant, indicating the existence of a risk group that needs attention. Conclusion: This activity confirms that simple triglyceride testing at the community level can be an effective step in early detection, education, and prevention

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of waste management in preventing fires at the Alak Landfill (TPA) in Kupang City using a qualitative case study approach. Data was collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving officials from the Environmental and Sanitation Office, landfill workers, waste pickers, and surrounding communities. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of waste management remains low. In terms of input, financial resources, infrastructure, and human resources are insufficient to support optimal operations. During the process stage, waste collection and transportation are hindered by low public compliance, limited vehicles, and minimal waste segregation. Final waste processing still relies on the open dumping method, which increases waste accumulation, methane generation, and fire risks. In terms of output, various mitigation efforts have not successfully reduced the recurring fire incidents due to limited facilities, inadequate compaction, and the absence of gas monitoring systems. The results highlight the need for increased budget allocation, improved facilities, enhanced human resource capacity, and the implementation of safer and more sustainable waste management methods to reduce fire risks at the Alak Landfill.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship training program for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) held by the Palangka Raya City Department of Trade, Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises, and Industry (DPKUKMP) on August 20-21, 2025. This study uses a qualitative approach, data collection is obtained through interviews and documentation to evaluate the program's impact on knowledge, managerial skills, digital adaptation, and business performance of MSMEs participants. This research is measured based on the simamora indicators, namely reactions, learning, behavior, and results. From the study, it was found that there was a positive response from participants, meaning that this program is effective, indicating success in fostering entrepreneurship. For DPKUKMP Palangka Raya City, this program makes a significant contribution to the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and strengthens the competitiveness of MSMEs in the digital era. The implications show that such a program can be a targeted policy recommendation for the development of sustainable MSMEs in Palangkaraya, encouraging digital adaptation and financial management to improve business performance and local economic growth.

The development of industrial areas has direct implications for surrounding buffer villages, including Plenen Village, which is adjacent to the Batang Integrated Industrial Estate (KITB)/Batang Industropolis Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The main issue identified is the suboptimal utilization of industrial development opportunities to improve local community welfare. This study aims to analyze the synergy between village government and industrial areas in empowering the community of Plenen Village. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis, and were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that synergy between the village government and industrial area has been established through program coordination, facilitation of local labor absorption, and social support via corporate social responsibility programs. However, such synergy remains partial and has not been institutionally integrated, resulting in limited impact on community empowerment. The study concludes that strengthening collaborative governance and joint planning is essential to ensure that industrial development provides more inclusive and sustainable benefits for buffer village communities.

One of the classic problems of Semarang City as a metropolitan city is related to the arrangement of the transportation system until now not resolved comprehensively. The arrangement of transportation in Semarang City as a trigger for the emergence of problems disproportionate number of vehicles to the number of passengers or residents compared to the volume of roads passed by motorized vehicles in Semarang City. With the increasing population of Semarang City on the one increasing motorized vehicles, the increasing number of motorized vehicles if not balanced with the number or volume of roads passed by motorized vehicles every day, every hour has the consequence of congestion and chaos on several roads in Semarang City. Referring to these conditions, the Semarang City Government is trying to overcome transportation problems by organizing road-based public transportation known as BRT or Bus Rapid Transit Trans Semarang which was first rolled out on September 18, 2009. The legal aspects that underlie the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) Trans Semarang service are Law No. 22 of 2009, No. 25 of 2009. The Trans Semarang Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) service is expected to address transportation management issues in Semarang, a growing metropolitan city. In this qualitative study, the researcher describes the quality of BRT implementation in Semarang from a legal perspective.

This study aims to analyze the marketing of health-based local products in Plenen Village as a buffer village of the Batang Integrated Industrial Estate and its implications for community welfare. The identified problems include limited human resource capacity, restricted market access, and limited understanding of modern marketing strategies among micro and small business actors. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews and field observations, while secondary data were collected from official documents, development reports, and related publications. Data analysis techniques included data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions using source and method triangulation to ensure validity. The results indicate that the people of Plenen Village have diverse potential in health-based local products, including healthy processed foods and herbal products. The marketing strategies applied include direct marketing, digital marketing, and partnerships with local communities, which significantly improve community income and welfare. Major challenges still include limited product innovation and human resource capacity. This study concludes that marketing health-based local products can be an effective strategy to enhance the welfare of buffer village communities around industrial estates, provided it is supported by empowerment, innovation, and adequate policies.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the implementation of Law Number 16 of 2019 on Marriage and socioeconomic status with public awareness of early marriage in Wirosari District, Grobogan Regency. The phenomenon of early marriage in this area remains high despite the existence of regulations that set a minimum marriage age. A quantitative approach was used, with data collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The research population consisted of 169 couples who married early in the last three years, with a sample of 43 couples selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the product moment correlation test to determine the relationships between the variables. The results show that the implementation of Law Number 16 of 2019 has no significant relationship with public awareness of early marriage, indicating that despite the existence of the regulation, the public's understanding of the importance of the minimum marriage age is still not optimal. Conversely, socioeconomic status has a positive and significant relationship with public awareness, indicating that the higher the socioeconomic status, the higher the public's awareness of the negative impacts of early marriage.

