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This research discusses the effect of coconut dregs compost (Cocos nucifera L.) on the growth and yield of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivated using polybag media. This research is motivated by the importance of utilizing organic waste, especially coconut dregs, which has not been utilized optimally. Coconut dregs contain organic materials and nutrients that have the potential to increase soil fertility and improve the structure of the planting medium, so it is expected to support the vegetative and generative growth of tomato plants. The research design used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with six treatments and four replications. The treatments given were different doses of coconut dregs compost, namely P0 (control without compost), P1 (100 g/polybag), P2 (200 g/polybag), P3 (300 g/polybag), P4 (400 g/polybag), and P5 (500 g/polybag). The parameters observed included plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight, number of fruits per plant, root length, and estimated yield per hectare. The results showed that the application of coconut pulp compost significantly affected several growth parameters, such as plant height, stem diameter, and fresh weight. However, no significant effect was found on the number of fruits per plant or yield per hectare. The most prominent response was seen in the root length parameter, which showed a significant increase with increasing compost dosage. From the observations, the best treatment was at a dosage of 300 g/polybag (P3), which provided an optimal balance between vegetative growth and potential generative yield.

The use of organic materials as fertilizers is an important effort to improve soil fertility and crop productivity sustainably. Gliricidia sepium (gamal leaves) is a leguminous plant rich in nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and contains bioactive compounds and microbes that support plant growth. Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from fermented gamal leaves offers advantages including ease of application, high nutrient absorption by plants, and environmental friendliness compared to synthetic chemical fertilizers that may cause pollution and other negative impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of LOF from gamal leaves on the growth and yield of Japanese cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The research was conducted at the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, UKI Toraja, South Sulawesi, from April to July 2025. The LOF was produced by fermenting gamal leaves for 15 days using EM-4 solution and palm sugar as activators. The LOF was applied three times at two-week intervals, starting at 7 days after planting (DAP), by soil drenching around the base of the plants. Observed variables included plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, number of fruits per plant and per plot, average fruit diameter and length, and fruit weight per plant and per plot. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 0.05 significance level. The results showed that application of LOF from gamal leaves at a dose of 300 ml per plant produced the best results across all observed parameters, including plant height, leaf number and area, stem diameter, fruit number, fruit size, and fruit weight per plant and per plot.

