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Hand Washing with Soap (CTPS) is a hygienic behavior that plays an important role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, especially in children. However, in reality, this behavior is still not optimally implemented by elementary school students. One approach that can be used to increase awareness and hygienic behavior is through health promotion media that is interesting and appropriate for the child's age, such as comic media. This study aims to determine the influence of comics as a health promotion medium on improving knowledge, attitudes, and actions of CTPS in students at SD Negeri 149 Palembang. This study applied a pre-experimental design with a one group pretest-posttest design approach involving 90 students of class V. Data were collected through questionnaires to measure knowledge and attitudes and observation sheets to assess actions. Data analysis was carried out using the Paired Sample T-Test to determine the differences before and after the intervention. The results showed a significant increase in the three variables, namely the average knowledge score increased from 3.38 to 5.34, attitude from 20.37 to 30.80, and action from 37.22 to 67.21 after being given comic media. Statistical tests showed a p-value of < 0.001 on all variables, which means there was a significant effect after the intervention. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the use of comic media as a health promotion tool has proven to be effective in increasing knowledge, forming positive attitudes, and encouraging better CTPS actions in elementary school students. This study recommends the use of educational and fun visual media as part of health promotion strategies in the school environment.

This article examines four essential elements of scientific writing: paragraphs, citations, bibliographies, and footnotes. These four elements play a vital role in ensuring the quality and integrity of academic writing. The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the definition, function, and application of these four elements within the context of correct and effective academic writing. This study is highly relevant given the crucial role of scientific writing in education, particularly for students writing scientific papers such as theses, dissertations, and journal articles. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach through a literature review, conducted from July to August 2025. In this study, the authors analyzed various academic sources consisting of national and international publications to gain a deeper understanding of these four elements. This approach enabled the authors to observe how paragraphs, citations, bibliographies, and footnotes are widely used in various types of scientific works. The results of the study indicate that each element of scientific writing plays a crucial role. Paragraphs, for example, serve to organize ideas logically, allowing readers to easily follow the flow of the argument. Citations, on the other hand, serve to strengthen the author's argument by referencing valid sources, thereby enhancing the credibility of the writing. A bibliography is crucial for demonstrating scientific honesty, as it lists the sources used in research or writing. Footnotes, on the other hand, serve as additional explanations, providing further information without disrupting the main flow of the paper. However, this study also found that students still make numerous technical errors in their citations and references. These errors include inappropriate citation formatting, unclear use of sources, and errors in the bibliography. These errors can diminish the academic quality of the paper and undermine readers' confidence in the validity of the arguments presented.  

To improve public health, especially for elementary school-aged children, one of the most important prevention methods is Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS). The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding and utilization of PHBS among students at Bayak Public Elementary School in Siremen Village, Tanara District through counseling and live demonstrations. This activity was carried out by the KKM Group 95 team from Bina Bangsa University for 83 second- and fourth-grade students at Bayak Public Elementary School. The method used was a participatory educational approach, namely by providing counseling related to PHBS and continued with live demonstrations of handwashing, tooth brushing, and maintaining personal hygiene. The material was delivered interactively to make it easier for children to understand, including the use of visual media such as posters and pictures. The students were also given direct practice tools such as soap, toothbrushes, and toothpaste so they could directly practice proper hygiene practices. The results of the activity showed that students had a better understanding of PHBS and made positive changes in their daily lives at school. It appeared that students were better trained in maintaining personal and environmental hygiene. They also began to get used to washing their hands before eating, maintaining dental hygiene, and disposing of trash properly. Teachers and homeroom teachers also actively supported this initiative by participating in outreach activities and monitoring changes in student behavior. This initiative not only raised students' awareness of the importance of health but also encouraged active school participation in creating a healthy learning environment. It is hoped that this initiative will serve as a reference for schools in teaching students how to live a healthy and clean lifestyle in a sustainable manner.

Background: Stunting remains a serious public health issue in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas such as Ambasea Village, Laeya Sub-district, South Konawe Regency. Stunting, or chronic growth failure in children due to prolonged malnutrition, generally occurs during the first 1,000 days of life. In Ambasea Village, this problem is exacerbated by irregular eating patterns among toddlers, consumption of low-nutrient foods, and poor hygiene behaviors. Toddlers frequently consume unhealthy snacks, reject main meals such as rice and side dishes, and rarely wash their hands with soap before eating or after using the toilet. Furthermore, limited access to basic sanitation—such as the lack of proper latrines and adequate wastewater disposal systems (SPAL)—also contributes to the high risk of infections that disrupt nutrient absorption, increasing the likelihood of stunting in children. Objective: This study aims to describe the environmental health conditions contributing to the incidence of stunting among children aged 0–2 years in Ambasea Village. Methods: The research used an observational analytic method with a quantitative cross-sectional design. The study involved 54 toddlers identified as stunted. Data were collected through structured interviews with parents or caregivers and direct observation of the household and surrounding environmental conditions. Results: The results showed that 66.5% of households did not have access to proper latrines, and 70% lacked adequate wastewater disposal systems. However, 87% had access to clean water, and 85% of respondents demonstrated good handwashing behavior. Conclusion: The environmental health conditions in Ambasea Village reveal ongoing challenges related to latrine ownership and wastewater management. Although clean water access is relatively good and hygiene practices among residents are fairly positive, improving sanitation infrastructure remains crucial. Enhancing these conditions is expected to significantly reduce the risk of stunting among toddlers in the area. Collaborative efforts involving local government, health workers, and the community are essential to create a healthier environment for early childhood development.

