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In this paper, Spline techniques have become prominent lately due to their effectiveness in addressing singular perturbation boundary value problems. These issues, defined by a boundary layer or a minor parameter associated with a derivative term, pose difficulties due to swift fluctuations in solutions adjacent to the boundary. Solutions to singularly perturbed involving both positive and negative changes in a spatial variable are shown in this review article. The methods presented here are algorithmic in nature. The singular perturbation that arises in neural activity simulation and the approaches proposed by numerous investigators between 2004 and 2024 are the only ones covered in this review. A variety of types of singularly perturbed were reviewed, including ordinary delay differential . Discovering what numerical and analytical strategies have been created in the past decade to address these types of issues is the primary objective of this review. Its secondary objective is to encourage academics to come up with novel, strong approaches to resolving related issues.

The doctrine of God consists of five main topics, namely theological guidance, the existence of Allah, the attributes of God, the names of God and the works of God. The aim of understanding the doctrine of God is to recognize God from a Christian perspective, as well as the nature and identity of God, understanding the Triune God, and also the attributes of God. The method used is a qualitative method using a literature review containing books containing the doctrine of God, as well as several supporting journals in discussing this doctrine. From this research, there were findings regarding the view of God in Christianity in the form of a different understanding of how God manifests Himself as well as the qualities or things found in God based on the contents of the Bible. Even though God cannot truly be understood in its entirety through understanding the human mind, we can understand God's existence through the truth contained in the Bible.

In Indonesia Occupational Safety and Health (K3) is often ignored, this can be seen from the many cases in companies that experience work accidents and other Occupational Safety and Health (K3) problems because companies pay little attention to K3 aspects and neglect to apply the principles of Occupational Safety and Health (K3) according to the standard. To find out whether the CV. Green Nature has/has not applied the principles of occupational safety and health (K3) to industrial waste management workers. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, and literature study. Shows that CV.Hijau Alam has not optimally applied the principles of occupational safety and health (K3). implementation is constrained due to low awareness of the importance of OSH.

Putu Wijaya's Trik Drama is one of the representations of the absurd theater style that developed in Indonesia. This work depicts a critique of social, political, and cultural conditions, where life is often full of manipulation, falsehood, and power play. As a prolific writer, Putu Wijaya uses this script to highlight the complexity of human life in the face of a reality that is full of uncertainty and conflict. In the context of history and culture, Trik emerged as a response to the social situation in Indonesia which was full of power dynamics and manipulation during the New Order period. Through absurd symbols and profound dialogue, this text pokes fun at human behavior that often uses tricks or deception to achieve personal ends, without considering moral values or truth. As part of modern Indonesian literature, Trik also reflects Putu Wijaya's view of art as a medium to arouse public awareness. With a unique theatrical approach, he encourages the audience or readers to think critically about the issues that humans face in daily life. This manuscript is not only relevant in its time, but also remains actual in describing the ethical and existential dilemmas of human beings to this day. Putu Wijaya's Drama Trik is an absurd theatrical work that explores the themes of manipulation, power, and the search for truth in human life. The abstract of the play includes the conflict between reality and illusion constructed by the characters, where they utilize each other's tricks and deceptions to achieve personal goals. In this drama, Putu Wijaya criticizes human nature that is often caught up in a game of power, lies, and boundless ambition. With a distinctive writing style and full of irony, Trik invites readers or viewers to reflect on the essence of truth, integrity, and existence in a life full of uncertainty. 

The purpose of this study is to describe the spirituality of children aged 8-12 years in Aek Raja Village after the earthquake in 2022. The research method used is qualitative research. The informant determination technique is purposive sampling based on certain criteria that are in accordance with the research topic. The data collection technique for this study is using semi-structured interviews and documentation in the form of images. Based on the results of the research that has been conducted by the author, children in Aek Raja Village are increasingly active in participating in church activities after the natural disaster that occurred several years ago. Then they are more diligent in communicating with God through prayer. In the Christian faith, praying is not a spiritual activity that is done when someone has time to do it. Praying is also not done when someone has important needs or Likewise, children in Aek Raja Village have communicated with God the Creator through prayer. Children also believe in God. Likewise, children in Aek Raja Village, that they should be children of God always believe in God through the faith they have. Then children have love for others. Love for God is manifested through total obedience to His commandments and living according to His will written in the Word. This love for God becomes a solid foundation for love for others and love for oneself. Love is the essence of God, the nature of God, and the attributes of God. God has given His love to humans, therefore, humans are also expected to give love to Him and love one another. This is because only through mutual love between humans, love for God can be reflected well in human life. Likewise, the children in the village of Aek Raja that children already love others, especially their parents.