The research project is titled Production Potential of Bitter Melons (Momordica charantia L.) Using POC Azolla and AB Mix on the Deep Flow Technique (DFT) System was carried out in Bungin, North Makale District, Tana Toraja Regency from May to August 2025. This study aims to determine the economic potential of bitter melon plants by providing AB Mix and POC Azolla nutrients in hydroponic methods and analyze the best influence of these nutrient combinations on the growth and production of bitter melon plants. The research method used was a Group Random Design (RAK) with four treatments, namely 100% AB Mix, AB Mix 80% + POC Azolla 20%, AB Mix 70% + POC Azolla 30%, and AB Mix 60% + POC Azolla 40%. The results of the study showed that P1 treatment (AB Mix 80% + POC Azolla 20%) had the best influence on the vegetative and generative growth of bitter melon plants. This treatment results in a higher average plant height, leaf count, and fruit weight than other treatments. This proves that the combination of Azolla liquid organic fertilizer (POC) with AB Mix is able to provide a balance of nutrients that support photosynthesis, tissue formation, and fruit quality. In addition, the application of the DFT hydroponic system has been proven to increase the efficiency of water and fertilizer use, reduce the risk of soil pest attacks, and produce more hygienic bitter melon products. These findings show that hydroponic cultivation innovation with the use of POC Azolla can be a sustainable solution in supporting food security while being environmentally friendly. Thus, this research makes an important contribution to the development of modern agricultural technology, especially in optimizing the production of vegetables with high economic value.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) derived from kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) leaves on the growth and yield of potted corn plants. The research was carried out at the Agricultural Development Center (BPP) of Malimbong Balepe’, Tana Toraja District, South Sulawesi Province, located at an altitude of 815 meters above sea level. The experiment was designed using a simple randomized block design (RBD) consisting of four treatments: K0 = control (without treatment), K1 = 20% concentration of kirinyuh leaf POC (200 ml POC + 800 ml water), K2 = 40% concentration of kirinyuh leaf POC (400 ml POC + 600 ml water), and K3 = 60% concentration of kirinyuh leaf POC (600 ml POC + 400 ml water). Parameters observed included plant height at 5 and 7 weeks after planting (WAP), number of leaves at 7 WAP, ear length, ear diameter, and ear weight per plant. The results showed that kirinyuh leaf POC significantly affected the growth and productivity of potted corn plants. Application of POC at 60% concentration (K3) produced the best results, indicated by increased plant height, greater number of leaves, longer ear length, larger ear diameter, and higher ear weight compared to other treatments and control. This finding suggests that kirinyuh leaves, which are often considered as agricultural weeds, have potential as an alternative source of organic fertilizer that is environmentally friendly, low-cost, and effective in improving crop growth and yield. In conclusion, kirinyuh leaf-based liquid organic fertilizer, particularly at a concentration of 60%, demonstrated the highest effectiveness in supporting corn growth and productivity. These results provide practical insights for farmers to utilize locally available organic materials as an alternative to chemical fertilizers in sustainable agricultural practices.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a group of microorganisms that colonize plant roots and play an important role as a biostimulant, biofertilizer, and bioprotectant that can increase plant growth and productivity. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Tallang bamboo root PGPR on the growth and production of peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) elephant variety. The study was conducted from March 2025 to July 2025 in Lion Tondok Iring Village, North Makale District, Tana Toraja Regency, at an altitude of 828 meters above sea level. The research method used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with one treatment factor, namely the concentration of Tallang bamboo root PGPR, which consisted of four treatment levels: P0 = without Tallang bamboo root PGPR (control), P1 = 15 ml/L water, P2 = 30 ml/L water, and P3 = 45 ml/L water. The variables observed included the number of pods per plant, fresh weight of pods per plant, dry weight of pods per plant, seed weight per plant, seed weight per plot, seed yield per hectare, and harvest index. The results showed that the application of Tallang bamboo root PGPR at a concentration of 30 ml/L water (P2) had the best effect on all growth and yield parameters, namely the number of pods per plant, fresh weight of pods per plant, dry weight of pods per plant, seed weight per plant, seed weight per plot, seed yield per hectare, and harvest index, compared to the control or other concentration treatments. Thus, it can be concluded that the application of Tallang bamboo root PGPR at a concentration of 30 ml/L water is the most effective dose to increase the growth and production of Gajah variety peanut plants.

Food security is a fundamental aspect of independent and sustainable village development. Kajarharjo Village has abundant natural resource potential, such as cassava and various herbal plants. However, the utilization of this potential is still less than optimal, both in terms of food processing and the implementation of environmentally friendly agriculture. This condition encourages the need for community service activities oriented towards food innovation and strengthening sustainable agriculture. This service activity was carried out using a participatory and applied approach at the Kajarharjo Village Hall. The main target is the village community, especially housewives and farmers. The program is implemented through two main activities, namely: (1) training in making cassava leaf nuggets as a nutritious food, an alternative local product, and a household business opportunity; and (2) training in making organic boosters from natural ingredients as a more environmentally friendly substitute for chemical fertilizers. Implementation methods include counseling, demonstrations, direct practice, and interactive discussions to ensure active community involvement. The results of the activities show an increase in community knowledge and skills. Housewives are able to process cassava leaves into products with nutritional and economic value, while farmers gain skills in mixing organic boosters that can improve soil quality and agricultural yields without relying on chemical fertilizers. The participants' enthusiasm was also evident in their active participation in the practical exercises and their desire to apply the knowledge gained in their daily activities. In conclusion, this activity successfully encouraged the utilization of local potential in Kajarharjo Village through food innovation and organic farming. Empowering the community through cassava leaf processing and organic fertilizer production not only strengthens food security but also opens up business opportunities, maintains environmental health, and supports the development of an independent, healthy, and sustainable village.

Groundnut plants must be well maintained so that they can be food crops that have economic value and high fat and protein content. Many farmers still plant with the old pattern so that peanut plants are less fertile because they are affected by pests and other diseases. So with an expert system to diagnose peanut plants can help farmers or the general public in knowing the solution if experiencing problems or symptoms of this peanut plant. The application of the WP (weighted product) method can help the application become structured. From the results of the study, the expert system for diagnosing peanut plants can help many people for use as fundamental insights.

Coffee is a leading commodity in Indonesia's agricultural sector, possessing high economic value and providing a livelihood for many farmers. However, coffee plant productivity often declines significantly due to various diseases affecting the leaves, stems, and berries. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of knowledge among most farmers in recognizing early disease symptoms, resulting in delayed treatment. Consequently, crop losses are unavoidable. Based on these challenges, this study aims to design and build an expert system capable of diagnosing coffee plant diseases quickly, precisely, and accurately using the Bayesian Theorem method. This method was chosen because it can calculate the probability of a disease occurring based on observed symptoms in plants. The Bayesian approach allows the system to provide more reliable diagnostic results by updating the probability values ​​as new evidence is introduced. The developed expert system is web-based, making it easily accessible to users, both farmers and other interested parties. Users simply select the symptoms observed in coffee plants, and the system will then provide a diagnostic result in the form of possible diseases and their probability levels. Test results indicate that the system is capable of providing fairly accurate diagnostic results and can be used as a basis for farmers in making initial decisions regarding coffee plant disease management. With this expert system, farmers are expected to improve their ability to detect coffee plant diseases early, thereby maintaining crop productivity. This expert system is expected to be an effective decision support tool for farmers to reduce crop losses and improve agricultural sustainability.

Various recent studies have shown that natural active compounds contained in traditional and fermented plants play a crucial role in supporting human health. These compounds include flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, organic acids, probiotics, and other phenolic compounds. Detection of these compounds is usually carried out through specific chemical reactions that allow researchers to more precisely identify the bioactive components. Their biological activities are diverse, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which work to protect the body from cell damage and infection. Natural compounds are considered promising agents for disease prevention and health promotion due to their broad biological activities. The fermentation process has been shown to increase the content of bioactive compounds while lowering the pH of the medium, creating conditions unfavorable for the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, probiotics that develop during fermentation play a role in maintaining the balance of the gut microbiota, strengthening the immune system, and improving digestive health. Fermented products are widely recognized as functional foods because they contain beneficial probiotics and enhanced bioactive compounds. These naturally derived products, rich in secondary metabolites, have also been shown to have significant physiological effects, such as lowering cholesterol levels, controlling blood sugar, and maintaining stable blood pressure. This makes natural ingredients and fermented products not only sources of nutrition but also have great potential for development as functional foods and traditional herbal medicines. This highlights the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches in developing functional foods and herbal medicines. Therefore, research on natural bioactive compounds and the role of fermentation in enhancing their effectiveness is highly relevant to supporting sustainable public health.  

The pitcher plant (Nepenthes sp.) is a type of predatory plant typically found in tropical regions and has a pitcher structure designed to attack insects. The pitcher's structure acts as a small ecosystem that supports a variety of microorganisms, both those living on the surface (epiphytes) and those within the tissue (endophytes). This study aimed to extract and identify microorganisms present on the surface and interior of the pitcher plant. Samples were taken from peat swamps and separated using Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacteria and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for fungi. The discovery process involved examining morphological characteristics both visually and under a microscope. The results revealed differences in the types of microorganisms between the outside and inside of the pitcher, influenced by the microenvironmental conditions in each area. These findings can serve as a foundation for further study of the bioactive potential of microorganisms from the pitcher plant.

This empowerment program for senior citizens at Banjarnegara Polytechnic focuses on improving agricultural skills, particularly plant propagation techniques. Many senior citizens, despite their extensive farming experience, rely on outdated methods that yield suboptimal results, such as poor seedling quality and low germination rates. The program, held on October 3, 2024, at Banjarnegara Polytechnic, aimed to introduce modern agricultural techniques and enhance the participants' knowledge and skills in plant propagation. A total of 25 participants from the CoE BKL Istiqomah attended, with educational backgrounds ranging from elementary school to bachelor's degrees. The event utilized a combination of lectures, practical exercises, and discussions to provide both theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience. The lecture, conducted in Room C.1.2, introduced the basics of plant propagation, while the practical exercises took place at the nursery field of Banjarnegara Polytechnic. The participants gained valuable insights into modern techniques, which they applied directly at the site, ensuring a better understanding of the processes involved. The post-event questionnaire revealed that many participants still viewed farming as a valuable and promising profession, though concerns about the future of farming and its generational continuity were raised. Many participants expressed concerns about passing on farming traditions to the younger generation, indicating a gap between the older and younger generations in agricultural practices. Overall, the program successfully increased the participants' skills in plant propagation and revitalized their enthusiasm for agriculture. Through this activity, senior citizens have been empowered with modern farming knowledge, bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary agricultural practices. The program also opened opportunities for seniors to engage in the modern agricultural sector, fostering a sense of confidence and motivation to continue contributing to the community’s agricultural development.

