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This community service activity aimed to enhance the security and efficiency of halal certification mentoring services at the Aurum First Sunrise community in Surakarta. The main challenge faced by the partner was the risk of sensitive SME data leakage such as ID cards, recipes, and supply chain information, due to the lack of an adequate document security mechanism. The core solution implemented was Technology Implementation in the form of a Cryptographically-based Document Management Information sistem (utilizing the Light Weight PDAC algorithm) integrated with digital access rights management and user Training. Evaluation demonstrated successful implementation, evidenced by an increase in the average satisfaction of SMEs regarding data security to 97.8%, confirming enhanced trust. Furthermore, digitalization successfully improved the efficiency of the mentoring team, reflected by a satisfaction score of 85.0%. In conclusion, this service successfully transformed the partner into a secure, efficient, and credible mentoring institution, significantly supporting SMEs in accessing halal certification.

This Study analyzes the fulfillment of dowry requirements as mutamawwal property according to KHI Articles 30-38 and assesses the suitability of crypto assets as dowry under the positive law regime of the Marriage Law, including its implications for the protection of wives’ rights and legal certainty in the digital era. The research employs a qualititative method with a normative juridical approach through literature study of primary sources (the Qur’an, hadith, KHI, Law No. 1 of 1974, Bappebti and OJK regulations, an MUI fatwas) and secondary sources comparising journals, theses, and dissertations on crypto dowry and maqasid syariah, analyzed descriptively-analitycally and comparatively bertween Islamic law and positive law. The findings that demonstrate that normatively, crypto assets can be classified as valuable property within the KHI framework provided they meet the following criteria: possessing economic value, having clear specifications regarding type and amount, being transferable through legal mechanisms (such as gifts or wallet transfers), and being mutually agreed upon by boh parties. Consequently, they are valid as dowry with the value determined at the time of the marriage contract to minimize the impact or price volatility. However, it still poses potential value disputes, necessitating the strengthening of administrative guidelines at the KUA (office of Religious Affairs) and the enhancement of digital forensic capacty in Religious Courts. The study recommends further harmonization among the KHI, crypto asset regulations, and religious fatwas through the development of technical guidelines for crypto dowries oriented toward mashlahah and the protection of wives’ rights in the 4.0 era.

Unregistered marriage (nikah siri) in Indonesia refers to marriages conducted in accordance with Islamic religious law but not officially recorded by the state. This legal gap creates significant challenges, particularly concerning the legal status of wives, children, and marital property. This study employs a normative juridical research methodology to examine the legal consequences of unregistered marriages on the positions of wives, children, and property, as well as to analyze the forms of legal protection available for children born from such marriages. The findings reveal that wives in unregistered marriages lack legal protection comparable to those in registered marriages, including rights to marital property, alimony, and inheritance. Children born from these unions initially possess legal relationships only with their mothers and maternal families. However, Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 established a legal pathway for children to establish civil relationships with their biological fathers through scientific evidence such as DNA testing. Despite this judicial development, practical implementation faces considerable obstacles including evidentiary difficulties, social stigma, and limited access to legal remedies. This research concludes that active state intervention and institutional support remain essential to safeguard children's fundamental rights, including identity, inheritance, and protection from legal and social discrimination.

This study aims to examine the responses and levels of understanding of eleventh-grade students at SMA Negeri 4 Pasuruan City regarding trademark disputes, particularly the “Geprek Bensu” case. The research employs a descriptive quantitative approach, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to students as respondents. The questionnaire was designed to describe students’ understanding of the concept of trademarks, the benefits of trademark registration, and their views on the causes of trademark disputes. The results indicate that most students are familiar with the “Geprek Bensu” case and understand trademarks as a business identity and a means of product differentiation. The majority of respondents are also aware that trademark registration provides legal protection and exclusive rights to the trademark owner. However, students’ understanding of trademark law remains varied, as some respondents still associate trademark ownership with popularity alone. In addition, students demonstrate a positive attitude toward the importance of intellectual property education from an early stage through formal education. These findings emphasize the need to strengthen Intellectual Property Rights literacy at the secondary school level in order to enhance legal awareness and prevent trademark disputes in the future.  

