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Murder has a major impact on the victim and his family in terms of psychology, social, and economics. Therefore, it is only right that the victim and his family are given protection and equal attention as given to the perpetrator in the judicial process. However, in practice, the criminal justice system is still focused on the perpetrator and the criminalization process while the rights and attention of the victim and his family tend to be sidelined. This study aims to analyze the psychosocial impact on the victim and his family and the extent to which the guarantee and implementation of the protection of the victim's rights related to the case in Decision Number 448/Pid.B/2023/PN Serang. The method used in this study is empirical yuridical based on data obtained directly through interviews. The results of this study indicate that the victim's family from the case in Decision Number 448/Pid.B/2023/PN Serang experienced long-term psychological trauma, social stigma against the victim's partner because of the case's connection to infidelity, and economic difficulties due to the loss of the main source of income. In addition, there is also fear and insecurity about the occurrence of similar crimes in society. During the judicial process, the position of the victim and his/her family is merely an instrument needed to ensnare the perpetrator while their rights such as financial compensation, mental rehabilitation, and legal protection tend to be ignored. A more significant role for the victim as a subject entitled to recovery and legal protection will reflect a just and humane criminal justice system.

This interpretation discusses Zephaniah 2:1-3 with the aim of revealing the main message of the passage and how its meaning can be applied to contemporary life. This verse contains God's invitation to His people to immediately gather and repent before His wrath comes. The method used in this interpretation is a historical and contextual approach, by tracing the background of Zephaniah's time, the meaning of key words in the text, and their relationship to modern life. The results of the interpretation show that Zephaniah invites the people to seek God, live a life of justice, and be humble. This is not only a call for the Israelites at that time, but also a warning for modern humans who live in a situation of moral crisis, disaster, and social chaos. This verse invites everyone not to delay repentance, live righteously before God, and maintain good relations with others. The message is very relevant to modern life which often forgets spiritual values ​​and social justice.

This research examines the matrilineal inheritance system in Minangkabau society through the perspective of maqasid al-sharia and the principles of Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah (ABS-SBK). The matrilineal inheritance system which transmits inheritance through the mother's lineage is considered controversial in relation to Islamic law which is based on faraid. Through a qualitative approach using literature study and interview methods, this research analyzes the fatwas of Minangkabau female clerics which emphasize that the customary system can be in harmony with the main objectives of Islamic law, such as the protection of life, offspring, property and religion. The results show that female ulama see this system as a form of contextual ijtihad that considers justice and social benefit. The distinction between high inheritance (custom) and search property (divided according to Islamic law) reflects the flexibility in combining adat and sharia. Therefore, the Minangkabau matrilineal inheritance system is not only considered valid according to custom, but is also relevant to maqasid al-sharia.

One branch of Christian theology is Christology which focuses on the study of Jesus Christ. Specifically, it talks about who Jesus Christ is, His nature as God and man (Divine nature and human nature), His position, His presence as a savior, reconciler, redeemer of human sins and talks about the teachings of Christ that are useful in everyday life for Christians. Studying Christology, increases knowledge and also knows His teachings that function to help face life's challenges. Christology is not just a religious study but is useful for strengthening faith, increasing hope, and improving the spiritual life of Christians. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach through literature study. This research concluded that by studying Christology and the teachings of Christ, as Christians we can emulate what Christ taught such as love and forgiveness, sacrifice and service and behavior in life.  

This article examines the exemplary life of Moses as the key to the success of teaching the word of God and its relevance for Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers today. Moses is not only known as a prophet and leader of the Israelites, but also as a teacher with high integrity, who relies on God in every aspect of his ministry. Character values ​​such as gentleness, loyalty, dependence on God, and humility are the main attributes that make Moses a figure worthy of emulation. Using a descriptive qualitative method through literature study, this article highlights the importance of a teacher's spiritual life in supporting the effectiveness of teaching the Christian faith. PAK teachers are not enough to just master the cognitive and pedagogical aspects, but need to be living representatives of the teachings they convey. By emulating Moses, PAK teachers are expected to be able to build teaching that is not only informative, but also transformative and inspiring in forming a faithful and responsible generation.

This article discusses the judicial intervention that occurred in the 2024 Presidential and Vice Presidential Election in Indonesia, focusing on the Constitutional Court Decision No.90/PUU - XXI/2023. The study aims to analyze the impact of this decision on the political process, judicial ethics, and the quality of democracy in Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative approach with literature study. The findings indicate that judicial intervention can undermine the rule of law and public trust in the judiciary. There are also indications of a conflict of interest involving the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, which could violate democratic principles. Reforms in the oversight and selection of judges are proposed as steps to uphold constitutional integrity and strengthen democracy in Indonesia.