Silica gel is one of the most commonly used adsorbents in the fractionation of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This is due to its ability to separate compounds based on differences in polarity, thus simplifying the purification process of active components. Fractionation itself is a crucial step in phytochemical research, as it aims to obtain active compounds in a purer, standardized form, and ready for further testing, both biologically and pharmacologically. This study aims to review the effectiveness of silica gel in the fractionation of active compounds from various types of medicinal plants. The study was conducted through a systematic literature review method with a qualitative-descriptive approach to 35 scientific articles published in the last five years. The articles analyzed were those that presented primary data on the use of silica gel in the fractionation process of medicinal plants. The results of the study showed that silica gel was proven effective in separating various polar compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds from crude extracts of medicinal plants. Some studies have even succeeded in isolating pure compounds that have significant biological activities, such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anti-inflammatory. The effectiveness of fractionation with silica gel is influenced by several important factors, such as the type and composition of the solvent, the elution technique (gradient or isocratic), and the support of advanced analytical methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and spectroscopy (UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR). However, the use of silica gel still has several limitations, including the relatively high solvent requirements and long elution times. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that silica gel has great potential in supporting the fractionation process and isolation of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Therefore, optimization of silica gel-based fractionation techniques is important to support research and development of more efficient, standardized, and sustainable phytopharmaceutical products.

The coffee farming sector in Gunungmanik Village, Indonesia, plays a significant role in the local economy. However, the monitoring and management of coffee crops remain largely manual and conventional, making it difficult for farmers to respond quickly to environmental threats such as drought, pests, or sudden temperature shifts. This research presents the development of iotgm.id, a web-based monitoring system integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) devices designed to provide real-time environmental data for coffee plantations. The system measures key parameters including temperature, soil moisture, and motion detection (as a proxy for pest activity), and delivers this data via a user-friendly web interface. It also features digital farm record management, real-time alerts for abnormal conditions, and data visualization through interactive dashboards. Field testing with local farmers showed that the system improves decision-making, speeds up responses to environmental changes, and reduces the need for direct field visits. Unlike earlier systems that often required technical expertise or focused on single parameters, this system offers multi-parameter monitoring and is accessible to farmers without advanced digital literacy. The system bridges the gap between sophisticated agricultural technologies and practical field-level application. It contributes to the adoption of precision agriculture in rural areas, offering a scalable model for broader implementation in similar contexts

This research aims to be able to meet the water supply of lettuce plants automatically by using three sensors such as soil moisture, water level, and water discharge. The goal is to provide water needs to plants automatically and regularly. The developed tool uses YL-96 sensor for soil moisture, HC-SR04 for water level and YF-S201 for water discharge. Sensor data is sent to the arduino to be processed using the fuzzy mamdani method so that these three data values affect the movement of the tap servo motor that flows to the lettuce plant. Fuzzy logic here as a decision maker from the value of 3 sensor data and then processed automatically by arduino using fuzzy mamdani to determine how many degrees the servo motor moves. The result is that the Lettuce Plant Water Needs Analysis System Automation Tool is able to maintain the water supply of lettuce plants and soil moisture ideally at 76% with a servo motor movement system success rate of 100%.

Due to the busy activities outside the home, some people do not have time or forget to water their plants, so when they return home they find that the plants have died from drought. Therefore, to overcome this problem by conducting research using Internet of Things technology. The aim of this research is to design an automatic watering tool to overcome manual watering and support learning. This prototype uses a NodeMCU ESP8266 as the main controller, a soil moisture sensor is used to read soil moisture.  Soil moisture sensors are used to detect soil moisture. If the soil humidity is below the minimum limit, the watering process will be active and the watering process will be active if the NodeMCU ESP8266 receives commands from the smartphone.

