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Introduction: The increase in life expectancy among the elderly has directly contributed to the rise in the global elderly population. According to global data, the number of elderly individuals is projected to reach 1.4 billion by 2030. This demographic growth is often accompanied by various health problems associated with aging, such as the decline in vital organ function and the emergence of degenerative diseases. One of the most common degenerative diseases among the elderly is hypertension. Hypertension is widely known as a “silent killer” because it can lead to serious complications, including stroke and heart disease, if not managed properly. A common complaint experienced by individuals with hypertension is headache, particularly in the posterior region, which significantly affects the patient’s quality of life. Management of hypertension can be carried out through pharmacological therapy with antihypertensive drugs as well as non-pharmacological interventions. One of the non-pharmacological approaches increasingly being applied is isometric handgrip exercise, which involves static muscle contractions performed at light to moderate intensity. Method:This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isometric handgrip exercise on pain reduction in patients with hypertension. The research design employed a descriptive case study involving one individual with hypertension who experienced pain complaints. The study was conducted on September 16–18, 2024, at Roujin Home X. The instruments used included observation, interview, and the provision of isometric handgrip exercise therapy. Pain measurement was carried out using a numerical rating scale before and after the intervention. Results:The three-day intervention demonstrated a significant reduction in pain levels. On the first day, the patient reported a pain score of 6, which decreased to 4 on the second day, and further declined to 2 on the third day after the intervention. Conclusion:The findings of this study indicate that isometric handgrip exercise is an effective non-pharmacological method for alleviating acute pain in patients with hypertension. This simple intervention has the potential to be applied as a complementary therapy in elderly care facilities to improve the quality of life of individuals living with hypertension.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual pain experienced by adolescent girls, often interfering with daily activities. Curcuma xanthorrhiza contains curcuminoids with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making it a potential non-pharmacological treatment for menstrual pain. A preliminary study in Batuwarno Village showed a high prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents. Objective: To determine the effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza consumption on the reduction of dysmenorrhea in adolescents in Batuwarno Village. Methods: This study used a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The sample consisted of 24 adolescent girls with dysmenorrhea, selected using consecutive sampling. The intervention involved administering 200 ml of boiled Curcuma xanthorrhiza twice a day for one day. Pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: The average pain score before the intervention was 6.54, and after the intervention, it decreased to 1.50. The Wilcoxon test yielded a Z value of -4.448ᵇ, where the negative Z value indicates that the more the intervention is given, the more the experienced pain decreases. The resulting p-value was 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza administration on the reduction of dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: Curcuma xanthorrhiza is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea in adolescents and can be considered a non-pharmacological alternative for managing menstrual pain.

          During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, as fetal development progresses, pregnant women often experience lower back pain. This condition not only causes discomfort but also affects daily activities and overall quality of life. One of the non-pharmacological approaches believed to reduce lower back pain is prenatal exercise. This study aims to evaluate the effect of pregnancy exercise on reducing lower back pain among pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post test approach without a control group. The sample consisted of 28 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters who met the inclusion criteria and reported experiencing lower back pain. Pain levels were assessed before and after the intervention using a valid and reliable pain scale. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, particularly the paired sample t-test. The findings revealed that the mean pain score before the intervention was 3.32 with a standard deviation of 0.772. After the intervention, the mean pain score decreased to 2.25 with a standard deviation of 1.005. Results of the paired t-test indicated a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), demonstrating a significant difference in pain levels before and after pregnancy exercise. These results indicate that pregnancy exercise is effective in reducing lower back pain in women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Therefore, prenatal exercise can be recommended as a safe, simple, and beneficial non-pharmacological intervention in midwifery care. It is expected that this study provides scientific evidence supporting the role of pregnancy exercise in improving maternal comfort and quality of life throughout pregnancy.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders and significantly impacts functional activities and patients’ quality of life. Non-pharmacological approaches such as hydrotherapy and William flexion exercise are widely used to reduce pain. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of combining hydrotherapy and William flexion exercise on reducing pain in patients with myogenic low back pain. Methods: This research applied a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The sample consisted of 20 respondents aged 40–60 years who met the inclusion criteria. The intervention was conducted over 12 sessions within one month at Biara OSF Magdalena Daemen BSB. Pain levels were measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Paired Sample t-Test. Results: The findings revealed a significant reduction in pain levels. The mean pretest score of 43.36 increased to 79.45 in the posttest with a difference of 36.09 points. Statistical testing showed p = 0.001 (< 0.05), indicating that the combination of hydrotherapy and William flexion exercise had a significant effect on reducing low back pain. Hydrotherapy contributed to muscle relaxation and improved circulation, while William flexion exercise strengthened lumbar flexor muscles. Conclusion: The combination of hydrotherapy and William flexion exercise is effective in reducing myogenic low back pain. This approach can be considered a safe, applicable, and beneficial non-pharmacological rehabilitation strategy to improve patients’ quality of life.

