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The drama Ayahku Pulang is able to describe Indonesian families during the colonial era. This story is very stressful between family members. One of the people who experiences the most spiritual turmoil is Gunarto, a young man who is now an adult. Gunarto shows a tough, cynical nature, and does not accept his parents back who are no longer worthy of being his mainstay. In this context, the character of Gunarto is a very interesting literary object for research among teenagers. His position is so important for research on adolescent psychology because at this time they are in the midst of an identity crisis, regarding the search for identity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the character of Gunarto as a representation of the inner conflict of adolescents in the drama Ayahku Pulang using Erikson's development theory. According to Eriksonian theory, adolescence is in search of identity through protest against wrong roles. Gunarto in this case is compared with a character who not only faces external conflict in his relationship with his father, but also internal conflict about the child's self-awareness, feelings of disappointment, and the need for emotional stability. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with drama text analysis techniques. Data obtained from the original manuscript of Ayahku Pulang were analyzed descriptively-analytically to explore the dynamics of Gunarto's psychology holistically. From this study, the importance of understanding the psychology of adolescence in literary works, especially when it comes to the relationship between parents and children. Gunarto's character is the voice of a wounded youth. This study focuses on literary psychology and is codified in Indonesian families. This scope opens up criticism of the role and how consistent the parental figure is in developing the identity of the younger generation.  

The state of Christ’s humiliation and exaltation represents two essential aspects of Christology, illustrating His journey from incarnation to ascension. Christ’s humiliation includes His humble birth, a life of suffering, and His death on the cross. In contrast, His exaltation encompasses His resurrection, ascension to heaven, and reign as the sovereign King over all creation. This study aims to analyze the theological significance of Christ’s humiliation and exaltation and their relevance to the lives of believers. This research employs a qualitative approach using the library research method, where primary data sources are drawn from biblical texts and Christian theological literature. The findings reveal that Christ’s humiliation is an act of obedience to God the Father and a means of human redemption, while His exaltation serves as evidence of victory over sin and death and the fulfillment of God’s plan of salvation. Furthermore, this study affirms that the relationship between Christ’s humiliation and exaltation has implications for the faith of believers, providing hope for future glory with Christ and calling them to live in obedience and perseverance amid suffering.

This study is entitled Factors Causing Murder in Upfaon Village, North Central Timor Regency. This study aims to reveal the factors behind the occurrence of the crime of murder committed by a father against his son-in-law in Upfaon Village, South Biboki District, North Central Timor Regency. The method used is empirical juridical with a qualitative approach. The data used consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary data, which are obtained through literature studies and interviews with four respondents who have a direct connection to the case. Data analysis techniques are carried out through the stages of editing, coding, and tabulation, then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that there are two main factors that cause the crime, namely internal and external factors. Internal factors include the emotional condition of the perpetrator such as heartache, anger, and revenge. While external factors are influenced by the consumption of alcohol and local culture that still maintains the values ​​of violence as a form of conflict resolution.

Padang Brahrang is a village located in the city of Binjai, Langkat Regency, which has many stories ranging from the cleanliness of the village, which has greenery and cultivation of plants ranging from flowers to vegetables. But in this case, we students of North Sumatra State Islamic University are doing Community Service activities in Padang Brahrang village, one of the activities we do is making natural pesticides from papaya leaves that are useful for keeping plants or plants from pests and diseases.  . The type of research used in this paper uses qualitative research methods with descriptive approaches. Pesticide manufacturing greatly influenced the development of plants and plants in the village, resulting in the production of pesticides given to the mother and father of village devices that cultivated plants and nearby communities.

This study explores the dynamics of interpersonal communication between mothers and their children in mitigating the effects of fatherlessness in Bahagia Subdistrict, Bekasi City, Indonesia. Fatherlessness—defined as the absence of a father figure in a child’s emotional and developmental life—has become an increasingly significant social phenomenon, with Indonesia ranking among the highest in the world for fatherless households. The study aims to understand how single mothers manage emotional communication and perform dual parental roles to sustain their children’s psychological well-being. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation involving three single mothers and four children living in Bahagia Subdistrict. The findings reveal that effective interpersonal communication—grounded in openness, empathy, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality—strengthens emotional bonds, builds trust, and fosters resilience in children growing up without fathers. Moreover, such communication becomes a key coping mechanism that enables mothers to reduce the negative psychological and social consequences of fatherlessness, such as low self-esteem, social withdrawal, and academic decline. The study contributes to the field of family communication by illustrating the adaptive strategies of single mothers in Indonesia as they balance affection, discipline, and economic responsibilities. The results highlight how communication can function not only as an emotional bridge but also as a practical tool for building stability and maintaining harmony in single-parent households.