Inheritance law is a law that regulates the transfer of assets left by a deceased person and its consequences for his heirs. Inheritance law is one element of customary law in Indonesia. The patrilineal principle, in which inheritance prioritizes the male lineage, is upheld in Batak inheritance law. According to Batak customary law, men and women are treated differently. The type of research is normative juridical. The data source is a secondary data source. The nature of the research is descriptive analytical. Data collection techniques are literature studies and document studies. Data analysis uses a qualitative approach method. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of the Batak customary law system as a source of inheritance law in Indonesia, and to determine the implementation of Batak customary law on inheritance law in Indonesia. The inheritance system in Batak society adheres to the Patrilineal Principle. In this principle, the position and influence of men in Batak customary inheritance law are very strong. According to civil law, inheritance is defined as a set of legal provisions that regulate the general legal consequences in the field of property law arising from a person's death. Based on this theory, it can be concluded that the position of Batak boys and girls in the inheritance distribution system and the application of customary law in the distribution of inheritance for boys and girls is in harmony. The Batak Toba customary inheritance law is the basis for the distribution of inheritance in its unique society. Its teachings that include inheritance flowing through the male line are cassation and dakdanak. According to the Batak Toba inheritance law, this uniqueness gives the status of first heir to the eldest son of the family, thus giving him his own identity. The customary inheritance law system in Indonesia generally tends to follow positive legal norms, although the principle of dakdanak emphasizes more on justice in the distribution of inheritance. However, when the legislation on Batak Toba customary inheritance is included in the framework of affirmative legislation, the situation becomes complicated. The principles of positive law that respect women's inheritance rights, especially those related to inheritance of movable property, conflict with the Batak Toba customary law system which automatically inherits property to sons from the paternal line. Positive law attempts to take this understanding into account, but there are still potential problems due to the fundamental differences between the two legal systems that must be resolved.

This research is motivated by the leadership of the wife of a pastor whose husband died in continuing the transition of service as pastor of the congregation. After the death of the husband who was the church pastor, the duties and responsibilities of church ministry were automatically assigned to the wife as the continuing pastor. After being approved as continuing pastor, the wife will play a very important role, her role will be the same as the previous pastor, carrying out congregational pastoral services such as pulpit service, embracing, guiding, nurturing, serving and leading as well as building relationships with congregation members and servants. The differences in leadership of wives whose husbands die will be directly visible when carrying out their duties and responsibilities as pastors of the congregation which will have an impact on the effectiveness of the ministry. Therefore this research takes the topic “duties and responsibilitities of a pastor’s wife whose husband dies on the effectiveness of services at the muliorejo gospel spreading church”. With the aim of the research to determine and analyze the transition of duties of a pastor's wife whose husband died on the effectiveness of service at the muliorejo gospel spreading church and to find out and analyze the responsibilities of a pastor's wife whose husband has died regarding the effectiveness of the ministry at the muliorejo gospel spreading church. This research was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods, the data obtained in this research used an interview approach and recorded conversations via cellphone recordings with 12 informants. The conclusion obtained from this research is that there was a change in duties experienced by the wife of a shepherd whose husband died, this change was due to a change in duties with a different position status. From previously only being a companion to her husband who was the pastor of the congregation, she has now become a continuing pastor because of her husband's death. With the task that the mother shepherd received as continuing shepherd at the muliorejo gospel spreading church making him a person who is full of love, has a high caring nature, is firm in leading and practicing a holy life so as to support the effectiveness of ministry in the church. The leadership responsibility of a pastor's wife whose husband has died directly contributes to the effectiveness of the ministry at the muliorejo gospel spreading church. The effectiveness of the service that occurs at the muliorejo gospel spreading church is carrying out physical construction of the church, experiencing an increase in the number of souls, increasing church activity programs and opening a new church branch which will be ratified on May 5, 2024.  

Public services such as e-KTP are still faced with various problems that have a negative impact on the quality of service for the community. One of the root problems of public service providers is the lack of public service motivation from employees to provide the best service. There are five dimensions of success in public service motivation that play an important role, namely interest in public policy, commitment to the public interest, empathy, self-sacrifice, and belief in justice. These values ​​should be possessed by public employees as public service providers in order to provide the best service to the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of Public Service Motivation in e-KTP services at the Tangerang Regency Population and Civil Registry Office using a qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study showed that PSM in e-KTP services at the Tangerang Regency Population and Civil Registry Office was still not optimal, as shown in the results of the following values: 1) Interest in making public policy is low, because employees tend to be passive and lack initiative in being involved in the policy process. 2) Commitment to the public interest is also lacking, reflected in slow service. 3) The nature of compassion is quite good, as seen in the priority of services for those in need at the Tangerang Regency Population and Civil Registry Office. 4) Self-sacrifice is still lacking, with employees reluctant to work extra time. 5) Trust in justice is still not optimal, as seen from complaints about injustice in service.  