This study aims to determine the implementation of plant variety protection in Australia. This article will discuss how Australia implements the TRIPs Agreement to provide protection for all technologies, products, pharmaceuticals, plants, and microorganisms that can be patented through Plant Breeder's Rights (PBR). There are three types of intellectual property obtained in the context of plant varieties, namely patent rights, trademark rights, and plant breeding rights. The purpose of protection through PBR is to encourage innovation in plant breeding by granting limited exclusive rights to control its exploitation and prevent unauthorized parties from illegally exploiting the rights of breeders. The research method used in this study is normative law research, employing a statutory approach and an analytical approach.

Abstrak. Osteoporosis is a degenerative bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and strength, particularly in postmenopausal women. Traditional plant-based therapy presents an attractive alternative given the rich local bioactive potential and limited access to pharmacological treatments. One important biochemical indicator in bone regeneration is the level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of various Indonesian traditional medicinal plants as bioactive agents in the prevention of osteoporosis, with an emphasis on increasing ALP levels. This method employed a literature search by collecting several scientific articles discussing the anti-osteoporosis activity of traditional medicinal plants through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical observation studies. The results obtained show that traditional medicinal plants such as Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Black pepper (Piper nigrum), Bromelain (Ananas comosus), Papaya (Carica papaya), Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.), Veratrum nigrum, Sickle senna (Cassia tora), Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), White turmeric (Curcuma zeadoaria), and Celery (Apium graveolens) are capable of reducing the number of osteoclasts and promoting bone formation. These findings consistently demonstrate a positive role in bone health through increased ALP levels. Indonesian traditional medicinal plants hold great potential as evidence-based anti-osteoporosis agents, particularly through enhancing ALP levels and osteoblast activity. This literature review supports the development of local herbal therapy as a promotive and preventive alternative against osteoporosis.

Microorganisms are microscopic organisms that cannot be observed directly without the aid of optical instruments. They play an important role in various biological and environmental processes, both beneficial and detrimental. Most microorganisms are unicellular, but some are multicellular. Some microorganisms are also known to have benefits in the fields of food and health. Bamboo shoots or young bamboo are one type of vegetable that is widely consumed by the community, especially in Central Java. Bamboo shoots have a low nutritional content such as water, protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and fat, making them a healthy low-calorie food. In addition, bamboo shoots also contain bioactive compounds such as vitamins, essential amino acids, and antioxidants that are beneficial for body health.Fermentation of bamboo shoots is one method to increase their nutritional value and probiotic content.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of methanolic extract and column chromatography fractions of Lantana camara L. leaves. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method, while total phenolic content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. The methanolic extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 23.25 mg/L) and a total phenolic content of 2927.4 mg/L gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Fractionation yielded nine fractions (A–I), among which Fraction E demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 11.58 mg/L) and the greatest phenolic content (5200 mg/L GAE). A strong negative correlation (R² = 0.9485) was observed between phenolic content and IC₅₀ values, indicating that phenolic compounds are the major contributors to the antioxidant activity. These findings highlight L. camara leaves as a promising natural source of antioxidants and support their potential application in the development of functional foods and plant-based pharmaceutical formulations.

Fever and cough are diseases that often attack humans. Fever and cough are early signs of infection of a disease that attacks the body. This qualitative study was initiated to identify the types of plants, organs used, and local wisdom inherent in the traditional medicine practices of the people of East Java Province in dealing with fever and cough. Data collection was carried out through literature survey methods and journal reviews. Data sourced from articles in the Google Scholar, Google, and ResearchGate databases were then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach.The results of the study showed that there were 9 species of plants used for fever and cough medicine, including turmeric (Curcuma domestica), lime (Citrus X aurantiifolia), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L), kencur (Kaempferia galanga), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr), tapakliman (Elephantopus scaber), lemongrass (Adropogon nardus). The plant has certain content that can cure fever and cough. Fruit, leaves, rhizomes, and roots are parts of the plant organs that are often used by the community.