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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami keabsahan akta yang ditandatangani tidak bersamaan oleh para penghadap dan akibat hukumnya terhadap akta autentik yang dibuat oleh Notaris. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dimana bersumber dari peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, keputusan-keputusan pengadilan, teori-teori maupun konsep hukum dan pandangan para sarjana hukum. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Ketika pihak tertentu mendatangi notaris agar dituangkan kehendak mereka dalam sebuah akta dokumen resmi, lalu Notaris menyusun akta berdasarkan permintaan para pihak tersebut maka telah terbentuk sebuah akta yang berlaku sebagai hukum bagi para pihak yang terlibat. (2) Notaris wajib memastikan waktu dalam pembuatan dan penandatanganan akta tersebut dan bertanggung jawab jika di kemudian hari muncul masalah terkait keabsahan akta tersebut yang mana waktu penandatangannya tidak sesuai. (3) Notaris wajib memberikan kepastian waktu kedatangan dan penandatanganan akta yang disebutkan di bagian awal akta untuk membuktikan bahwa para pihak benar-benar hadir dan menandatangani dokumen pada waktu yang telah disebutkan dengan prosedur pembuatan akta berdasarkan UUJN, sehingga kekuatan pembuktiannya bersifat sempurna. Kelalaian dan kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh Notaris akan mengakibatkan akta terdegradasi menjadi dibawah tangan dan kemudian Notaris tersebut akan dikenai sanksi dan dikenakan tanggung jawab secara perdata di mana pihak yang menderita kerugian dapat menuntut penggantian biaya, kompensasi, dan bunga dari Notaris yang bersangkutan.

This study aims to analyze in-depth cognitive learning theory and its implications for improving the effectiveness of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teaching at the elementary school level. The adopted methodological approach is qualitative through library research, with the application of content analysis and theoretical synthesis techniques. Primary data sources were obtained from academic literature including textbooks, scientific journals, and the latest empirical research relevant within the last decade. The results of the analysis indicate that cognitive learning theory positions cognitive processes as the core of learning activities, allowing students to function as active agents in constructing knowledge through understanding, analysis, memory representation, and integration with pre-existing cognitive schemas. In the context of PAI, this approach enables meaningful learning through interactive pedagogical strategies such as collaborative discussions, problem-solving, case studies, and metacognitive reflection, which are empirically adapted to the stages of students' cognitive development. The implementation of cognitive theory significantly contributes to strengthening conceptual understanding, increasing learning engagement, developing critical thinking skills, transferring knowledge, and internalizing Islamic values. Thus, cognitive learning theory makes a substantial contribution to optimizing the effectiveness of PAI teaching in elementary schools through an interactive, systematic, and understanding-oriented approach.

Bankruptcy can no longer be understood solely as a mechanism for liquidating assets to meet debtor obligations, but has evolved into a restructuring instrument that directly impacts corporate governance and stakeholder protection. This study aims to analyze how bankruptcy functions as a corporate restructuring mechanism, how this process influences the redistribution of power in corporate governance, and the extent to which the bankruptcy legal system provides balanced protection for various stakeholders. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approach. The analysis is conducted on the provisions of Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and PKPU (Investment Suspension) and regulations related to corporate governance, combined with theoretical studies on fiduciary duty, stakeholder theory, and the corporate rescue paradigm. The results illustrate that bankruptcy functions as a governance restructuring mechanism that transfers control from the board of directors to the curator and creditor forum, thereby creating a redistribution of power within the company. The dominant creditor primacy orientation has the potential to create an imbalance in protection for non-creditor stakeholders, including workers and other economically impacted parties. These conditions indicate the need for normative reconstruction, including redefining fiduciary obligations during the insolvency phase, strengthening stakeholder protection, and harmonizing corporate governance principles with the insolvency law regime. This research is expected to contribute academically to the development of a bankruptcy model that is not solely focused on debt resolution but also considers aspects of business sustainability and substantive justice in modern corporate governance.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.