In “Harmony of Philosophy, Religion, and Ecology: Understanding the Message of Scripture as the Church's Mission in Protecting Nature according to Mark 16:15,” the importance of the relationship between religious doctrine, philosophical ideas, and environmental conservation initiatives is highlighted. Thus, Mark 16:15, which commands us to preach the Gospel to all creatures, could be interpreted as an appeal to protect God's creation, including the environment. In light of the current ecological catastrophe, philosophy offers an ethical framework that allows us to consider our obligations to nature. Meanwhile, religion—especially the teachings contained in the Holy Bible—emphasizes the spiritual call to care for creation. As an important institution in society, the Church's goals must include environmental management. The Church can inspire its members to apply ecological ideals to everyday life by upholding this duty. The Church can play a leading role in nature protection by taking concrete steps and educating the public about the value of ecology in a faith-filled life. Given the urgent need to overcome current environmental problems, harmony between philosophy, religion and ecology not only deepens

The motivation of this research is to find out about the importance of having an attitude of honesty in the study of hadith, so that the nature of dishonesty should not be used in muamalah in everyday life. Honesty is something that is highly prescribed in Islamic values, the value of honesty is a measure of one's faith, because the opposite of honesty is lying or deceit and that is something that has a value of deep dishonesty.This research method uses a qualitative approach with analysis and literature study. The results of this study include a general discussion of being honest both being honest according to the view of the Koran and hadith, being honest in carrying out assignments, being honest in trading and buying and selling, being honest with yourself or with others. The conclusion of this study shows that being honest is a must that must be owned by each individual person, as well as avoiding reasons for committing dishonesty, because being honest is a virtue and reflects one's faith. since early stage

Cybery Beach is a beach that has enormous potential to be developed, besides being very close to the center of Jayapura, this beach is the only beach located right next to the Youtefa Bridge and the Youtefa Bay Estuary so it has enormous potential to be developed because it is visited by many visitors in Jayapura city, Cybery Beach is also located on the ringroad and eastward with Holtekamp Beach, environmental safety is a shared responsibility of both the government, the community, visitors in keeping the environment clean and well maintained.The purpose of this service activity is to socialize the Love Environment Movement carried out by the Cenderawasih University Service Team. Public awareness, especially visitors to Cybery beach, of the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness is still very lacking because there are still people who litter, especially plastic waste used as food wrappers which are left scattered around the beach. The importance of understanding the concept of environmental safety for the community from an early age so that environmental cleanliness can be enjoyed by all communities and public benefits can be achieved through environmental hygiene social action. The basic nature of environmental management and conservation is the main capital for the development of natural resources and human resources so that an active role of the community is needed to strive for environmental conservation.The results achieved in the service are that with this activity, it can foster enthusiasm in saving the environment, even through this activity the Love the Environment Movement can be campaigned, especially in saving Cybery Beach.

The technological revolution accelerated by Artificial Intelligence (AI) has fundamentally changed the paradigm of leadership and human resource management. Digital leadership is now an essential competency for organizations that want to survive and thrive in the face of the challenges of the technological disruption era. This research aims to understand the role of digital leadership in the human capital transformation process, especially in the context of AI adoption by modern organizations.The post-qualitative approach allows research to capture the evolving and diverse dynamics in a digitized organizational environment. It is more open to different forms of data, both structured and unstructured, and recognizes the complexity and ambiguity in digital leadership practices. This research utilizes open-ended interviews and participatory observation, facilitated by interpretive narrative to understand the process of human capital transformation. The main results of the study show that digital leadership plays a key role in facilitating human capital transformation, with an emphasis on adaptive skills development, data-driven decision-making and closer collaboration between people and technology. This transformation is not only technical in nature but also involves changes in organizational culture and structure. This research makes an important contribution by offering a new perspective in leadership studies through a post-qualitative approach.

Waste is becoming a new problem, as there are fewer and fewer landfills and more and more waste is being produced. The lack of public awareness also exacerbates the waste problem. The purpose of this research is to find out the increase in community participation related to waste management and to find out what are the factors that hinder community participation related to waste management in Fatululi Village, Kupang City. This research is empirical juridical in nature, namely research whose data is obtained through direct tracing at the research location, in Fatululi Village, Kupang City. The type of approach used is the literature approach, Field Study Approach with qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results of this study show that community participation in waste management in Fatululi Village, Kupang City can be said to be low because people still litter and lack of community participation in community service activities. In the implementation of waste management in Fatululi Village, the Department of Cleanliness and Environment faces several obstacles, namely very low community participation, facilities in the form of minimal waste management facilities and infrastructure and there is still no local regulation governing sanctions for people who litter.