In the ever-evolving digital era, the importance of cyber law in safeguarding user privacy cannot be overstated. As a distinct legal discipline, cyber law examines regulations that oversee activities in cyberspace, offering legal protection regarding personal data and user privacy. Referring to various credible sources, this article evaluates the role of cyber law in protecting user privacy in the Indonesian context. The article discusses regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), the Government Regulation on Electronic Systems, and the Personal Data Protection Bill. The main elements analyzed include supervision, regulation, resolution, and protection of user rights when facing digital security challenges. The examination shows that cyber law plays a significant role in protecting individuals' personal information, thereby encouraging safer and more trustworthy digital services. Furthermore, the article points out the various challenges faced in enforcing cyber law, such as administrative constraints, inadequate digital literacy, and limited access to justice, especially for those without legal knowledge or support. Consequently, to improve the effectiveness of cyber law, continued efforts are needed to strengthen the digital regulatory framework and provide more comprehensive user privacy protection. This perspective seeks to enhance understanding of the significance of cyber law in safeguarding privacy and proposes recommendations for governments and relevant organizations in addressing privacy issues in the digital age.

This study analyzes the effectiveness of installed supervision (Waskat) by the Sub-district Head on the performance of employees at the Bukit Kapur District Office, Dumai City, in the midst of the demands of public service accountability. The background involves local bureaucratic challenges such as resource constraints and employee resistance. Using a qualitative approach with field observation for two weeks (15-29 December 2025), including in-depth interviews with 5 employees and 2 community informants, plus data triangulation from attendance records and performance reports, it was analyzed thematically. The results revealed attendance increased to 95%, absenteeism decreased by 2%, and work output increased from 50 to 65 permit documents each week. Quotes such as "Direct supervision motivates me" (Employee A, 2025) affirm the preventive role of Waskat, despite obstacles such as over-tasking, in line with Fauzan (2024) on civil servant governance. The discussion highlighted Waskat as a tool for local bureaucratic reform. This conclusion affirms the effectiveness of Waskat in improving performance, recommending humanistic and digital adaptation. Policy implications for local governments, with suggestions for future studies using a larger sample.

Family disputes over inheritance are a common social and legal issue in Indonesian society, often leading to long-term conflicts and even legal battles. This situation is influenced by the complex legal system of inheritance in Indonesia, which is pluralistic and includes Western civil law, Islamic law, and customary law. It is further complicated by social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors among the heirs. This study aims to analyze the causes of family disputes in inheritance distribution and examine the role of law in providing certainty, fairness, and benefits for all parties involved. The research method used is normative legal research with a jurisprudential approach, through the study of relevant legal regulations, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The findings show that inheritance disputes are generally caused by unfair distribution of assets, differing interpretations of law, conflicts between customary law, religious law, and national law, as well as poor communication and lack of transparency within the family. Therefore, resolving inheritance disputes requires not only the enforcement of law in a normative manner, but also non-litigious approaches such as mediation, family consultation, and increased legal awareness to maintain family harmony and legal certainty.  

The prohibition of proposing to a woman during her ‘iddah period constitutes an Islamic legal provision that is firmly grounded in the normative foundations of the Qur’an and fiqh. This provision aims to preserve the clarity of lineage, protect women’s dignity, and maintain order within the legal framework of marriage. This article examines, from a normative perspective, the prohibition of proposing to a woman during her ‘iddah according to the Shāfi‘ī school of law. The study employs a normative legal research method with a qualitative approach through library research, drawing upon the Qur’an, hadith, and authoritative (mu‘tabar) Shāfi‘ī fiqh texts. The findings indicate that the Shāfi‘ī school strictly prohibits explicit proposals to women during all types of ‘iddah, including ‘iddah resulting from revocable divorce (ṭalāq raj‘ī), irrevocable divorce (ṭalāq bā’in), annulment (fasakh), and death. As for indirect proposals (ta‘rīḍ), they are permitted only for women whose ‘iddah is not accompanied by a right of reconciliation, such as ‘iddah due to death and ‘iddah of ṭalāq bā’in, while remaining prohibited during ‘iddah raj‘ī. This legal ruling reflects the prudence of the Shāfi‘ī school in preventing the occurrence of invalid marriage contracts and affirms the function of ‘iddah as an instrument of Islamic legal regulation rather than merely a biological waiting period.