Multicultural education offers hope in addressing various social tensions that have emerged in recent times, as it is an educational approach that consistently upholds values, beliefs, heterogeneity, plurality, and diversity in all aspects of education. This study aims to describe the implementation of multicultural inclusive learning in developing students’ moral character and to identify the challenges of its implementation at MIN 2 Gunungkidul Yogyakarta. The study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation involving the principal, teachers, and students as sources of information. The data were analyzed through data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The findings show that multicultural inclusive learning was implemented through the habituation of the 5S values (smiling, greeting, addressing, politeness, and courtesy), inclusive classroom arrangement for students with special needs, and the strengthening of discipline, responsibility, independence, care, and religious activities within the madrasah environment. These practices contributed to a warmer learning atmosphere, acceptance of differences, and social interaction between regular students and students with special needs. The main challenges included the limited availability of special assistant teachers, teachers’ limited competence in handling students with special needs, and insufficient inclusive learning facilities

. The effort to re-visualize regional architectural elements combined with modern touches is known as neo-vernakular architecture. In North Sumatra, there are various ethnic groups, including Batak, Mandailing, Malay, and others, each possessing rich traditional architectural values. This study aims to identify and analyze traditional architectural elements applied to the façade of the North Sumatra Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) building. The DPRD North Sumatra building is one of the government buildings that functions as a workplace for representatives of the people, council members, and the secretariat in carrying out governmental duties and public services. The building is located on Jalan Imam Bonjol with an area of approximately 8,000 square meters. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through direct field surveys and literature studies related to the façade design of the DPRD North Sumatra building. The results show that the neo-vernakular character on the building façade is represented through several architectural elements, such as exposed columns, sunshading, opening forms, and other supporting elements that reflect a combination of traditional and modern architectural features.  

This study investigates the implementation of the Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) algorithm for network intrusion detection using the CICIDS2017 dataset within the CRISP-DM framework. The process encompasses Business Understanding, Data Understanding, and Data Preparation including data cleaning, categorical feature encoding, normalization, and data split (80 % training, 20 % testing). In the Modeling phase, GBM Hyperparameters (learning_rate = 0.1; max_depth = 5; n_estimators = 150) were optimized via Grid Search with 2-fold Cross Validation, and F1-Score  was selected as the primary metric due to class imbalance. Evaluation on the test set yielded accuracy of 99.99 %, precision of 100 %, Recall of 99.98 %, and F1-Score  of 99.99 %, demonstrating exceptional detection capability with minimal false negatives and false positives. Compared to previous studies, this GBM model outperforms in accuracy and stability without overfitting. These findings confirm GBM’s effectiveness for modern Intrusion Detection Systems and its suitability for Deployment in resource-constrained operational environments.

Phishing is one of the most common and dangerous cyber attacks as it can trick users into providing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and personal data. This study aims to simulate Phishing techniques using the Zphisher tool as an educational medium to improve cybersecurity awareness. The method used is a quasi-experimental approach involving 30 participants exposed to Phishing scenarios in a controlled environment using Kali Linux. The results show that 83% of participants clicked the Phishing link and 60% entered their credentials, while 40% demonstrated awareness by avoiding further interaction. These findings indicate that cybersecurity awareness is still relatively low, but Phishing simulation is effective as an experiential learning tool.