Background: Dysmenorrhea, characterized by pain around the abdomen, waist, and lower back, arises due to increased prostaglandin hormone levels during menstruation. If left untreated, this pain will disrupt the daily activities and academic performance of adolescent girls. Management can be achieved through the use of acupressure and listening to the recitation of the Qur'an, both of which are safe and effective in alleviating pain, promoting relaxation, and obtaining the blessings of Allah SWT. The objectives of the research: This study aims to evaluate the impact of acupressure therapy with Ar-Rahman murottal on the reduction of dysmenorrheic pain in students of SMP Negeri 2 Giriwoyo Methods: This research employs a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group approach. The study sample consists of 36 respondents selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test to compare the treatment and control groups. Results: he dysmenorrhea pain scale in the treatment group significantly decreased compared to the control group, with a P-value of 0.016 < α 0.05. Acupressure therapy combined with the recitation of Surah Ar-Rahman was effective in reducing dysmenorrhea pain in female students at SMP Negeri 2 Giriwoyo. Summary: This study concludes that acupressure therapy combined with the recitation of Surah Ar-Rahman can be an effective alternative for alleviating dysmenorrhea pain in adolescent girls.

Background : Appendectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix which is done as soon as possible to reduce the risk of perforation. Nursing problems that arise after appendectomy is acute pain. Objectives: Gaining real experience and knowledge and being able to document the application of deep breathing relaxation techniques is an appropriate non-pharmacological action in reducing pain scale. Method: this type of scientific paper uses a descriptive method with a descriptive case study approach with a case study approach to explore the problem of nursing care carried out on two patients carried out on June 15 - 20 2021. Results: from the results of nursing care to Mrs "S" and Mr "M" with a nursing diagnosis in the first patient, namely acute pain related to physical injury agents (eg abscess, amputation, burns, cuts, heavy lifting, surgical procedures, trauma, excessive physical exercise), impaired sense of comfort related to symptoms of the disease ( pain), impaired physical mobility related to decreased muscle strength (pain), and the second patient's diagnosis was acute pain related to physical injuring agents (eg abscess, amputation, burns, cuts, heavy lifting, surgical procedures, trauma, excessive physical exercise), discomfort related to symptoms of disease (pain), anxiety related to situational crises, lack of exposure to information, impaired physical mobility associated with decreased muscle strength (pain). The interventions in both patients were: identification of location, characteristics, duration, frequency, quality and intensity of pain, identification of pain scale, identification of non-verbal pain responses. The evaluation of the first patient had a pain intensity scale of 6 (moderate), and the second patient a pain scale of 7 (severe). The results of the study in the Surgery Room of the Palembang Bari Regional General Hospital after the deep breathing relaxation technique was carried out in the first patient on a pain scale of 6 (moderate) to 3 (mild), and the second patient pain scale of 7 (severe) to 4 (moderate). Conclusion: Progress notes to both patients on the application of deep breathing relaxation techniques to reduce pain intensity. The results of the nursing evaluation of the problem were partially resolved.

Hypertension is one of the major health problems often experienced by the elderly, with complaints of headaches predominantly in the nape and forehead area. This complaint, if not optimally managed, can reduce the quality of life of the elderly and risk worsening overall health conditions. Non-pharmacological interventions such as warm compresses are one of the nursing interventions that are safe, effective, easy to implement, have minimal side effects and can be done independently at home. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of providing warm compresses in reducing the intensity of headaches in elderly with hypertension. Method: The method used is a descriptive case study with a nursing process approach that includes assessment, diagnosis, intervention, implementation, and comprehensive evaluation. Subjects: The subjects in this study were two elderly people aged 60–75 years with hypertension and a pain scale between 3–7 who were given warm compresses for six consecutive days at the same time each day. Results: The results of the study showed that after the intervention, there was a significant decrease in the pain scale. In the first subject, the pain scale decreased from 7 to 3, while in the second subject, it decreased from 6 to 3. Both subjects also reported a sense of comfort, body relaxation, and improved sleep quality after warm compress therapy. Recommendation: Based on these findings, warm compress is recommended as a non-pharmacological nursing action that can be used independently or in primary health care to help reduce headaches in elderly people with hypertension effectively and sustainably.

Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual pain, is a common gynecological problem among adolescent girls and often interferes with their daily activities, school performance, and overall quality of life. Conventional pharmacological treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used but may cause side effects with long-term consumption. Therefore, safe and natural alternatives are needed to manage menstrual pain effectively. Carrot juice, which is rich in beta-carotene, vitamin E, and other antioxidants, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that could potentially reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea. This study aimed to determine the effect of carrot juice on reducing menstrual pain in female students at SMAN 1 Trimurjo. A pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted involving 27 students who experienced dysmenorrhea. Pain intensity was assessed before and after the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed that before the intervention, the majority of respondents (85.2%) reported moderate pain, while after consuming carrot juice, 92.6% reported mild pain and 7.4% reported no pain. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in pain levels before and after the intervention (p = 0.000, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that carrot juice is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea intensity among adolescent girls. As a safe, affordable, and easy-to-implement non-pharmacological therapy, carrot juice has the potential to be recommended as a complementary approach to menstrual pain management, especially for adolescents who seek natural remedies. Further research with larger samples and control groups is recommended to strengthen the evidence and explore the long-term benefits of carrot juice in menstrual health.

Congenital abnormalities are abnormalities in the growth of fetal organ structures from birth that can be caused by genetic or non-genetic factors. This abnormality is often an indication for a cesarean section, which is an operation to deliver a baby. This Final Nursing Scientific Paper aims to analyze nursing care for post-cesarean section patients with indications of congenital abnormalities and the application of evidence-based practice of effleurage massage therapy to overcome acute post-operative pain. The method used is a descriptive method with the application of effleurage massage therapy to the nursing problem of acute pain in patient Mrs. I, a 37-year-old woman who experienced pain in the wound after a cesarean section. The results of the assessment showed that the patient was in a compos mentis state and complained of pain that felt like being cut in the lower abdominal area with a pain scale of 6 on a scale of 0-10. The pain was intermittent. The diagnosis that emerged was acute pain related to the cesarean section surgical procedure. To overcome this problem, nursing actions were carried out in the form of effleurage massage therapy for 3x24 hours. After the procedure, results showed a significant reduction in the patient's pain level. The patient reported reduced pain after the therapy. These results suggest that effleurage massage therapy can be effective in reducing acute pain in post-cesarean section patients with congenital abnormalities. This therapy offers benefits as a non-pharmacological approach to managing post-operative pain. Implementing this therapy can be an important part of nursing care, helping to improve patient comfort and accelerate post-operative recovery. Furthermore, effleurage massage therapy also has a positive impact on increasing relaxation and reducing patient anxiety.

Gastritis usually occurs in people with irregular eating patterns and consuming foods that stimulate stomach acid production. Inflammation of the gastric mucosa or lining can be caused by various factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soursop leaf decoction on reducing gastritis pain. This research used a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The sample size was 15 people, using accidental sampling. This study was conducted from June 12 to 18, 2025. Data were obtained through observation sheets using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and data analysis used the paired t-test. The results showed that before the soursop leaf decoction, the average pain score for respondents was 0.074, while after the decoction, the pain score decreased to 0.151, a decrease of 0.007 with a P-value of 0.001 (<0.05). Conclusion: The soursop leaf decoction is effective in reducing gastritis pain. Respondents are encouraged to regularly consume the soursop leaf decoction when experiencing pain, and it can serve as a reference for future research using different variables.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone density, resulting in brittle, porous, and easily broken bones. This condition is more common in the elderly, especially women over 60 years of age, due to hormonal changes, the aging process, and lifestyle factors. Common clinical manifestations experienced by sufferers include back pain that can interfere with daily activities and reduce quality of life. Osteoporosis treatment does not only rely on pharmacological therapy, but can also be done through non-pharmacological therapies such as progressive muscle relaxation techniques that aim to reduce muscle tension and pain perception. This study aims to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on pain reduction in elderly osteoporosis sufferers in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa District, North Sumatra Province. The research method used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test post-test control group design. The study involved 28 elderly respondents who met the inclusion criteria, divided into two groups: an experimental group that received progressive muscle relaxation intervention and a control group that did not receive intervention. The intervention was carried out in a structured manner according to standard procedures throughout the study period. Pain levels were measured using a numeric pain scale before and after treatment. Data analysis showed a significant reduction in pain levels in the experimental group compared to the control group, with a p-value of 0.040. These results indicate that progressive muscle relaxation techniques are effective as a non-pharmacological method for reducing pain in elderly people with osteoporosis. The findings of this study are expected to provide input for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, in developing simple, safe, and affordable interventions to improve the quality of life of elderly people with osteoporosis, as well as encourage the routine implementation of this therapy in primary and community healthcare settings.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is abdominal pain, cramps and back pain experienced by women at the beginning of menstruation for 48-72 hours. This condition is most often experienced by women in their late teens to young adults (15-25 years) due to optimization of uterine function so that prostaglandin secretion increases. In Indonesia, the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea reaches 54.89%, with a significant impact on adolescent activities. One of the effective non-pharmacological methods to overcome primary dysmenorrhea is abdominal effleurage massage, which is performed directly on the site of pain so that endogenous analgesics (endorphins) are released and pain transmission to the cerebral cortex is inhibited. Purposes: To analyze the effect of abdominal effleurage massage on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Research method: This study used a quantitative method with a pre-experimental one group pretest posttest design method. The population of this study was 45 adolescents. The sample was taken using a simple random sampling technique of 21 female students who experienced primary dysmenorrhea. Data collection was carried out using the NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) pain scale observation sheet. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: Based on the analysis test using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, a significance value of 0.00 (p <0.05) was obtained, which means Ha was accepted. In other words, abdominal effleurage massage has an effect on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Conclusion: There is an effect of abdominal effleurage massage on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents.