Anemia in pregnancy is known to occur in pregnant women when iron levels in their blood are low. Pregnant women are said to have anemia if their hemoglobin (Hb) level is <11 grams/dl in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy, in contrast to the second trimester hemoglobin (HB) level <10.5 grams/dl. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between third trimester pregnant women's knowledge about anemia and compliance with consuming Fe tablets at the Namrole Care Health Center in 2023. This research was quantitative in nature with an analytical survey with a cross sectional research design, which was conducted in the Namrole Maluku Health Center Work Area. The population in this study were all 32 pregnant women in the third trimester. The sampling technique used is Total Sampling. Bivariate analysis uses the Chi Square test with a confidence level of 95%. shows that the p value = 0.000 which means less than A = 0.005, so it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the knowledge of third trimester pregnant women about anemia and compliance with consuming Fe tablets at the Namrole Nursing Community Health Center, Kec. Medan Johor in 2023.

This study aims to examine the influence of leadership style and motivation on the performance of teachers at SMAN 6 in Tasikmalaya City. This study focuses on understanding how several aspects of leadership, such as creating a conducive work environment, implementing discipline, and recognizing teacher contributions, impact their performance and motivation. Data was collected by a structured questionnaire distributed to 49 teachers, encompassing 18 indicators for leadership style, 8 indicators for work motivation, and 10 indicators for performance measured using a Likert scale. This research design is quantitative in nature, aiming to gather empirical evidence on the variables under investigation. Structured questionnaires are utilized to gather data from a sample of teachers at SMAN 6 Tasikmalaya. The research sample consisted of 49 respondents, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS. The research findings indicate that the leadership style of the school principal has a significant positive impact on teacher performance. Key aspects such as maintaining physical facilities, ensuring a clean and comfortable environment, and facilitating effective communication contribute to higher levels of teacher satisfaction and performance. Furthermore, the work motivation of teachers, driven by recognition of their efforts and consistent implementation of discipline, also significantly affects their performance. This finding indicates that both leadership style and work motivation are crucial in enhancing teachers' performance. Effective leadership that supports a positive and disciplined work environment, coupled with enough recognition and appreciation for teachers' contributions, leads to improved teacher performance. This research emphasizes the significance of strategic leadership and motivation in the educational environment, and suggests that school administrators prioritize these factors to achieve better educational outcomes.

Custom and Customary Law are basically complementary laws, and are part of the national legal system, in relation to each other subject to laws and regulations and also subject to the provisions of Customary Law. The purpose of this study is to describe the effectiveness of Aceh Qanun Number 9 of 2008 in resolving disputes at the level of Ulee Blang Mane Village, Banda SaktiDistrict, Lhokseumawe City. This study uses a qualitative research method that is descriptive in nature by using techniques to obtain data through observation, interviews, and documentation. This study used 12 informants who were determined purposively consisting of Geuchik, Village Officials, Customary Figures and the parties to the case (household disputes, division of inheritance and disputes between neighbors) in Ulee Blang Mane Village, District, Lhokseumawe City. The results of the study explain that Aceh Qanun Number 9 of 2008 in resolving disputes at the Gampong Jawa Lhokseumawe level, Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe City has not been implemented properly.

Parsariran nature tourism is located in Batang Toru District, South Tapanuli Regency, which is one of the famous tourist destinations. This project aims to discuss the sustainability of the community empowerment process carried out with the development of tourist villages including forms of community empowerment and the results of community empowerment carried out. The approach to this aproject uses qualitative methods to discuss community characteristics and tourism potential. Data collection in this project was obtained through interviews and observation. The results of observations stated that there were many factors that made Parsariran Tourism in the Batang Toru sub-district a tourist destination with a high number of enthusiasts, including cool air, lots of hot springs, high community productivity and a fairly high rainfall factor which made the potential for hydropower development. Forms of community empowerment involve the role of the community from planning to implementing activities. The programs that have been carried out are in the form of socialization and training which includes socialization on tourism marketing strategies, socialization on tourism safety, socialization on tourism management systems and training on recycle or recycling of waste. Empowerment of the community through the development of tourist villages has implications for improving the quality of tourism and managing nature tourism in a more sustainable tourism area.