This study aims to examine the existence of the Church in the context of salvation history from the perspective of systematic theology, focusing on the role and vocation of the ecclesia as the community of God's people. The background of this study departs from the belief that the Church is not just a religious institution, but has an existential and historical basis in God's saving work. The Church acts as an extension of Christ's mission which is continued in the power of the Holy Spirit. In this research, the author uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach. The data sources consist of the Holy Bible, theological books related to the title, as well as relevant theological journal articles. This research was conducted to understand the relationship between the Church's identity and its participation in salvation history, both dogmatically and functionally. The results show that the Church is called to be an active witness in the work of salvation, by carrying out prophetic, liturgical, and social functions. As an ecclesia, the Church is not just a collection of individual believers, but a community that lives in relationship with Christ as the Head. The discussion emphasizes that the Church has a mandate to live in unity, holiness, catholicity, and apostolate, all of which are rooted in God's grace. In conclusion, the existence of the Church in salvation history is eschatological and missionary. The Church is called to be a sign and means of salvation, and to take part in the salvation of the world.

Land disputes in rural Indonesia reveal the tension between formal law and localized social practices. This study examines a legal case involving a foster grandchild and long-standing landholders, based on Supreme Court Decision No. 1250 K/Pdt/2012. The analysis focuses on legal certainty, the legal standing of foster children, the absence of immaterial damages claims, and the potential for legal innovation. The study suggests that stronger recognition of social-administrative ties in non-biological family relations may serve as a novel approach for reforming property inheritance law.

Citizens' rights and obligations are the main pillars in building a balanced and just national and state life. In the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, rights and obligations are strictly regulated to ensure the creation of order, welfare, and active participation of citizens in national development. However, in its implementation, there are still inequalities, especially the lack of public awareness of the implementation of obligations, such as obedience to the law, defending the country, and respecting the rights of others. This study aims to examine how the implementation of citizens' rights and obligations takes place and their impact on community, national, and state life. The method used is a literature review with a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of the study indicate that there is a need to strengthen civic education, increase exemplary behavior from the government, and enforce fair law in order to create a balance between rights and obligations according to the mandate of the 1945 Constitution. Collective awareness between the government and citizens is very necessary in order to achieve a democratic and civilized life order. 

The function of Prosecutorial Intelligence (Intel Kejaksaan) holds a crucial strategic role, not only in supporting prosecution duties but also in crime prevention, safeguarding national development, and recovering state assets. Despite having a strong legal basis and a broad mandate, this function often faces operational challenges, data integration issues, and resource optimization constraints that limit its effectiveness within the dynamic law enforcement ecosystem. This research aims to deeply analyze the role and challenges of Prosecutorial Intelligence and formulate a model for optimizing its function to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement in Indonesia. The research methodology employed is normative and sociological juridical with a qualitative approach, gathering data through literature review, regulatory study, and in-depth interviews with practitioners and academics. The findings indicate that the optimization of the Prosecutorial Intelligence function requires three main pillars: (1) Enhancing the capacity and professionalism of human resources (HR) through modern intelligence training and digital forensics. (2) Integrating and ensuring interoperability of the intelligence information system with other law enforcement agencies (Police, KPK, PPATK) to build a comprehensive intelligence big data. (3) Expanding the spectrum of intelligence operations, shifting from a traditional focus on corruption crimes to transnational crimes, cybercrime, and securing strategic national investments. This optimization is expected to transform Prosecutorial Intelligence into a proactive, data-oriented strategic early warning system capable of supporting Prosecutors in making evidence-based decisions, thus achieving effective, just, and impactful law enforcement for the community.

This study examines the legal uncertainty regarding the status of adopted children as heirs within Indonesia’s pluralistic national inheritance legal system. The Civil Inheritance Law (KUH Perdata), Islamic Inheritance Law (KHI), and Customary Inheritance Law each regulate adopted children differently and incompletely, thereby creating a legal vacuum. that harms adopted children socially and emotionally. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses of these three legal systems and formulate a reconstruction of the status of adopted children based on substantive justice. Using a normative approach and the theories of legal reconstruction, substantive justice, and legal certainty, this study finds that reconstruction can be achieved through strengthening the mandatory will (wasiat wajibah), revising Article 209 of the KHI, and codifying and unifying national inheritance law through an Omnibus Law model. The parameters of justice used include the best interests of the child, public welfare, and non-discrimination. In conclusion, the reconstruction of the status of adopted children as heirs is urgently needed to fill the gaps in national inheritance law in a just manner.

This research aims to see how the concept of utilitarianism is applied in Indonesia. The application of the theory of utilitarianism will be studied more deeply in terms of law enforcement in society. Of course, through this method it can be seen that utilities that are useful and benefit the whole community will have more value than a legal decision that only benefits each party. One figure, Jeremy Bentham, said that the aim of law must fulfill three aspects, namely Justice, Certainty and Benefit. Therefore, legal objectives must be met so that the regulations or legal products formed by law bearers are expected to fulfill these three aspects perfectly. However, the truth of these three aspects as the objectives of creating a legal product that must exist, must be examined more deeply, whether it is true that the law has perfectly created justice, has certainty, and must provide benefits to society. The data collection method was carried out by studying literacy and statutory regulations and conducting qualitative descriptive data analysis.  

This article discusses the strategic role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in shaping the character of leaders with integrity, justice, and responsibility. In the context of dynamic social change, leaders who have moral and spiritual foundations are an urgent need. This study uses a qualitative approach through a literature study of the latest academic sources. The results of the analysis show that the main values ​​in PAI—such as honesty, justice, responsibility, empathy, and sincerity—have a major contribution to the formation of leadership character. Effective implementation of PAI requires the integration of religious values ​​in leadership training, contextual learning, teacher role models, and active community participation. Obstacles such as the lack of understanding of the younger generation and the influence of the secular environment are challenges in themselves, but can be overcome with collaborative and contextually relevant educational strategies. This article emphasizes the importance of making PAI a foundation in building ethical and visionary leadership.    

International humanitarian law (HHI) aims to protect individuals who are not involved in armed conflict, including children who are often victims or even perpetrators of warfare. The phenomenon of recruitment of child soldiers, although prohibited in various international legal instruments, but still takes place in a number of countries in conflict. This research discusses the legal implications for parties that violate the provisions regarding the recruitment of child soldiers, focusing on the provisions in the Rome Statute that classify the recruitment of child soldiers as a war crime. In addition, it analyses the underlying causes of the armed conflict in Sudan and how international accountability mechanisms can be optimised to prosecute perpetrators of crimes against children. In addition, it identifies opportunities and constraints in realising justice for child victims of armed conflict, as well as the importance of international cooperation in providing protection and rehabilitation for them. It is hoped that the findings will provide further insight into the challenges and efforts needed to protect children's rights in the midst of war and the importance of international law enforcement to prevent the exploitation of children in armed conflict.

The rights and obligations of citizens in Islam are fundamental aspects that emphasize the balance between individual responsibilities and the protection provided by the state. This study analyzes the concept of citizens' rights and obligations in Islam based on the Charter of Medina and modern constitutions. The Charter of Medina, a historical document drafted by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), provides an early depiction of citizenship principles in Islam, such as equal rights, religious freedom, and the duty to maintain national security. Meanwhile, modern constitutions, although based on secular or nationalist principles, still adopt some universal values aligned with Islamic teachings, such as social justice, human rights, and political participation. This study employs a qualitative method with a historical and normative analytical approach to compare how these two documents define citizens' rights and obligations. The findings reveal that the Charter of Medina established the foundation for an inclusive concept of citizenship that emphasizes cooperation among various societal groups. On the other hand, modern constitutions expand individual rights through more detailed legal instruments. However, challenges arise when there is an imbalance in the implementation of rights and obligations, particularly in Muslim-majority countries that apply Islamic law partially or selectively. This study employs a qualitative method with a historical and normative analytical approach to compare how these two documents define citizens' rights and obligations. The findings reveal that the Charter of Medina established the foundation for an inclusive concept of citizenship that emphasizes cooperation among various societal groups. On the other hand, modern constitutions expand individual rights through more detailed legal instruments. However, challenges arise when there is an imbalance in the implementation of rights and obligations, particularly in Muslim-majority countries that apply Islamic law partially or selectively. In conclusion, there is continuity between the principles found in the Charter of Medina and modern constitutions in guaranteeing citizens' rights and obligations. However, effective implementation requires a balance between Islamic values and democratic principles to ensure that citizens' rights are protected without neglecting their obligations to the state and society. 

Muhammad bin Al-Hasan Al-Syaibani (132-189 H/749-805 AD) was a leading fiqh expert and main student ofImam Abu Hanifah who played an important role in the development of the Hanafi School.Born in Wasith, Iraq, Al-Syaibani studied from great scholars such as Abu Hanifah, Abu Yusuf, Imam Malik, and Sufyan ats-Tsauri, combining the traditions ofahl al-ra'yi (Iraq) and ahl al-hadith (Medina).His works, such as Zhahir al-Riwayah (including Al-Jami' al-Kabir and Al-Siyar al-Kabir) and Al-Nawadir, have become major references in Hanafi jurisprudence. Al-Syaibani's political thought emphasizes the concept of a sharia-based state, social justice and accountable leadership. He divided the economic system into four sectors (agriculture, commerce, industry, and rent) with a focus on collective welfare. In international law (Al-Siyar al-Kabir), he formulated principles of relations between Muslims and non-Muslims, ethics of war, and diplomacy that have been influential until the modern era. This study analyzes the relevance of his thoughts in contemporary contexts, including Islamic economics, social justice, and international law, as well as the challenges in adapting his ideas amidst globalization. Al-Shaibani's thoughts offer an integrative framework between spirituality, morality, and governance practices,making them relevant to contemporary discussions of Islamic politics and economics.