Radius fracture and supracondylar joint stiffness are common post-traumatic complications that can reduce upper extremity function and limit daily activities. These problems are generally accompanied by pain, decreased range of motion (LGS), and muscle strength, thus disrupting the patient's functional independence. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of multimodal physiotherapy interventions in improving the clinical condition of patients with post-ORIF radius fractures and supracondylar joint stiffness. This study is a case study of a 47-year-old male patient treated at Panembahan Senopati Bantul Regional Hospital. Physiotherapy interventions were carried out twice, with modalities consisting of infrared therapy, muscle release techniques, assisted active exercises, strengthening exercises, and hold-relax techniques. Clinical evaluation was carried out using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for muscle strength, goniometer for LGS, and Mayo Elbow Score for joint function. The results of the study showed a decrease in pain levels, an increase in LGS and muscle strength, and an improvement in daily activity function. The synthesis of these findings indicates that multimodal physiotherapy interventions have a positive clinical impact on postoperative joint stiffness and musculoskeletal disorders. In conclusion, a combination of various physiotherapy techniques is effective in addressing pain, mobility limitations, and functional impairment in patients with post-ORIF radius fractures and supracondylar joint stiffness, and underscores the importance of a comprehensive and individualized rehabilitation approach.

Fracture is a condition in which the bone structure is severed or damaged due to external pressure on the bone. Fractures can be caused by direct impact, sudden twisting movements, or even by extreme muscle contractions. The WHO states that the prevalence rate of fractures increased from 2020 by approximately 13 million (2.7%). The Ministry of Health in 2023 stated that in Indonesia around 8 million people had fractures. To determine the results of the application of religious music therapy on pain in fracture patients in Flamboyant Ward 5 of Dr Moewardi Surakarta Hospital. The application uses a case study method with a research sample of 2 respondents, the research instrument uses NRS. The intervention group reduced pain from a scale of 6 to 4, and in the control group reduced pain from a scale of 5 to 4. From this study it can be concluded that religious music therapy is more effective to reduce pain.

Pulmonary contusion is a common complication of blunt chest trauma that leads to parenchymal damage, edema, and bleeding, resulting in impaired respiratory function. Thoracotomy procedures to manage rib fractures are often accompanied by complaints of chest pain and dyspnea. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of physiotherapy interventions, specifically breathing exercises and early mobilization, in reducing pain and shortness of breath in a patient diagnosed with pulmonary contusion post-thoracotomy. A case report method was employed with six sessions of breathing exercises and assisted active mobilization over a seven-day period. Assessment was conducted using pain scores, Borg dyspnea scale, and thoracic expansion measurements. Results indicated a reduction in pain and dyspnea scores as well as improved thoracic expansion in the fracture area. Physiotherapy interventions were shown to be effective in promoting respiratory recovery and reducing postoperative complications.