Providing education on how to wash hands properly is an important effort to increase awareness of clean and healthy living, especially for young children. Children at this age are in a very rapid developmental stage, so the information and habits taught are more easily absorbed and formed into daily behavior. However, children's awareness and understanding of the importance of hygiene, especially handwashing, is still relatively low. Therefore, health education is essential to instill good habits from an early age. Washing hands with soap is one of the Clean and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors (PHBS) that is effective in preventing the spread of various types of diseases, especially diseases transmitted through hands, such as diarrhea, ARI, and skin infections. PHBS about handwashing must be a habit applied in daily life, both in the family, school, and community environment. This educational activity was carried out at St. Francis Xaverius Pineleng Catholic Kindergarten with the aim of increasing knowledge and forming handwashing behavior according to the six recommended handwashing steps. The implementation method included providing educational materials, showing a video song that teaches the six steps of handwashing, demonstrations by the implementer, and direct practice by the children with movements and songs. The results of the activity showed an increase in children's knowledge and skills in washing their hands properly. The children demonstrated enthusiasm and active participation during the educational process. It is hoped that teachers and parents will continue to encourage children to practice hand hygiene to prevent illness and foster healthy lifestyles from an early age.

The community service program in Kemiri Village aims to empower farmers through the use of local potential, especially moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), as raw materials for liquid organic fertilizer (POC). This activity was carried out with a participatory and educational approach that directly involved farmer groups in technical training on making POC through simple fermentation methods using natural ingredients such as moringa leaves, rice washing water, organic waste, and local decomposers. Through this activity, farmers are taught stages ranging from the collection of ingredients, the process of shredding moringa leaves, mixing with complementary ingredients, to the correct fermentation techniques to produce high-quality fertilizer. The training is carried out by field demonstration methods, discussions, and hands-on practice, so that farmers not only gain theoretical knowledge, but also practical skills that can be applied independently. The results show a significant increase in farmers' knowledge, skills, and awareness of the importance of liquid organic fertilizer as an environmentally friendly alternative. In addition, the public's enthusiasm is getting higher after seeing real evidence that the use of POC moringa leaves is able to increase plant growth, crop quality, and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers which are increasingly expensive and have the potential to damage the soil. This program not only provides economic benefits through the cost efficiency of agricultural production, but also has a positive impact on environmental conservation. This activity is expected to be a model of community empowerment based on local potential that can be replicated in other regions with similar conditions. The success of the program shows that simple innovations that utilize local resources, if managed well, can support sustainable agriculture and food security for rural communities.

Inadequate preparation of cargo hold spaces can lead to delays in loading operations, resulting in time losses and disruptions in operational efficiency. The cleaning of cargo holds must comply with company regulations and the Maritime Labour Convention; however, it often extends beyond crew working hours due to time constraints and insufficient equipment. This study aims to evaluate the cleaning procedures for cargo holds on the MV Golden Destiny. A descriptive qualitative research method was employed, utilizing both primary and secondary data collected through direct observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review. Data were analyzed qualitatively with validity assessed using triangulation techniques and source triangulation. The findings indicate that cargo hold cleaning on the MV Golden Destiny adheres to Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) comprising pre-wash, wash, and post-wash stages, supervised by the Chief Officer, and meets National Sanitary Authorities (SENASA) standards. The process encountered challenges, including limited cleaning equipment and time constraints. The effort to these challenges included procuring new equipment, regular maintenance of cleaning tools, and enhancing crew coordination.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva commonly affecting individuals of all ages. In Indonesia, its rising prevalence raises concerns due to its impact on quality of life and potential for community transmission. This program aimed to improve public awareness and prevention of conjunctivitis, particularly in the Puskesmas area. Cause analysis was conducted using Blum’s Paradigm, with data collected via a mini-survey. Problem prioritization applied the non-scoring Delphi method, and root causes were identified using a fishbone diagram. The intervention focused on health education and proper handwashing demonstrations. Evaluation was conducted using the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle and a continuous monitoring system. Results showed an increase in post-test scores following education sessions, indicating improved community understanding of proper hand hygiene to prevent conjunctivitis transmission. The initiative is expected to continue as part of community health promotion and prevention efforts.

Shrimp shell waste is a chitin-rich biopolymer with high potential for microbial bioconversion into value-added products. This study aimed to analyze the microstructural degradation of shrimp shells by the actinomycete isolate 18D38A1 under solid-state fermentation, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A fresh sample preparation method was applied, involving washing and immersion in 70% ethanol, followed by vacuum drying and gold sputter-coating. Fermentation was conducted over a period of 1 to 4 days. SEM analysis revealed progressive structural deterioration of the shrimp shell matrix, including increased surface erosion, pore formation, and breakdown of chitin fibers, which became more pronounced each day. These observations indicate active and time-dependent biodegradation by isolate 18D38A1. The sample preparation protocol proved effective in preserving morphological features and enhancing SEM image clarity, enabling precise visualization of degradation stages. The combination of solid-state fermentation and optimized SEM preparation provides a reliable approach to evaluate the biodegradation process of chitinous waste by actinomycetes over time. This study demonstrates a practical SEM sample preparation method for visualizing the progressive biodegradation of shrimp shell by actinomycete isolate 18D38A1 from day 1 to day 4.

The impacts of wastewater (liquid waste) include contamination and pollution of surface water and other water bodies utilized by humans, as well as disruption to aquatic life. Wastewater generated from plate washing processes in offset printing industries contains toxic substances that can harm the environment, such as ink pigments, additives, alcohol, and other hazardous chemicals. This study aims to reduce the environmental impact caused by plate washing wastewater. The method used in this research is the Jar Test, which is commonly applied to evaluate the effectiveness of coagulants in water and wastewater treatment. Based on the findings, this method successfully reduced the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) level by 18%. These results indicate that the use of alum as a coagulant has a significant effect on altering the chemical composition of the plate washing wastewater, thereby contributing to pollution reduction

Fruits and vegetables are perishable food items that require special handling during both the receiving and storage processes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of fruit and vegetable receiving and storage processes in the kitchen of Hotel Mercure Surabaya Grand Mirama. This research employs two approaches: quantitative descriptive and qualitative. Data collection techniques include questionnaires, interviews, and documentation studies. The data analysis technique used is descriptive quantitative analysis, where questionnaire results are calculated using a percentage formula (%) and described using percentage interpretation criteria. Based on the findings, the implementation of fruit and vegetable receiving processes at Hotel Mercure Surabaya Grand Mirama shows that indicators for product freshness, material inspection, rejection of non-conforming materials, sorting, and washing are categorized as good. However, the indicator for material cleanliness falls under the fair category. Meanwhile, the implementation of storage processes, including storage temperature, storage facilities, storage inspection, and the application of the FIFO (First In First Out) storage method, demonstrates a very good criterion. Nevertheless, material separation received a good criterion, indicating room for further improvement to optimize storage management and ensure compliance with established standards.

This study aims to convey and analyze the Dove serum body wash advertising ethics (EPI) guidelines and in accordance with article 9 of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The method used is a qualitative description with a case study approach and analysis of the Dove advertisement that aired on February 10, 2025 in digital media. The results of the analysis show that the claim of Dove's first serum body wash can be proven factually and does not violate advertising ethics. However, the claim of instant moisturizing and visualization of rapid skin changes are considered excessive and are feared to be misleading consumers. The delivery of an unclear warning sign (*) can strengthen the indication of a violation of the principle of transparency in advertising. This finding shows the importance of implementing ethical principles in making advertisements and the need for further supervision by advertising regulatory agencies so as not to harm consumers and to maintain public trust in the brand.

Thematic Real Work Lectures (KKN) are KKN whose activity programs focus on certain areas according to social problems and the direction of development policies implemented by certain regional governments. STKIP Darussalam Cilacap organizes a Real Work Lecture program using the thematic method. KKN-T is intended to develop a spirit of empathy and concern for problems that occur in society. KKN-T was implemented in several villages, one of which was Rawaapu Village, Patimuan District, Cilacap Regency. The work program implemented is a group exercise and hand washing work program. The target is elementary school/equivalent children throughout Rawaapu.   Keywords: , stkipdarussalamcilacap

This study aims to measure the understanding of STIEPAR Yapari students regarding the training material on the importance of cleanliness in the cooking process. This training is given as part of strengthening student competencies in the field of tourism and hospitality, especially in the aspect of food sanitation. The method used was a quantitative survey with the distribution of questionnaires to the training participants. The results of the study showed that most students have a good level of understanding of hygiene materials, including the importance of washing hands, maintaining cooking utensils, and managing foodstuffs hygienically. These findings confirm that the training is effective in raising awareness of the importance of cleanliness as part of operational standards in the culinary and hospitality industry. This understanding also supports the creation of safe and quality food services. It is hoped that similar training can be carried out on an ongoing basis to strengthen student professionalism.

This study examines the concept of compound words, focusing on their types, structures, and functions in enriching linguistic expressions. Compound words are formed by combining two or more words into a single unit, creating a new meaning distinct from their individual components. This research categorizes compound words into compound verbs, compound adjectives, and compound nouns, analyzing their structures and roles in communication. Examples include verb-verb combinations like "stir-fry," noun-verb structures such as "hand-wash," and noun-noun formations like "toothpaste."By simplifying complex ideas, compound words enhance linguistic precision and efficiency, especially in academic and technical contexts. The study identifies common patterns in forming compound words and explores their role in reflecting cultural and linguistic nuances. For instance, compound adjectives like "coal-black" and compound nouns like "brother-in-law" illustrate the dynamic interplay of grammar and meaning.Findings suggest that compound words not only streamline communication but also adapt to cultural and contextual needs, enriching vocabulary through creative linguistic processes. Future research could investigate how compound word usage varies across languages and disciplines, highlighting their significance in global communication.

Often clean and healthy living behavior is considered trivial and rarely noticed will threaten health, especially at school age which is an age that is vulnerable to disease because of the behavior and habits they do in the environment, especially at school. The purpose of this community service is to increase awareness and stimulate school-age children to be able to instill PHBS, especially washing hands in six steps properly and correctly. The method used is providing education or counseling. The results of providing this education are that students are able to explain the definition, purpose, benefits, time, and practice the six-step hand washing method properly and correctly. From this community service activity, it can be concluded that the education and practice of hand washing that has been carried out has succeeded in helping school-age children understand one of the PHBS methods.

This study focuses on the production of herbal tea made from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) and explores its potential as a health-promoting beverage. Avocado leaves are known to contain various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which have antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties. The production process involves selecting healthy leaves, washing, drying using a low-temperature oven (50–60°C), and grinding the dried leaves into powder. The final tea product was tested organoleptically to assess its taste, aroma, and color, and phytochemically to confirm the presence of bioactive compounds. The organoleptic test results showed that the tea has an acceptable flavor and aroma, while phytochemical tests confirmed the presence of beneficial compounds. Consumption of avocado leaf tea demonstrates potential as a functional beverage that may contribute to lowering blood pressure and blood sugar levels, as well as providing a calming effect. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the development of value-added herbal products derived from local raw materials. Such products could support efforts to improve public health and encourage the diversification of functional beverages within the community, providing both health and economic benefits for local populations.

This study aims to analyze the teacher's style in the SKI learning process at MTs Al-Jam'iyatul Washliyah Tembung and its impact on learning effectiveness. The main focus of this study is to understand how the teaching style used by teachers affects students' participation and understanding in SKI lessons.This study uses a qualitative research method using observation methods, in-depth interviews and documentation studies. The subjects of the study consisted of SKI teachers at MTs Al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah Tembung and students who participated in the SKI learning process. The results of this study indicate that the teaching styles of SKI teachers can be categorized into three main approaches, namely instructional, motivational, and adaptive. The instructional approach emphasizes providing clear techniques and strategies to ensure that students understand the material well. The motivational approach aims to encourage students' enthusiasm for learning, increase their involvement during learning, and inspire self-confidence. Meanwhile, the adaptive approach is used to adjust teaching methods to the needs and characteristics of each individual.

Galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a herbal plant known to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. The use of galangal extract in topical pharmaceutical preparations such as ointments, gels, and creams requires attention to the physical stability of the preparation to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product. This study aims to examine the physical stability of various forms of galangal extract-based preparations through literature studies from three relevant journals. The method used is a descriptive literature study by analyzing the results of physical stability tests (organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity) of ointments, gels, and creams. The results of the study showed that the gel form with a carbopol base provided the best overall physical stability, followed by an ointment with a water-washed base. Meanwhile, sunscreen cream made from galangal and seaweed showed quite good stability, although its spreadability and adhesion still need to be improved. This study provides an overview that the form and composition of the preparation greatly affect the physical stability of galangal extract, as well as the importance of choosing the right base in the formulation.

Color fastness in Direct to Film (DTF) digital screen printing is influenced by various external factors, one of which is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. This study aims to evaluate the impact of UV light on the color stability of DTF prints on two types of fabric, namely 30s cotton and spandex rayon. A quantitative approach was used in this study, involving color difference testing (ΔE), washing simulations, and UV exposure. Based on the analysis results, cotton 30s demonstrated superior color fastness performance compared to spandex rayon, as indicated by lower ΔE values after UV exposure and washing processes. Conversely, spandex rayon experienced more drastic color changes, especially after being washed with bleach detergent. These findings emphasize that the selection of fabric materials and washing methods are critical factors.