Christology is the theological study of the person, nature, and work of Jesus Christ. This paper traces the development of Christology from the first century to the fifth century, highlighting the theological dynamics that took place in the early church. In the first century, Christology was based on the teachings of the apostles and the New Testament writings, with the main debate being over the humanity and divinity of Christ. The second and third centuries were characterized by the emergence of various theological schools, such as Gnosticism, Docetism, and Monarchianism, which prompted the church to affirm orthodox teachings. In the fourth century, the Council of Nicea (325 AD) and the Council of Constantinople (381 AD) played an important role in rejecting Arianism and affirming the oneness of Christ's essence with the Father. The fifth century witnessed more complex Christological debates, culminating in the Council of Ephesus (431 AD) and the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD), which established that Christ has two natures divine and human in one undivided person. This research confirms that the development of Christology in the first five centuries provided the foundation for Christian doctrine that continues to influence theological thought today.

Looking at the culture that occurs in the environment where we live, most early education is handled by a mother, although there are some fathers who also pay great attention to children's education, but this is still relatively rare and most of the time it is the mother who educates them starting from being able to eat, walk, talk, bathe and etc. Due to the understanding in society that a mother only stays at home without needing to work, the job of earning a living is the father's duty, but in everyday life there are many households where the father's work cannot meet daily needs so the mother must help.In the end, many mothers have outside jobs, mothers are still required to educate their children and earn a living. For mothers, this is an obligation that they must carry out, apart from education in daily life, mothers must also think about psychological and spiritual development, Islamic religion, so that their children have a path that is blessed by Allah SWT.The method that career mothers usually use in educating their children is putting them in TPQ, Islamic boarding school, continuous habituation, parents providing examples. The results obtained from these various efforts are that children get used to praying 5 times a day from childhood, get used to reading the Al-Qur'an, are polite to their parents, behave well towards neighbors, older people or friends and so on.

Film is an audio-visual media consisting of pieces of images put together, and has the ability to capture social and cultural reality, of course films are able to convey the messages contained therein (Alfathoni & Mahesah, 2020:2). The film Pengabdi Satan by Joko Anwar is a remake of the classic Indonesian film with the same title, which was released in 1980. The story centers on the Suwono family who live in an old and remote house. This family consists of Rini, mother, father, and Rini's younger brothers—Tony, Bondi, and Ian. One of the important elements that makes films have this impact is the visual storytelling technique which allows the audience to grasp the emotional and symbolic meaning of the story intuitively, without having to rely on words. The film Pengabdi Satan is a strong example of the use of visual storytelling and character exploration as the main elements in building a horror atmosphere and driving the narrative. In this film, visual storytelling is the main tool to create atmosphere and build tension slowly. Joko Anwar utilizes spatial layout, lighting and image composition to convey the sense of isolation, fear and helplessness experienced by the characters.

On February 17, 2012, the Constitutional Court granted the lawsuit filed by Hj. Aisyah Mochtar who filed a judicial review of Article 34 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This lawsuit arose from her marriage to Moerdiono in accordance with Islam which was not officially registered, which gave birth to a son, Iqbal Ramadhan. The Constitutional Court's decision changed the status of illegitimate children, who previously only had a civil relationship with the mother, now also have a civil relationship with the father and the father's family. This decision applies not only to children born from unregistered marriages, but also to children from relationships between men and women without the bonds of marriage which can be proven through technology such as DNA testing. These children are entitled to civil rights protection, such as maintenance and education, but are not related to guardianship issues. In its considerations, the Constitutional Court emphasized that the law must provide fair protection and legal certainty for the status of children, including those born even though their marriage is still disputed. Eliminating discrimination against illegitimate children aims to provide positive value for the future of children. The obligation of alimony that was previously only borne by the mother, is now shared with the father who can be proven to have a blood relationship with the child. If the father neglects to fulfill his obligations, he can be sued in court. The next question is how the Constitutional Court Decision will be implemented regarding the recognition of the lineage of children born outside of legal marriage.

Movies can inspire, educate, or even influence the way we see things. movies about parents' struggles for their children can educate us all about how great parental love is in seeking justice for their children. The web series movie Cinta Pertama Ayah tells the story of a father's love and sacrifice to seek justice for his daughter. The purpose of this research is to find out the connotation and denotation meanings of father's love and the representation of father's love in this movie. The research method is using a qualitative approach with Roland Barthes semiotic theory analysis. The data collection technique uses documentation in the form of capturing movie scenes and literature study to find things related to this research. The results of this study show that there are many scenes that contain elements of representation of father's love which are divided into 4 scenes studied. The denotation and connotation meanings in the 4 scenes can be seen from the efforts to be willing to sacrifice, help the child overcome problems, support the child whatever happens. The connotation meaning is in the form of creating courage in children, emotional support when anxious and frustrated, embracing children when fear arises, teaching children what they don't know, and encouraging and always accepting the child no matter what.