Batik motif classification has attracted growing attention in visual computing due to its role in cultural heritage preservation, textile informatics, museum documentation, and automated cataloging. Although many studies report high classification accuracy, robustness under real-world acquisition conditions remains insufficiently understood. Batik images are frequently affected by illumination variation, blur, folds, watermark overlays, wearable deformation, scale inconsistency, and background clutter, creating challenges that extend beyond conventional image-noise assumptions. Existing studies largely focus on improving classification performance, while the interactions among acquisition variability, feature representation, evaluation practice, and deployment constraints remain fragmented. This systematic literature review addresses this gap by synthesizing batik classification research through a robustness-aware perspective. Using query expansion, backward and forward citation chaining, relevance screening, and thematic coding, 116 candidate records were identified, resulting in 50 highly relevant studies for detailed analysis. The review reveals that robustness is shaped less by denoising alone than by the combined effects of acquisition conditions, representation design, evaluation realism, and deployment context. Handcrafted descriptors remain competitive for small datasets and structured motifs due to their data efficiency and interpretability, whereas deep learning models achieve the highest reported accuracy when supported by sufficient data diversity and realistic augmentation. Hybrid representations emerge as the most consistently balanced approach, combining local texture stability with higher-level abstraction across heterogeneous acquisition settings. The review further identifies recurring robustness failure patterns, including background dependency, illumination instability, motif-scale inconsistency, wearable deformation, and source-shift vulnerability. Based on these findings, a robustness-oriented research agenda is proposed, emphasizing cross-acquisition evaluation, representation-stability analysis, batik-specific robustness benchmarks, acquisition-aware augmentation, and deployable lightweight or hybrid architectures. The study contributes a domain-specific synthesis that reframes batik motif classification from an accuracy-centric task toward a robustness-aware visual recognition problem.

Tuberculosis (TBC) in children remains a serious public health problem in Indonesia, with the 0–14 age group accounting for 16.2% of total notified cases in 2024. The uneven distribution of cases across provinces is thought to be influenced by various social determinants, yet spatial studies specifically on childhood TBC at the national level remain scarce. This study aimed to analyze the spatial pattern of childhood tuberculosis cases and social determinants in Indonesia in 2024 using a spatial ecological design across 38 provinces. Analysis included descriptive statistics, thematic mapping using QGIS, Moran's I test, and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) with queen contiguity weighting matrix. Results showed a strong positive spatial autocorrelation with a Moran's I value of 0.612. High-high clusters were identified in DKI Jakarta, Central Java, Banten, and West Java, which simultaneously recorded high population density and low primary healthcare ratios. Territory-based interventions should be prioritized in these hotspot provinces.

Tuberculosis (TBC) in children remains a serious public health problem in Indonesia, with the 0–14 age group accounting for 16.2% of total notified cases in 2024. The uneven distribution of cases across provinces is thought to be influenced by various social determinants, yet spatial studies specifically on childhood TBC at the national level remain scarce. This study aimed to analyze the spatial pattern of childhood tuberculosis cases and social determinants in Indonesia in 2024 using a spatial ecological design across 38 provinces. Analysis included descriptive statistics, thematic mapping using QGIS, Moran's I test, and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) with queen contiguity weighting matrix. Results showed a strong positive spatial autocorrelation with a Moran's I value of 0.612. High-high clusters were identified in DKI Jakarta, Central Java, Banten, and West Java, which simultaneously recorded high population density and low primary healthcare ratios. Territory-based interventions should be prioritized in these hotspot provinces.

This study analyzes the integration of aesthetics and ethics in cosmetology education and its implications for strengthening the professionalism of cosmetology teachers. Cosmetology is often viewed as an applied field that primarily produces visual beauty through make-up, skin care, hair care, and cosmetic services. However, professional cosmetology practice also involves moral responsibility because it deals directly with the human body, personal identity, safety, comfort, and client trust. This article uses a normative qualitative method with conceptual and philosophical approaches through library research. The analysis is organized through three dimensions of philosophy of science: ontology, epistemology, and axiology. The findings show that, ontologically, cosmetology studies beauty and the human body not merely as physical objects, but as subjects with value, dignity, and diverse meanings. Epistemologically, cosmetology knowledge is constructed through the integration of scientific theory, practical skills, professional experience, sanitation principles, occupational safety, and service standards. Axiologically, cosmetology contains ethical values that guide beauty practices so that they remain honest, safe, responsible, and respectful of human dignity. The integration of aesthetics and ethics strengthens the role of cosmetology teachers as educators, professional models, and character builders in vocational education. Therefore, cosmetology learning should not only emphasize technical competence and visual results, but also internalize ethical awareness, reflective judgment, and responsibility in every stage of professional practice.

Bangka Belitung Islands Province as the largest tin producer faces legality dilemmas and criminalization of artisanal miners due to permit centralization through Law Number 3 of 2020. This study aims to analyze the impact of centralization on artisanal miners' legal access, criminalization practices under Article 158 of the Mineral and Coal Law, and the form of Bangka Artisanal Miners Alliance (ATRB) struggle demanding legal certainty. The research employs qualitative case study approach with data collection techniques through literature study and document analysis of regulations, court decisions, and media reports. Findings show centralization narrows legal access causing slow and bureaucratic process for Artisanal Mining Area (WPR) designation and Artisanal Mining Permit (IPR) issuance. Criminalization practices more frequently affect small-scale miners major actors, creating injustice perceptions and worsening socio-economic conditions of mining households. ATRB emerges as a social movement demanding legal recognition through accelerated WPR and IPR plus economic redistribution through fair tin trade governance. Non-transparent royalty management reaching Rp1.7 trillion worsens community vulnerability. This research contributes to social movement and natural resource politics studies by emphasizing the importance of participatory legalization and governance reform to reduce social conflict.

The improvement of village road infrastructure plays an important role in enhancing community mobility and supporting local socioeconomic development. This study aims to analyze changes in mobility conditions before and after road improvement, explore community perceptions and experiences, identify changes in activity and economic patterns, and examine factors that support or hinder mobility optimization in Trayeman Village, Slawi District, Tegal Regency. A mixed-method approach was employed involving 98 respondents selected from a population of 5,229 residents using the Slovin formula with a 10% margin of error, along with 15 key informants for qualitative data collection. Data were gathered through observations, in-depth interviews, documentation studies, and Likert-scale questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative data were examined using the Miles and Huberman interactive analysis model. The findings indicate that road improvement has significantly enhanced community mobility, with an overall mean score of 3.89, categorized as high. Access to services recorded the highest score (4.06), followed by economic mobility (4.00) and social mobility (3.99). Community perceptions were largely positive, viewing the improved road as a catalyst for development and improved accessibility. Road improvement also encouraged broader economic opportunities, lower transportation costs, business growth, and increased income. Supporting factors included private vehicle ownership and supportive village policies, whereas high fuel prices, limited transportation options, and uneven local road conditions remained major challenges. Further improvements in supporting infrastructure and transportation services are recommended to maximize mobility benefits.

Increasingly intense market competition in the digital era requires companies to implement effective recruitment strategies to attract the best talent, particularly from Generation Z. This generation is highly familiar with digital technology and social media, making digital platforms their primary source of information regarding employment opportunities. In this context, employer branding and corporate social media utilization play important roles in shaping perceptions and influencing job application intentions. Although previous studies have examined the influence of employer branding and social media on recruitment outcomes, the findings remain inconsistent and often contradictory. Therefore, this study aims to analyze and evaluate the effects of employer branding and the intensity of corporate social media usage on the job application intentions of Generation Z. The research focuses on Generation Z individuals residing in the Singaparna area. This study is expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing job application decisions among young people in the digital era. The findings are anticipated to serve as valuable insights for companies in designing more effective, innovative, and targeted recruitment strategies that align with the characteristics and preferences of Generation Z as the future workforce.

The term "breach of contract" in contract law refers to a breach of promise. Discussions of breach of contract, both in doctrine and jurisprudence, are usually associated with a statement of negligence by the debtor, where the debtor has failed to properly fulfill their contractual obligations, and the debtor is at fault. It must be acknowledged that a breach of contract, or breach of promise, already involves bad faith on the part of the party failing to fulfill their promise. The meaning of "breach of contract" in banking law relates to the occurrence of problem loans at banks, which cause the loan to become non-performing. This is usually due to the debtor or customer not paying by the previously agreed payment date. The existence of a breach of contract is inseparable from the existence of a credit agreement. Whether a debtor is in default cannot be determined simply because there are efforts to rescue loans that have entered a problematic stage. The beginning of a violation of an agreement or default due to someone not being paid, in meeting the credit rescue standards at the bank, usually efforts are made such as Rescheduling, Reconditioning, Restructuring, through this rescue, the debtor is given the opportunity to lose his business, so the concept of default in BW and the Banking Law must be measured through the performance given, in both regulations, then from there the concept of problem credit can be classified. This banking regulation can be said to be a default, the comparison of this concept is the discussion in this thesis.

Education is the main driver of a nation's progress, which is not only related to intellectual intelligence, but also the formation of student character. Unfortunately, currently the world of education is facing serious problems, such as declining interest in learning and increasingly complex external factors in the digital era. This study aims to explore in depth the impact of learning motivation on student academic achievement, identifying obstacles that hinder this achievement. The method used in the current study is a literature study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through theoretical studies and analysis of various relevant scientific sources, including research journals and textbooks, which were then combined to develop a comprehensive argument. The findings of this study indicate that learning motivation is the main factor that encourages student persistence and consistency in achieving the best learning. Academic success is defined as the result of a complex interaction between internal and external factors, where the existence of a supporting ecosystem such as good learning facilities, a supportive environment, and effective communication between lecturers and students plays a very important role. On the other hand, phenomena such as digital fatigue, low independence, and excessive workload are identified as significant barriers that can reduce academic performance. This analysis concludes that there is synergy in strengthening psychological aspects and creating an adaptable learning environment to maintain the stability of academic achievement amidst global demands.

The consistent decline in cucumber production in Indonesia indicates limitations in conventional cultivation systems, particularly due to land scarcity and inefficient resource management. This condition has encouraged the development of hydroponic systems as a more controlled and productive cultivation alternative. This study aims to critically analyze the key factors determining the success of hydroponic cucumber cultivation and to identify the most influential management aspects in improving yield. The method employed is a literature review, examining various recent studies related to hydroponic systems, nutrient management, growing media, and environmental factors. The results show that the advantages of hydroponics lie not only in land and water efficiency but also in the ability to precisely control growth variables. However, optimal productivity highly depends on the proper integration of nutrient management, particularly the regulation of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient balance, as well as the control of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity. Inaccuracy in a single component can significantly reduce plant performance, even when other factors are optimal. Therefore, an integrated approach combining nutrient and environmental management simultaneously is essential to enhance hydroponic cucumber productivity. This study confirms that hydroponics has strong potential as a strategic solution to support sustainable agriculture amid land limitations in Indonesia.

Diarrhea has the potential to cause an Extraordinary Event (KLB) and is currently a leading cause of mortality in Indonesia, especially in children. Antibiotics are necessary for diarrhea caused by bacteria, but irrational antibiotic prescribing can increase the risk of antibiotic resistance. This literature review was conducted to provide an overview of the level of rationality of antibiotic use in pediatric patients with diarrhea in several Indonesian health facilities. The literature review was conducted by reviewing articles obtained through a Google Scholar search using the keywords "rationality of antibiotic use," "diarrhea," "children," and "evaluation of antibiotic use." Articles were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 10 suitable articles. The study results indicate that the evaluation methods for antibiotic use include the Gyssens criteria, World Health Organization criteria, Ministry of Health Decree Standards, the 2012 World Gastroenterology Organization Guidelines, and the Rational Drug Use Module. Commonly used evaluation parameters include appropriate indication, appropriate drug, appropriate dose, and appropriate patient. Most parameters have obtained rational results, but there are several studies that are not rational in the appropriate indication, appropriate drug, and appropriate dose categories. Variations in the results of rational antibiotic use at each health facility are influenced by patient characteristics, policies at the health care facility, and the level of compliance of health workers with therapy guidelines.