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Waste management remains a critical environmental issue due to the lack of public awareness in separating organic and inorganic waste, resulting in accumulation and environmental pollution This study aims to analyze and evaluate the development of automatic waste sorting systems based on proximity sensors with full-capacity notification using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach.. The proposed system utilizes a combination of sensors, including proximity sensors for material identification and ultrasonic sensors for detecting object presence and bin capacity, integrated with a microcontroller for real-time processing. Additionally, the system is equipped with IoT-based monitoring that allows users to receive notifications when the waste bin reaches its capacity. The research method involves system design, hardware and software integration, and functional testing to evaluate system performance. The results indicate that the system is capable of sorting waste automatically with a high level of accuracy and responsiveness, while also providing real-time monitoring to support waste management operations. The implementation of this system can reduce manual intervention, increase operational efficiency, and promote better waste segregation practices. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of integrating smart technology into environmental management systems, contributing both theoretically and practically to the development of sustainable waste management solutions.

Libraries play a crucial role in broadening the public's knowledge horizons by improving literacy skills. However, the reality at the Samaturu Library in Jambu Malea Village shows that manual management still dominates, leading to various administrative obstacles such as data irregularities, the risk of losing important information, and inefficiencies in tracking daily activities. This condition demands digital transformation to optimize public services at the village level comprehensively and sustainably. This research focuses on the development of a web-based library information system specifically designed to modernize administrative processes to be more systematic, fast, and organized. Built using the PHP programming language and MySQL database, this platform offers an intuitive interface for both staff and members. Its superior features include book data management, membership, activity agendas, announcements, and digitizing the borrowing and return process. Furthermore, the system is capable of automatically generating periodic reports to facilitate library performance evaluation. Based on the results of comprehensive testing using the Black Box Testing method, all system functionality was proven to operate optimally according to the required specifications. Direct user trials also showed very positive responses regarding aspects of ease of navigation and operational time efficiency. The implementation of this system is expected to improve the effectiveness of internal management, accelerate the quality of services to library users, and become a major catalyst in realizing superior digital literacy governance in rural areas

This study aims to evaluate the determinants of organizational sustainability within the Doctor Peduli Foundation (doctorSHARE), specifically regarding its Floating Hospital program. Specifically, it examines the influence of stakeholder support and operational efficiency on organizational sustainability, while analyzing the role of organizational innovation as a mediating variable in ensuring the continuity of medical services in remote areas. Employing a quantitative approach with a survey method, data were collected from 81 respondents comprising staff and volunteers directly involved in the Floating Hospital's operations. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to analyze the data and test the proposed hypotheses.The results reveal that stakeholder support does not have a significant direct impact on either organizational sustainability or innovation performance. Conversely, operational efficiency emerged as a dominant factor with a significant positive influence. Furthermore, organizational innovation was found to play a crucial role as a mediator, strengthening the impact of operational efficiency on organizational sustainability.This study concludes that the sustainability of non-profit organizations such as doctorSHARE is determined more by management's ability to optimize internal resources efficiently and innovatively than by reliance on external support. Consequently, strengthening internal operational systems should be a primary strategic priority to ensure long-term organizational existence.

The management of ethical drug inventory is a crucial aspect of supporting the smooth delivery of healthcare services in hospitals. Improper management of ethical drugs can lead to stockouts or overstock, which results increased operational costs and the risk of drug expiration. This study aims to analyze the inventory control of ethical drugs at RSUD Inche Abdoel Moeis Samarinda using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Safety Stock, and Reorder Point methods. The data used in this study are the consumption of ethical drugs during 2024, obtained from the hospital’s Pharmacy Installation. The data analysis method involves calculating ordering and holding costs, determining the optimal order quantity using EOQ, and calculating Safety Stock and ROP to maintain drug availability during lead time. The results of this study indicate that the application of the EOQ method provides a more optimal and efficient order quantity compared to previous policies. Furthermore, Safety Stock and ROP calculations assist the hospital in preventing ethical drug shortages and creating a more structured ordering schedule. Thus, the implementation of EOQ, Safety Stock and ROP methods can improve the efficiency of ethical drug inventory management while supporting the continuity of healthcare services at RSUD Inche Abdoel Moeis Samarinda.