Basically, God created His creatures perfectly. On the other hand, it turns out that God also created humans who do not have five senses, or incomplete body functions, such as the blind, deaf, physically disabled, even mentally disabled so that they have limitations in carrying out daily activities and are often considered different from others. A person who has physical or mental limitations due to illness or injury is called a disability. Being a person with a disability not only affects the person themselves, but often their families, especially their parents. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of pastoral care for parents who have children with disabilities. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The population and sample of this study were parents, namely the father and mother of a child with disabilities in Pamalian village, Sorkam sub-district, Central Tapanuli district. In an effort to provide pastoral counseling assistance with a Client Centered approach to parents who have children with disabilities, there are several approaches taken by the companion, namely, listening, reflecting, explaining, and being fully present. From the research results, pastoral counseling with a client-centered approach can help parents who have children with disabilities understand that what happened to their child is not a mistake or punishment due to sin so that parents can accept their child's condition.

The title of Joshua chapter 21:43-45 is “God is Faithful to His Promises”. Is “God is Faithful in Fulfilling His Promises.” In these verses, God shows His faithfulness by giving the Israelites all of In these verses, God shows His faithfulness by giving the Israelites the entire land of Canaan, as He promised to their forefathers. the land of Canaan, just as He promised to their ancestors. Faithfulness God's faithfulness is evident in the fulfillment of His promises, which includes giving the land to His people so that their enemies can be protected. His people so that their enemies could not stand against them; this shows that God not only promises, but shows that God not only promises, but also actively carries out His promises. Carry out His promises. This verse, however, also reminds us that the people's obedience to God's covenant is essential to fully enjoy the blessings, to the fullest. God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises gives hope to every believer. Every believer. As such, Joshua 21:43-45 invites us to believe and live in obedience, while waiting for the fulfillment of God's promises in our lives. promises in our lives.

The phenomenon f fatherly parenting plays a vital role in shaping the emotional and social experiences of daughters, particularly in forming romantic relationships. The role of fathers is often overlooked in parenting, even though it significantly influences the development of a daughter's personality and interpersonal relationships. Fathers who are emotionally involved can provide a sense of security, confidence, and an understanding of love. This study aims to describe the experiences of young adult women regarding their fathers' parenting roles and their impact on romantic relationships. This study adopts a phenomenological approach using purposive sampling techniques. The research was conducted over four months, and data were collected through interviews and observations. Five participants aged 18 to 25 years, with experiences of both positive and negative fatherly parenting and a history of romantic relationships, were involved in this study. The results show that positive fatherly parenting fosters positive romantic relationship experiences, such as the ability to build trust and intimacy. Conversely, hostile fatherly parenting leads to negative relationship patterns, such as distrust or a need for emotional validation. The lack of fatherly parenting also drives women to seek a father figure in others and to feel less trustful toward their partners. These findings demonstrate that the father's role in parenting has a significant impact on young adult women's romantic relationships.

This research examined the rationale behind guardianship stipulations for minors and aspects of inheritance law in Indonesia, particularly concerning the inheritance of shares to children. Through an analysis of the Semarang District Court Decree Number 542/PDT.P/2023/PN.SMG, which stipulates that the petitioner, as the biological father of his children, must still obtain a legally valid and legitimate guardianship stipulation from the court. This study used a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach, aimed at understanding the legal considerations of judges in determining guardianship and its juridical implications on children's rights. The research findings indicate that court-determined guardianship is a crucial step in providing legal certainty and protecting children's rights in shared inheritance. The juridical implications of such stipulations include legitimizing the guardian's actions, oversight against abuse of power, protection of the child's assets, and management of shareholder rights in companies. This study concludes that court-determined guardianship is a critical instrument in ensuring legal protection for minors in the context of shared inheritance.

There are two types of marriage guardians: first, nasab guardians, namely guardians whose guardianship rights are based on blood relations. Such as, his biological parents, or also wali aqrab and ab'ad (closest or distant relatives). Second, the wali hakim is a guardian whose guardianship rights arise because the bride's parents refuse (adhal) or are absent, or for other reasons that physically exist but the guardianship rights do not exist. The emergence of the Itsbat Nikah provision is also related to the issue of the status of marriage registration. There are two views on the issue of the status of marriage registration, the first view states that marriage registration is only an administrative requirement, not a condition for the validity of a marriage, so marriage registration is only a process of obtaining evidence that a marriage has been carried out by someone, while the second view states that marriage registration is a valid condition for marriage. In this discussion, the author focuses on the consideration of judges who grant itsbat nikah cases where the previous marriage was held using an unofficial guardian or not the KUA head. This is not in accordance with article 23 of the Compilation of Islamic Law “(1) The new guardian judge can act as a marriage guardian if the nasab guardian is absent or impossible to present or his residence is unknown or absent or adlal or reluctant”. The Applicant's marriage guardian in the marriage contract was another person (a local community leader named Selan) due to the Applicant's non-Muslim biological father. The judge considered it as follows:  that a kiyai, cleric or community leader who acts as a marriage guardian in Islamic law is known as wali muhakkam, namely someone who is appointed by the prospective husband and wife to act as a guardian in their marriage.    

This paper examines the evolution of international law from its early foundations to its contemporary form. Starting with the basic legal principles, it highlights significant milestones, such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the concept of state sovereignty. The study also explores the contributions of Hugo Grotius, who is often regarded as the "Father of International Law," whose work significantly shaped the modern legal framework that governs relations between states. In addition, he analyzed the development of global institutions such as the United Nations, which emerged after World War II and played a crucial role in encouraging international cooperation and advancing international law in the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to treaty law, emphasizing how treaties between countries are important for maintaining global order. Using a qualitative research approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and contemporary shifts in international law. It discusses how countries have balanced their sovereignty by pursuing global cooperation and broader peace. These findings underscore important moments in the evolution of international law, offering insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities for global governance in the modern era.

Reza Indragiri Amriel's book "Ajari Ayah, Ya Nak!" was published in 2014 and offers a fresh perspective on the crucial role of parents, particularly fathers, in educating and guiding their children. The author invites readers to consider how father-child interactions can become a process of mutual learning, with a focus on the father's role as an educator and how children learn from their own experiences. The aim of this abstract is to examine the messages and values contained in the book, as well as its connection to the progress of family education in Indonesia. The book emphasizes the importance of fathers being actively involved in their children's education and how this can influence their character in the future. This article seeks to understand how Reza Indragiri Amriel portrays the role of fathers in family education and how this influences the personal development of children. We do so by employing a qualitative approach. The findings are expected to provide readers with an understanding of the importance of parental collaboration in educating their children.

This paper examines the evolution of international law from its early foundations to its contemporary form. Starting with the basic legal principles, it highlights significant milestones, such as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the concept of state sovereignty. The study also explores the contributions of Hugo Grotius, who is often regarded as the "Father of International Law," whose work significantly shaped the modern legal framework that governs relations between states. In addition, he analyzed the development of global institutions such as the United Nations, which emerged after World War II and played a crucial role in encouraging international cooperation and advancing international law in the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to treaty law, emphasizing how treaties between countries are important for maintaining global order. Using a qualitative research approach, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of historical and contemporary shifts in international law. It discusses how countries have balanced their sovereignty by pursuing global cooperation and broader peace. These findings underscore important moments in the evolution of international law, offering insights into the ongoing challenges and opportunities for global governance in the modern era.

The word mission is derived from Misio Dei, meaning that the Triune God plays a role in it, God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Understanding the role of the Triune God in Misio Dei will help a strong mission movement in the church. The church is the channel of God's mission to proclaim the good news that the Kingdom of God has come. The church is responsible for carrying out God's mission so that the mission movement remains sustainable. The younger generation is the only successor to the mission movement in the church, therefore it is necessary to discover the obstacles in the mission movement in the younger generation so that the church continues carrying on the mission. JKI Injil Kerajaan Church is one of the churches whose mission is to build a generation of disciple leaders who are pleasing to God and impact others. The younger generation at the JKI IK Church has not become missionaries since 2020. The factor that influenced the decline in missionaries at the JKI IK Church was the existence of an identity crisis. This self-identity crisis can be addressed by strengthening the relationship with the Holy Spirit. In addition, we must learn from the expansion of the early church where the supporting factors for the expansion of the early church were the renewing power of the Gospel, fruitful and reaping evangelistic motivation, context-appropriate service variations, conducive geo-political factors and recruiting workers for the expansion of church missions.

The institution of marriage in Indonesia has long been considered a social and moral milestone. However, in the digital era, shifting gender roles and the rise of social media have significantly transformed how young women perceive marriage. This study aims to explore the perceptions of early adult women (aged 18–25) toward the #MarriageIsScary narrative on TikTok, focusing on content from the account @bobahagia19. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using interviews, observations, and content analysis of selected TikTok videos. The findings reveal that the #MarriageIsScary trend represents a collective expression of emotional anxiety, self-awareness, and social critique of traditional marriage norms. Participants perceived marriage as an uncertain institution, often associated with emotional instability, betrayal, and loss of autonomy. Yet, the same discourse also fostered empowerment and solidarity among women, forming what scholars describe as digital sisterhood. The discussion integrates sociological and media theories (Giddens, 1992; Papacharissi, 2015; Banet-Weiser, 2018) to illustrate how digital narratives both reflect and reshape cultural meanings of marriage in contemporary Indonesia. Overall, the study concludes that TikTok functions as a participatory space where young women redefine marital expectations through shared emotions, storytelling, and online community engagement.