The purpose of this research is to find out Al-Shatibi's fatwa perspective. This research uses a type of library research. The research carried out is descriptive in nature where the researcher collects words instead of a series of numbers for this research, which in essence these words can provide an overview or present existing problems and solutions. The data analysis used is content analysis. A fatwa is a response to a question asked by a fatwa seeker (mustafti>). Whether questions are asked by individuals, institutions or collectives. In general, fatwas are issued in response to questions about current shari'ah problems. The legal basis (the arguments for the enactment of a fatwa are as stated in the Qur'an). The position of a fatwa in the Islamic legal system is very important considering that social problems are increasing day by day and becoming more complex. Moreover, a fatwa is an explanation of sharia law for certain problems which are not all people can understand it. The ways to give fatwa according to al-Shatibi are divided into three: a). With the words (bi al-Qaul)., b). By deeds (bi al-Fi'il), c). and determination (bi al-Iqrar). As for determining a fatwa with words, this is the model of determining that is considered the most widely used. by a mufti>. Meanwhile, determining a fatwa by deeds occupies the position of the model of determining a fatwa by words because this second model is an explanation (al-Mus}}rih} of the first model of determining a fatwa. The concept of al-Sha>tabi>'s fatwa is a theory that was born in his time with a portrait of life that is of course different from today. Therefore, there are three things which – according to researchers – still leave "records" that need to be studied more deeply, namely al-d}aru>riyya>t al-khams, al-istiqra>' al-ma'nawi>, changes fatwa and its understanding of heresy

This study investigates the effectiveness of the Guided Inquiry Learning (GIL) model in enhancing students' scientific literacy, particularly in the domain of energy and its transformation. The primary aim of the research was to assess the impact of GIL on students' understanding of complex scientific concepts related to energy, focusing on energy types, transformations, and the conservation law. The GIL model, characterized by active learning, student-centered inquiry, and structured guidance, was implemented through hands-on experiments, observations, and collaborative discussions. The results of the study revealed a significant improvement in scientific literacy, with a 25% increase in post-test scores. The findings suggest that GIL fosters greater student engagement and critical thinking compared to traditional lecture-based methods. Students demonstrated increased confidence and a deeper understanding of energy concepts, making connections between theoretical knowledge and real-world applications. Despite challenges such as time constraints and resource limitations, these obstacles were addressed by adjusting schedules and incorporating virtual simulations to enhance the learning experience. Student feedback was overwhelmingly positive, with participants expressing appreciation for the hands-on nature of the model and the opportunities for peer learning. This study underscores the effectiveness of GIL in improving scientific literacy and suggests that its application could extend to other scientific topics, providing a flexible framework for fostering inquiry and understanding in various educational contexts. Future research is recommended to explore the long-term impact of GIL on other science disciplines and evaluate its broader applicability across different educational settings.

Sadana District implements community-based tourism as an empowerment approach that involves and places the community as an important actor in the context of a new development paradigm, namely sustainable development (Sustainable Development Paradigm). The purpose of community empowerment itself is basically to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of each individual, so that they have the ability to work and strive independently in order to improve their quality of life. In addition, the purpose of empowerment is to increase the potential of the community in order to be able to improve a better quality of life for all community members through self-help activities (Sutarto, 2007:153) This type of research is field research directly from the community through interviews, documentation and other tools which are primary data. Primary data was obtained by themselves from the community and still needs further analysis. Field research is a research that aims to research something that happens in the community, in this case the location to be studied is in Bendasari Village, Gunungsari Village and Tanjungsari Village, Sadananya District, Ciamis Regency. The nature of the research used in this study is qualitative descriptive research. The definition of descriptive is research that seeks to tell a solution to existing problems based on data, presenting data, analyzing and interpreting. The qualitative research is data collection carried out under natural conditions, primary data sources and data collection techniques are more on in-depth observation and interviews and documentation. Qualitative research is to make a systematic, factual and accurate analysis of facts or characteristics of a certain population or region. Based on the description of the results of the research and discussions that have been carried out, the researcher can draw conclusions, including the development efforts in the Bendasari, Tanjungsari, and Gunungsari Tourism Villages taken through: (a) Human resource development is carried out through training, discussions, and others. (b) Partnership with River Tubing, Taruna Karya, PLN, the Resque sector, and parties engaged in the tourism sector. (c) Village Government activities, namely holding meetings, discussions, and sports together. (d) Promotion through social media, through word of mouth, publication. (e) Festival or competition, namely a songbird competition held at the Bukit Bubulak tourist attraction, Bendasari Village. (f) Fostering community organizations by inviting the community to participate in the management of Tourism Villages. (e) Cooperation with universities or universities in Ciamis Regency and its surroundings.