One of the most actively traded and liquid stock groups in the capital market is the LQ45 index, which consistently attracts investor attention due to its strong market capitalization and transaction volume. This study aims to analyze the influence of financial performance and financial management strategies on firm value among companies listed in the LQ45 index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2018–2022 period. The study population consisted of 73 LQ45-indexed companies, with purposive sampling used to select 23 companies that met the research criteria. This research employed a quantitative approach using path analysis to examine both direct and indirect relationships among variables. The findings indicate that profitability and leverage have a positive and significant effect on firm value. In addition, profitability and leverage also positively influence firm size, indicating that companies with stronger profitability and effective debt management tend to expand their operational scale. However, firm size does not significantly affect firm value and is unable to mediate the relationship between profitability, leverage, and firm value. These results suggest that investors place greater emphasis on profitability and leverage indicators than company size when evaluating firm value in LQ45 companies. Therefore, effective financial performance remains the primary factor in enhancing corporate value and investor confidence.

The increasing number of corruption cases involving School Operational Assistance (BOS) funds has become a serious challenge for the education sector in Indonesia. These cases not only undermine public trust in educational institutions but also hinder the achievement of equitable and quality education. This study aims to analyze the role of professional leadership in preventing and addressing the misuse of BOS funds within educational institutions. The research employs a qualitative approach through literature review and analysis of relevant regulations, scholarly publications, and documented corruption cases in the education sector. The findings indicate that professional leadership characterized by integrity, accountability, transparency, and strong ethical commitment plays a significant role in minimizing opportunities for corruption. Effective leaders are able to establish robust internal control systems, promote a culture of honesty, and ensure participatory financial management involving various stakeholders. Furthermore, continuous supervision and adherence to governance principles strengthen institutional resilience against financial misconduct. The study implies that strengthening leadership capacity and ethical values among educational leaders is essential for improving financial governance and fostering public confidence in educational management. Professional leadership is therefore a crucial factor in supporting clean, transparent, and sustainable education administration.

. This study aims to analyze the role of field surveys in the verification process of mustahik as an effort to enhance accountability in zakat management at BAZNAS Kabupaten Tegal. Zakat management in modern institutions requires accurate targeting to ensure that distribution aligns with Islamic principles and effectively addresses social welfare issues. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and literature study as data collection techniques. The findings reveal that field surveys serve as a primary instrument in validating administrative data by directly observing the socio-economic conditions of prospective beneficiaries. This process enables more accurate and objective decision-making in determining mustahik eligibility. Furthermore, field surveys contribute significantly to improving transparency, accountability, and the precision of zakat distribution. However, the implementation of field surveys faces several challenges, including limited human resources, time constraints, and the potential for subjective assessment. Despite these limitations, field surveys remain a crucial operational mechanism in ensuring accountable zakat management. This study highlights the importance of strengthening survey implementation through capacity building and the integration of information technology to improve efficiency and data accuracy.

This study examines the absence of clear time limits in civil procedural law and its impact on the effectiveness of the principle of simple, fast, and low-cost justice in Indonesia. Normatively, this principle serves as a fundamental guideline in ensuring efficient and accessible dispute resolution. However, in practice, civil proceedings often take a prolonged and complex course, leading to increased costs and legal uncertainty. This research aims to analyze whether the principle has real normative force and how the lack of time constraints in each stage of civil litigation contributes to procedural delays. The study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that the absence of strict and binding time limits allows procedural flexibility to be misused, resulting in repeated delays, inefficiency, and case accumulation. Consequently, the principle of simple, fast, and low-cost justice tends to remain declarative rather than operational. The study concludes that the effectiveness of this principle is significantly weakened by the lack of time regulation and suggests the need for reform through time-bound case management, stricter procedural control, and the integration of digital judicial systems to enhance efficiency and legal certainty.

The development of digital technology has encouraged micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), particularly in the culinary sector, to adapt by utilizing online applications as a strategy to increase competitiveness. This community service activity aims to improve the understanding and capabilities of business owners at Kedai Jajanan Zahira in Surabaya in utilizing online applications as a marketing and sales tool. The method used in this study is Participatory Action Research (PAR), an approach that actively involves business actors in every stage of the process. These stages include problem identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews and direct observation to obtain a realistic picture of business conditions. The results of the activity showed an increase in business owners' understanding of the importance of digitalization, improved skills in using food delivery applications and social media, and increased market reach and interaction with consumers. In addition, the use of online applications also contributed to increased operational efficiency, such as more systematic order management and transaction recording. Overall, mentoring in the use of online applications has proven effective in increasing the competitiveness of culinary businesses. This activity has a positive impact not only on increasing sales, but also on business sustainability through increased digital literacy and the ability to adapt to technological developments. Therefore, ongoing mentoring is needed so that business actors can consistently optimize the use of digital technology in developing their businesses.

Hydrogen-based hybrid microgrid systems have emerged as a promising solution to enhance renewable energy integration and improve energy supply reliability. By combining renewable sources such as solar and wind with hydrogen production and storage technologies, these systems address the intermittency of renewable power while ensuring continuous energy availability. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility, environmental impact, and scalability of hydrogen-based hybrid microgrids, with a focus on cost-effectiveness and system performance under varying operating conditions. Simulation tools, including HOMER Pro and MATLAB Simulink, are used to model the system and conduct sensitivity analyses on hydrogen production costs and demand fluctuations. Key performance indicators such as Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), Net Present Value (NPV), and CO₂ emissions reduction are assessed. The results show that although the system requires a high initial investment, it becomes economically viable over time due to reduced operational costs and improved efficiency. Additionally, the system demonstrates significant environmental benefits, outperforming conventional fossil fuel-based systems in terms of emissions reduction. Sensitivity analysis further indicates that advancements in hydrogen production technologies could substantially enhance economic feasibility. Overall, hydrogen-based hybrid microgrids offer a reliable and low-carbon energy solution, supporting sustainable energy transitions and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

This study examines the role of the Lubuk Intan Village Unit Cooperative (KUD) in assisting in managing oil palm sales for smallholder farmers in Peninjau Village, Batanghari Regency. The background of this study is based on the suboptimal distribution of economic benefits to farmers, despite increasing sales through the cooperative. This situation indicates the need to strengthen the role of cooperatives in the harvest marketing system. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Thirteen informants were interviewed: three administrators and ten members of the Lubuk Intan KUD in Peninjau Village, Batanghari Regency. The results indicate that the Lubuk Intan KUD plays a role in facilitating collective sales, providing price information, and creating certainty and transparency in the weighing and recording of harvests. This role has been able to improve marketing efficiency and member trust. However, its implementation still faces obstacles such as limited human resources, limited operational capital, and inadequate member participation.

Technological advancements and the rapid growth of globalization have fundamentally changed the way organizations conduct business activities, creating increasingly complex challenges and opportunities in both local and international markets. Organizations are now required to adapt quickly to changing consumer preferences, technological innovation, market competition, and economic uncertainty. In this environment, economics, management, and accounting have become three essential disciplines that play a crucial role in determining organizational effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Economics helps organizations understand market behavior, pricing strategies, supply and demand conditions, and macroeconomic factors that influence business performance. Management focuses on planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to ensure operational efficiency and goal achievement. Accounting provides reliable financial information through systematic recording, reporting, and analysis of transactions, enabling organizations to evaluate performance and maintain accountability. This study aims to analyze the relationship between these three disciplines in supporting organizational decision-making processes and improving overall performance. The research employs a literature review method by examining various recent academic books and journal articles. The findings reveal that the integration of economics, management, and accounting strengthens strategic planning, improves resource allocation, enhances financial transparency, and supports sustainable organizational growth in a highly competitive global environment.

The adoption of holocratic leadership systems has become a crucial strategy for startups navigating market volatility, which demands organizational agility through the elimination of traditional hierarchies. This study aims to analyze the transformation of the Human Resource (HR) department's role within holocratic systems and its impact on HR efficiency in startup environments. Employing an integrative literature review approach, this research synthesizes various findings from reputable global and national journals published within the last five years to map the shifts in managerial functions. The results indicate that in structures devoid of conventional managers, the HR role transforms from a controlling authority into a system architect and governance facilitator that maintains compliance with the organizational constitution. HR efficiency is achieved through clear authority distribution within dynamic roles, transparent peer-to-peer feedback mechanisms, and the removal of slow bureaucratic coordination costs. The contribution of this research lies in the formulation of the "HR-as-a-Platform" conceptual model, which shifts the focus of management practices from personal supervision to systemic infrastructure optimization. The practical implications provide a guide for startup founders to re-engineer HR functions to support individual autonomy without sacrificing operational stability. This study confirms that the success of non-hierarchical organizations relies heavily on the integration of radical autonomy and robust digital protocols facilitated by the newly defined HR function.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in supporting local and national economic development, particularly through employment generation and income distribution. Seasonal religious events such as Ramadan significantly influence consumption patterns and market dynamics, creating both opportunities and challenges for MSMEs. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the “Seri Ramadhan” phenomenon within the strategic management practices of MSMEs in Martapura, focusing on the periods before and after Ramadan. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach with field study methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation involving selected MSME actors in the culinary, fashion, and retail sectors. The findings indicate that prior to Ramadan, MSMEs emphasize strategic planning through product innovation, stock preparation, promotional intensification, and operational adjustments. After Ramadan, they conduct performance evaluations, inventory control, and strategic realignment to maintain business sustainability. The study highlights that Ramadan is not merely a short-term sales opportunity but also a strategic momentum integrated into broader business planning cycles. The implications suggest that adaptive and cyclical strategic management enhances MSME resilience and competitive advantage in seasonal markets.

The development of information technology has become a primary pillar in enhancing corporate operational efficiency, where rapid and accurate data integration significantly determines business competitiveness. Case study in PT Gawi Anjung Bersama (GAB) revealed that the company is facing operational constraints because the management of delivery orders and invoices still relies on conventional office applications such as Microsoft Excel and Word. This procedure causes hurdles in data sharing among staff and results in low information security due to the absence of integrated access control settings. This research aims to design and develop the Gawi Anjung Bersama Information System (SIGAB), a web-based system implementing the CodeIgniter framework. The system is developed using Waterfall model, encompassing stages from analysis, design, and implementation to testing. The research flow starts with problem identification, primary and secondary data collection, and functional and non-functional requirements analysis. The system is designed using Unified Modeling Language (UML) modeling, specifically Use Case and Class Diagrams, as well as Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD) for the database. The system interface is designed as wireframes on Figma web. This system separates access rights into three main actors namely owner, administrator, and staff, to ensure data security. Blackbox testing results, conducted after the system was hosted, indicate that all functional features operate as intended. The implementation of SIGAB is expected to optimize the management of delivery orders and invoices at PT GAB.

This study aims to examine how an online bajaj-based pick-up and drop-off service developed by a kindergarten is implemented. The bajaj application is considered an innovation in a community-based educational transportation system. The limitations of conventional pick-up and drop-off systems in providing optimal efficiency, transparency, and safety form the basis of this research. This study employed a qualitative approach using a case study method, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that the use of the online bajaj application improves service quality through features such as booking services, real-time location tracking,and notifications to parents, which enhance time efficiency, transparency, and a sense of security. Compared to commercial transportation services, the community-based service model allows for more controlled operational management. However, challenges such as low digital literacy among users, limited network infrastructure, and potential data security risks were also identified. Critically, this innovation contributes significantly to the development of the smart mobility concept in the education sector, although it still requires improvement in terms of system sustainability and user data protection.

Strategic management plays a crucial role in ensuring the operational sustainability and competitiveness of PT Karya Giri Palma, a manufacturing company specializing in springbed and furniture production. In an increasingly competitive market environment and amid ongoing production challenges, the company is required to implement well-structured and adaptive strategic management practices. This study employs a qualitative research approach to explore the implementation of strategic management within the organization and to identify obstacles that arise during its integration into daily operational activities. Data were collected through in-depth observations and interviews to obtain a comprehensive understanding of managerial practices and employee involvement. The findings reveal that the active participation of both management and employees in the formulation and implementation of strategies significantly contributes to improved employee motivation, higher productivity levels, and enhanced work quality. Strategic alignment between organizational goals and employee roles encourages a stronger sense of responsibility and commitment among employees. However, several challenges remain, particularly in cross-divisional coordination and the consistent execution of strategies at the operational level. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening interdepartmental communication, optimizing the use of management information systems, and enhancing human resource capabilities through continuous training. These findings may serve as a valuable reference for similar manufacturing companies seeking to optimize strategic management practices in order to achieve sustainable performance and long-term competitiveness.

ABSTRACT Hospitals can be established by the Central Government, Regional Government, or the Community. Hospital management organized by the Government can apply the financial management pattern of BLU or BLUD. Hospital independence can be achieved through healthy business processes. The dual role of hospitals as public services and business entities. The commercial health sector is increasingly closely linked to the global health industry. Collaboration between BLU hospitals and private business entities is often manifested in KSO contracts. KSO contracts must contain legal principles (rechtbeginselen) which serve as basic norms and guidelines in the formation or creation of legal regulations. The principle of personality in KSO contracts is important to ensure the parties' performance is balanced. This study uses a normative or doctrinal legal research methodology by examining primary legal sources in the form of KSO contracts between BLU hospitals and private business entities, the Civil Code, and other material laws. A study was also conducted on secondary legal sources in the form of legal materials consisting of books or legal journals regarding legal principles, the views of legal doctrines, and the results of legal research. Keywords : Principle of Personality, Public Service Agency, Operational Cooperation Contract.

This study aims to analyze the optimization of regional expenditure in the education sector of Surabaya City for the 2025 fiscal year in supporting regional development. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and documentation studies conducted at the Surabaya City Education Office. Data were obtained from relevant stakeholders involved in education budget management and supported by official documents related to policies and the implementation of education programs. The results show that the management of education expenditure has been aligned with the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) and applies the money follow program principle, which prioritizes programs based on community needs and development priorities. Programs such as Regional School Operational Assistance (BOPDA), educational assistance for students, school infrastructure development, and community-based learning innovations have contributed to expanding access to education, improving the equity of educational services, and reducing dropout rates. In addition, the use of monitoring systems, periodic evaluation, and the involvement of multiple stakeholders in supervision has strengthened transparency and accountability in budget management. However, several challenges remain, including limited implementation time, procurement constraints, and economic conditions such as inflation. Overall, education expenditure in Surabaya has been managed relatively well in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability while still requiring continuous improvement

Financial performance is an important indicator for assessing the sustainability and growth prospects of a company, where a sustained negative net profit may indicate financial and operational problems (Aminah, 2015). The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial performance of PT GoTo Gojek Tokopedia Tbk for the period 2019-2023 based on NPM, ROA, and ROE. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach. The data was sourced from the official website of PT GoTo Gojek Tokopedia Tbk for the period 2019-2023. The results show that all profitability ratios, namely Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Assets (ROA), and Return on Equity (ROE), are in an unfavorable condition and far below the standards set by Bank Indonesia (2004), namely NPM 3%–9.5%, ROA 0.5%–1.25%, and ROE 5%–12.5%. NPM was consistently negative from -276.74% (2019) to -373.12% (2023), indicating that the company has not been able to generate net income from its revenue due to high operating expenses. ROA was also negative throughout the period, ranging from -112.57% (2019) to -167.33% (2023), indicating that assets have not been utilized efficiently. Similarly, ROE recorded negative values from -162.02% (2019) to -253.41% (2023), reflecting that shareholders' capital has not been optimally managed and has not provided returns, so that overall financial performance requires a more effective financial management strategy.