This study examines the legal provisions regarding interfaith marriage in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic law and national law. The focus lies on the differences and points of convergence between the two legal systems in assessing the validity of marriages conducted between couples of different religions. This research employs a library research method with a normative-comparative approach, analyzing primary sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, as well as relevant court decisions. The results show that Islamic law explicitly prohibits interfaith marriage, particularly between a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man, as it contradicts the principles of faith and the objectives of marriage in Islam. Meanwhile, national law through Law Number 1 of 1974 stipulates that a marriage is valid only if conducted according to the laws of each religion and belief, which implicitly rejects the legality of interfaith marriage. In practice, however, some individuals seek legal loopholes through human rights interpretations or by registering their marriages abroad. Therefore, both Islamic and national law share the same goal: to preserve the sanctity of marriage and maintain social harmony based on the divine values upheld by the Indonesian nation.

This article examines in depth the concept of protecting human dignity through the regulation of gaze and physical contact among mahram according to the Shafi‘i School of Islamic law. From an Islamic perspective, the preservation of dignity (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ) occupies a highly fundamental position as part of the objectives of Islamic law, particularly in regulating social relations and family interactions. Although mahram relationships legally allow closer interaction, Islam continues to establish ethical boundaries to safeguard purity and moral values. This study is a normative legal research employing conceptual and normative-fiqh approaches, relying on primary sources such as the Qur’an, the Prophetic traditions (hadith), and classical as well as contemporary Shafi‘i jurisprudential literature. The findings indicate that the Shafi‘i School does not regard mahram relations as a sphere of absolute and unrestricted freedom, but instead provides clear regulations concerning gaze and physical contact. Visual interaction is permitted in a limited manner, restricted to certain parts of the body and subject to the condition that it does not provoke desire or potential moral temptation (fitnah). Meanwhile, physical contact is regulated more strictly and, in principle, is only permitted in situations of legitimate shar‘i necessity, such as medical treatment or emergency circumstances. Therefore, the regulation of gaze and physical contact among mahram in the Shafi‘i School functions as an instrument for protecting human dignity, preserving the sanctity of family relationships, and preventing behavioral deviations from an early stage.

This kind of research can reveal a purpose, namely to be able to carry out an analysis of the important role of the government together with the community in realizing policies to combat corruption of village funds. It is necessary to understand that village funds have been made one of the government's priority programs in order to increase the level of prosperity of rural communities and village development through the Village Law. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify policy solutions provided by the government and the community to prevent corruption of village funds. This study utilizes a literature study method through a qualitative approach that can be used to assess the role of the government and the community in implementing policies to combat corruption of village funds as an effort to uphold the integrity of the village administration system. Meanwhile, the research data sources obtained came from secondary data, which included the collection of scientific journals in the last five years, reading books in the last ten years, reports in the mass media, and government regulations. The findings of this study describe that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has identified several loopholes that are often exploited by village officials in misappropriating Village Funds. Then there were 98 cases of corruption that caused the state to lose up to Rp. 37.2 billion. This creates an urgency for the government and the community to play a role in creating village regulations that are capable of overcoming corruption of village funds.

The culture of patronage is a key characteristic of Indonesian political dynamics, having developed from the pre-colonial era to the contemporary democratic era. Despite decentralization and political reforms in Indonesia, patronage practices persist through relationships between political elites, bureaucracy, business actors, and communities, particularly at the local level. This study analyzes patronage using Pierre Bourdieu's Social Practice Theory framework, which emphasizes the interaction between habitus, capital, and the arena as factors shaping social practices. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques through desk studies, which allows researchers to examine various academic literature to build a comprehensive conceptual analysis. The research findings indicate that internalized political habitus, the accumulation of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital, and a competitive local political field are key elements in perpetuating patronage. Patronage is not merely a transactional political practice, but a social structure that is continuously reproduced and impacts the politicization of bureaucracy, the strengthening of oligarchy, power inequality, and the vulnerability of the poor to political manipulation. This research confirms that efforts to strengthen democracy in Indonesia require transformation of the political habitus of society, bureaucratic reform, and restrictions on the dominance of economic actors in the political arena to break the entrenched patron-client chain.