MSMEs in Ciawi village generally conduct transactions in their business only relying on simple work and through direct buying and selling transactions and there is no recording system that complies with bookkeeping regulations in accounting or only debit credit, so it is very difficult to know the details of cash in and cash out. The service method used is the ABCD Method (Asset-Based-Community-Driven) by accompanying participants to delve deeper into digital marketing and training MSMEs in cash flow-based bookkeeping, including: cash flow, income statement, capital change report, cost of goods sold, and break event point (BEP) digitally. The results of this digital marketing mentoring and cash flow-based bookkeeping preparation are able to prove that MSMEs in Ciawi village can know the details about digital marketing and digital finance regarding the calculation of financial reports, especially knowing the actual profit and loss report, and cash flow of cash expenditures and cash income.

The purpose of this study is to determine how the social behavior of the Margoagung Village Community, especially Ngino Hamlet, preserves local wisdom inherited from the ancestors of Mbah Bregas, particularly in building community harmony. This field research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method. This research was conducted by taking a case study in Ngino Hamlet, Margoagung Village, Seyegan Sub-district, Sleman Regency from June to July 2025. The informants of this study were the leaders, committees, traditional figures, and all parties involved and witnessed directly the Merti activities of Margoagung Village. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through four stages, namely: data documentation, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification. The study findings show that the entire series of Merti activities of Mbah Bregas Village, Margoagung Village build community harmony through participation, cooperation, and mutual cooperation without distinguishing religion, ethnicity, race, social strata, and profession.

This study examines the implementation of the Manak Salah tradition in Padang Bulia Customary Village from the perspectives of legal certainty and human rights protection. Manak Salah is a customary practice associated with the birth of opposite-sex twins, which in Balinese Hindu cosmology is considered a sacred event that may disrupt the balance between the sekala and niskala realms, thereby requiring purification rituals. Although the contemporary practice of this tradition has become more humane and no longer involves social exclusion, its regulation remains unwritten and has not been formally codified in the village’s Awig-awig (customary law). This condition creates the risk of multiple interpretations, legal uncertainty, and insufficient protection of the rights of children and affected families. This research employs an empirical juridical method with a qualitative approach, using interviews with customary leaders, field observations, and document analysis of statutory regulations and customary legal sources. The findings reveal that the absence of written norms causes the implementation of Manak Salah to rely heavily on the discretion of customary authorities, leading to potential inconsistency and normative vulnerability. This study emphasizes the urgency of codifying the Manak Salah tradition into the Awig-awig as a form of customary law reform aimed at ensuring legal certainty, strengthening institutional accountability within customary villages, and harmonizing customary law with Bali Provincial Regulation No. 4 of 2019 and fundamental human rights principles.

The informal trading of Mobile Legends: Bang Bang game accounts through social networking platforms has expanded rapidly alongside the acceleration of digital technology and the growing integration of online gaming into contemporary lifestyles, particularly among younger demographics. Game accounts characterized by high competitive rankings, exclusive virtual assets, and accumulated in-game achievements have increasingly been commodified and exchanged through social media channels such as Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, predominantly utilizing electronic payment instruments, including digital wallets. Despite its widespread practice, this form of transaction frequently generates legal complications, most notably in relation to consumer protection. Buyers are often exposed to substantial risks, including fraudulent representations, discrepancies between promised and actual account specifications, unauthorized resale, and the revocation of account access after payment completion. This study seeks to critically examine the legal framework governing the trading of Mobile Legends accounts and to assess the extent to which consumer protection mechanisms are afforded under Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. Employing a normative juridical research design, this study applies statutory and conceptual approaches supported by the analysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that consumer protection within online game account transactions remains structurally insufficient, primarily due to the absence of explicit legal recognition of digital game accounts as legally protected objects. Consequently, the study underscores the necessity of adopting progressive legal interpretation and formulating specific regulatory instruments to enhance legal certainty and ensure more effective consumer protection within the evolving landscape of digital transactions.

This community service activity was conducted at PT Danny Karya Sukses, a newly established distribution company specializing in stainless steel kitchen equipment in Batam City, which faced challenges in managing inventory due to the use of manual recording systems and the absence of standardized operational procedures. These conditions led to a high risk of data inaccuracies, stock discrepancies, and inefficiencies in operational coordination. The objective of this program was to design and implement a standardized Inventory Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) integrated with a digital inventory management system using Zoho Inventory. The methods employed included interviews, field observations, documentation studies, and literature reviews to identify operational needs and design appropriate solutions. The implementation process involved SOP development, system configuration, employee training, and operational assistance. The findings indicate significant improvements in inventory accuracy, real-time stock monitoring, work efficiency, and interdepartmental coordination between administration, warehouse, and sales divisions. The adoption of Zoho Inventory reduced manual errors, accelerated stock reporting, and strengthened internal control mechanisms. The implications of this activity demonstrate that the integration of digital inventory systems with clear SOPs can serve as a strong operational foundation for newly established distribution companies, supporting sustainable business growth and enhanced competitiveness.