This study aims to analyze the representation of Pancasila values ​​in the painting Laskar Rakyat setting Siasat by Affandi. This painting is considered to have a strong philosophical meaning related to the struggle of the Indonesian people in maintaining independence. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach (library research), where data is obtained from various written sources such as books, scientific journals, articles, and related documents. The data collection technique is carried out through the documentation method, while the data obtained is analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify symbols, colors, and visual elements that reflect the values ​​of Pancasila. The results of the study show that the painting Laskar Rakyat setting Siasat represents the five values ​​of Pancasila. The value of Belief in the One Almighty God is seen in the slogan "Once Independent, Always Independent" which reflects the belief that independence is a gift from God. The value of Just and Civilized Humanity is seen in the solidarity of the fighters without distinguishing backgrounds. The value of Indonesian Unity is realized through the togetherness of the fighters who develop a joint strategy. The value of Democracy Led by the Wisdom of Deliberation and Representation is depicted in the discussion scene among the fighters. Finally, the value of Social Justice for All Indonesian People is reflected through the painting of simple war equipment that shows the struggle of the common people in maintaining independence. This study confirms that works of art, especially Affandi's paintings, are able to be an effective medium in conveying moral messages, values ​​of friendship, and the spirit of struggle.

This research discusses equality before the law in Indonesia by highlighting the role of the second principle of Pancasila, “Just and civilized humanity,” as the philosophical foundation of law enforcement. Although the constitution and various policies have affirmed the principle of equality, practice on the ground still shows injustice and discrimination, especially against low-income groups and those from certain social backgrounds. This study highlights the structural and cultural challenges, as well as the weak resources and integrity of law enforcement officials, that have led to suboptimal law enforcement. In addition, this study also evaluates the effectiveness of government policies in integrating Pancasila values into the legal system and highlights the importance of policy reforms to ensure fair treatment for all citizens. The findings of this research recommend the need to strengthen the implementation of Pancasila values and supervise the implementation of the law to realize substantive justice in Indonesia.    

Genocide against civilians constitutes a severe infringement upon fundamental human rights, demanding a firm response from the international community. This crime not only causes immense suffering for its victims but also poses a serious threat to global stability. Legal accountabillity for perpetrators of genocide is a crucial aspect pertaining to the global framework of international law. In this articles evaluates the mechanisms of legal accountability, highlighting the effectiveness, challenges, and opportunities faced by Judicial bodies like the International Criminal Court (ICC) and temporary tribunals such as the ICTR and ICTY. By examining genocide incidents from the 20th and 21st centuries, the research highlights various shortcomings in the accountability framework, such as political interference, inconsistent legal enforcement, and insufficient international collaboration from member states in extraditing suspects. Legal and administrative obstacles, such as evidence collection and witness protection, also hinder judicial processes. Nevertheless, there are opportunities to enhance the system’s effectiveness, including strengthening the authority of international judicial bodies, improving inter-state coordination, and utilizing technology in genocide investigations. By addressing these shortcomings, the international legal system is expected to become more effective in upholding justice and preventing future acts of genocide.

Ahead of the election which will be held in February 2024, television is competing to broadcast various educational talk show programs, especially regarding elections or politics, one of which is TVRI Nasional. Ideally, people choose with their own thoughts and views. However, in reality there are still many people who choose randomly without logical reasons or just go along with it, even worse, they are indifferent to the election. The purpose of this research is to find out what educational messages are contained and how the educational messages contained in "Warung Pengkolan" Episode 03 are viewed from Teun Dijk's discourse analysis. This research uses a qualitative approach with the Van Dijk discourse analysis method, wanting to know messages according to macro structure, superstructure and micro structure. The results obtained are that the messages conveyed in the TVRI "Warung Pengkolan" program are contained in accordance with the macro structure, superstructure and micro structure. In the macro structure, it is to invite, educate and motivate young people or young Indonesian voters who this year have the right to exercise their right to vote and not the white group, because our choice really determines the future of the Indonesian nation. In the superstructure, it is divided into two perspectives, the first perspective is the correct way to choose, namely by looking at the vision and mission and the work program, the second perspective in choosing we have to carry out checks and balances and look at the track record, don't be trapped by the Echo Chamber phenomenon. In the micro structure of delivering education, a speaker or resource person must speak politely and politely and use language that is easy to understand. Because a speaker's words and behavior will determine whether the message can be conveyed clearly to the audience.