The application of a uniform pattern in center-periphery relations is frequently entrapped in a rigidity of uniformity that neglects the sociological and historical complexities of Indonesian society. This study aims to analyze the juridical construction of asymmetric decentralization within the framework of the Pancasila Rule of Law, as well as its implications for the management of diversity and national integration. Employing a normative legal research method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this study reveals that asymmetric decentralization is not merely an administrative deviation, but rather an imperative manifestation of substantive justice and the politics of recognition towards regional particularities. Although this policy has been effective in mitigating disintegration potential in special regions such as Aceh and Papua, its implementation leaves residual issues regarding sharp disparities in authority, potential legal fragmentation, and inter-regional jealousy. This study concludes that the sustainability of special autonomy necessitates a governance reconstruction that is not solely oriented towards temporary political accommodation, but must be coherently integrated with Pancasila values. The theoretical implications of this study underscore the necessity for harmonization between national legal supremacy and the flexibility of regional autonomy to foster sustainable social cohesion within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

This community service program aims to improve public literacy and awareness of the Islamic capital market through socialization and educational activities in Telaga Jernih Village, Secanggang District. Islamic financial literacy in rural areas remains relatively low due to limited access to information and education, leading people to prefer traditional investments such as livestock and plantations. The activity was carried out by the Community Service Program (KKN) team in collaboration with the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) as the main speaker and the village government as a supporting partner. The methods used included observation, counseling, interactive discussions, and simple simulations of Islamic investment practices. The results revealed high enthusiasm among participants, reflected in their active engagement and significant improvement in understanding the concepts, principles, and products of Islamic investment. The community began to realize that Islamic capital market investments are not only halal and safe but also offer long-term economic benefits. This activity positively influenced the community’s mindset to view Islamic financial investment as a complementary form of traditional investment. The program also opened opportunities for forming a village-based Islamic investor community and establishing a financial literacy center as a follow-up initiative. Therefore, this program plays a vital role in strengthening Islamic financial inclusion in rural areas and serves as an initial step toward creating a financially literate, independent, and economically productive society.

The digitalization of the creative economy has opened up significant opportunities for the community to create innovative products that have high sales value and are environmentally friendly. One interesting innovation is the use of used cooking oil as a raw material for making aromatherapy candles. Used cooking oil, which is usually discarded and pollutes the environment, can be reprocessed into products with economic value, thus supporting the principles of a circular economy. This study aims to examine the potential of processing used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles, analyze digital-based marketing strategies to increase product competitiveness in the market, and examine the meaning of transforming waste into innovative products from the perspective of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of reality. The research methods used were literature studies and field observations of used cooking oil processing practices by the community. The results show that used cooking oil-based aromatherapy candles have good business prospects, especially when combined with digital promotion through social media and marketplaces. Digitalization helps expand marketing reach, create brand identity, and attract consumers who care about environmental sustainability. From the perspective of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of reality, the transformation of used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles can be understood as a phenomenon, namely a reality that is visible in the practice of the digital creative economy. Meanwhile, the values ​​of sustainability, ethical awareness, and social meaning contained therein reflect noumena, namely the deepest reality that is not directly visible but provides direction and meaning for human actions.

This research examines law enforcement against immigration violations and the factors influencing the effectiveness of border crossing inspection at the Immigration Checkpoint (TPI) of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. Immigration inspection plays a vital role in safeguarding national sovereignty and monitoring cross-border human movement. Using a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that enforcement procedures include document verification, identification of violations, administrative actions, and deportation in accordance with Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. Common violations found include misuse of stay permits, travel document forgery, unauthorized border crossers, and illegal activities by foreign nationals beyond visa provisions. However, implementation still faces challenges such as limited human resources, inadequate infrastructure, and weak inter-agency coordination. Several factors affect the effectiveness of inspections, including personnel quality, technological support, legal frameworks, infrastructure capacity, traveler volume, inter-agency cooperation, political and international relations factors, socio-cultural dynamics, financial and logistical support, as well as internal supervision and accountability systems. The research concludes that institutional capacity building, policy integration, regulatory harmonization, and strengthened internal supervision are essential to ensure optimal immigration control at TPI Tanjung Perak in facing global challenges.

The handling of children involved in narcotics crimes requires a restorative approach focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment. This study aims to examine the role of police investigators in applying restorative justice to child offenders in narcotics cases and to identify the obstacles encountered in its implementation. This research employs a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials include Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and Chief of Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021. The findings show that investigators play a strategic role in facilitating diversion, including conducting initial assessments, facilitating diversion deliberations, and coordinating with supporting institutions such as the Correctional Center (Bapas), National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and Social Services. However, implementation remains suboptimal due to internal constraints, including inadequate training and understanding among investigators, limited facilities such as child-friendly rooms and mediation spaces, regulatory disharmony between the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law and the Narcotics Law, weak inter-agency coordination, and lack of support from families and communities. Post-diversion monitoring is also ineffective. This study concludes that strengthening investigator capacity through specialized training, improving legal frameworks through regulatory harmonization, and enhancing inter-agency collaboration are essential to ensure restorative justice truly serves the best interests of children.

This research aims to analyze the application of material criminal law against perpetrators of sexual abuse crimes against children and examine the judge's considerations in sentencing in cases of sexual abuse against children committed by teachers. The study focuses on Court Decision Number 1649/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mks, where a Quran teacher was convicted of committing sexual abuse against several of his students. This normative legal research employs statutory and case approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including the Criminal Code (KUHP), Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, and the aforementioned court decision. The findings indicate that the application of material criminal law in this case has been in accordance with Article 82 paragraph (1), jo Article 76E of the Child Protection Law, where all elements of the crime were proven fulfilled. However, the judge's consideration in sentencing raises critical concerns regarding the application of aggravating factors. Under Article 82 paragraph (4) of the Child Protection Law, when sexual abuse is committed by educators, the punishment should be increased by one-third. The court sentenced the defendant to 6 years and 6 months imprisonment and a fine of Rp. 60,000,000, whereas according to the applicable law with aggravating factors, the sentence should have been 8 years and 8 months imprisonment. The study also identifies obstacles in handling such cases, including children's difficulty in revealing traumatic events, victims' fear and shame, limited witnesses, threats from perpetrators, and inadequate resources. The research recommends consistent application of sentence enhancement for perpetrators who are educators, improved inter-agency cooperation in handling child victims, enhanced school security measures, and comprehensive legal protection for child victims throughout the judicial process.  

Human trafficking constitutes a transnational crime that inflicts physical, psychological, and economic suffering upon its victims. This research aims to analyze the fulfillment of restitution rights for victims of human trafficking and examine preventive efforts from the immigration perspective. According to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, every victim has the right to restitution as compensation for losses suffered. However, implementation in practice still encounters numerous obstacles, including weak law enforcement, limited understanding among law enforcement officers, and insufficient technical regulations. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches to examine primary legal materials, including Law Number 21 of 2007, Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that legal protection for victims of human trafficking has not been optimal, with challenges including difficulties in proving immaterial losses, dual procedural systems between the Human Trafficking Law and Criminal Procedure Code, and weak coordination among law enforcement agencies. The Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) often cannot guarantee restitution payments as determined by judges. From the immigration perspective, the Directorate General of Immigration plays a strategic role in preventing human trafficking through travel document control, implementation of the Integrated Border Control Management (IBCM) system, education for prospective migrant workers, and cross-sectoral collaboration. However, challenges persist, including complex and evolving modus operandi, limited resources in remote border areas, and inter-agency coordination obstacles. The study concludes that synergy between institutions and improvements in education and regulation are required to ensure victims' restitution rights are fulfilled effectively.  

Children constitute a vulnerable group requiring protection from sexual crimes, including pedophilia. This research aims to examine criminal law provisions protecting child victims of pedophilia crimes in Indonesia and identify obstacles in their implementation. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that legal protection is comprehensively regulated through the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Child Protection Law (Law Number 35 of 2014), Law Number 17 of 2016, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE). These regulations provide a strong legal basis both in terms of principal criminal sanctions and additional sanctions such as chemical castration, electronic monitoring device installation, and perpetrator identity disclosure. The regulations also emphasize victims' rights to medical and psychological rehabilitation as well as identity protection. However, implementation faces several obstacles, including low case reporting rates due to stigma and taboo culture, evidentiary difficulties arising from victim trauma, weak inter-agency coordination, limited resources, and the emergence of digital pedophilia modi. Efforts to address these obstacles include strengthening law enforcement capacity, providing child-friendly justice systems, comprehensive rehabilitation services, public legal education, and synergy between government and non-government institutions in child protection.