Knee stiffness is one of the most common complications experienced by patients with tibial fractures. It can weaken and limit accessory joint movement, inhibit muscle activation, impair gait pattern, and reduce the overall physiological range of motion. Surgical procedures may also affect functional capacity and decrease quality of life due to limitations in the patient's activities of daily living (ADL).This case report aims to explore the management and effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions in a case of knee stiffness. A single-subject research design was used to observe a patient, Mr. JP, aged 53 years, who complained of stiffness, pain, and muscle weakness in the left knee (genu sinistra) following trauma. The study was conducted in February 2025. Physiotherapy sessions were carried out every three days, for a total of four sessions. Interventions included Infrared therapy, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), and exercise therapy in the form of passive forced exercises, hold-relax techniques, and active resisted exercises.Progress was observed from session T1 to T4, assessed through various parameters: pain levels measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), muscle strength evaluated using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), range of motion (ROM) assessed with a goniometer, and functional ability measured using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire. The physiotherapy intervention using Infrared, TENS, and therapeutic exercises (passive forced, hold-relax, and active resisted) showed improvements in reducing pain, increasing muscle strength, enhancing joint ROM, and improving ADL performance in a patient with post-tibial fracture knee stiffness.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a condition that causes pain, tingling or weakness in the hands and fingers. CTS is caused by the depressed median nerve inside the carpal tunnel due to connective tissue. The implementation of therapy has an effect on reducing symptoms caused by CTS, including the implementation of Ultrasound, Tens and Exercise therapy. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Ultrasound, Tens and Exercise therapy in the treatment of CTS. The method used in this study was a case study in a 54-year-old female patient diagnosed with CTS. Evaluation using NRS (Numerical Rating Scale) for pain, goniometer for LGS (Joint Range of Motion) and WHDI (Wrist Hand Disability Index) for functional activities. Therapy was carried out twice a week, patients showed a decrease in palm pain and tingling in the fingertips accompanied by an increase in LGS. The combination of Ultrasound, Tens and Exercise therapy is effective in reducing the symptoms of CTS so that it can be the right choice for this case.

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain that is often found in the population aged 40-60 years, especially women with prolonged standing activities and high body mass index. This case report discusses physiotherapy management in a 41-year-old female patient with plantar fasciitis dextra who underwent therapy at Panembahan Senopati Hospital. The physiotherapy interventions provided included ultrasound, gastrocnemius muscle massage, stretching (Towel Stretch), and exercises (Calf Raise and Towel Toe Curl) for three sessions in three weeks. Evaluation was performed using Wong Baker Scale, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), Goniometer, and Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI). The results showed a decrease in tenderness and pain during movement, increased plantar fascia flexibility, and an increase in FADI score from 63.28% to 77.88%, indicating improved function. Physiotherapy interventions proved to be effective in managing plantar fasciitis symptoms conservatively and improving the patient's quality of life.

Background: Bell's Palsy is a condition of facial muscle weakness due to inflammation or damage to the VII cranial nerve (facial nerve), which is classified as a primary acute idiopathic lower motor neuron (LMN) type. This condition is characterized by unilateral facial paralysis and pain in the mastoid area, which can affect the patient's quality of life. Method: This study design used a case report method which observed one patient with a case of Bell Palsy Right. Physiotherapy intervention was carried out during four meetings at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, with therapy modalities including Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), massage, and mirror exercise. Evaluation was carried out using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for facial muscle strength, and the Ugo Fisch scale for functional ability. Results: This study shows that physiotherapy treatment during 4 meetings resulted in decreased pain, increased muscle strength, and increased functional ability with Bell palsy. Conclusion: Physiotherapy interventions in the form of TENS, massage, and mirror exercise are effective in reducing pain, increasing muscle strength, and improving functional abilities in patients with Bell's Palsy Right.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a peripheral neuropathy disease that occurs due to compression or pressure on the median nerve which causes narrowing of the carpal tunnel. Common symptoms of CTS are pain, numbness, and paresthesia which usually spread to the fingers, especially the thumb, index finger, and middle finger. To determine the effectiveness of non-operative therapy in cases of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome using modalities of tools and exercise therapy in the form of nerve gliding exercise, free exercise with resistance, hand grip, and manual therapy techniques. Case report study is used as a research method by taking samples from 1 patient with a case of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). The measuring instruments used are Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for the pain scale, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) to measure muscle strength, Goniometer to measure Range Of Motion (ROM), and Wrist Hand Disability Index (WHDI) to measure functional activity ability. After the implementation of the 3rd therapy there were changes, namely decreased pain, increased muscle strength, increased ROM and increased functional activity.  This case study shows that there is effectiveness in providing exercise therapy, manual therapy and electrotherapy in cases of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS).