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Stunting is a major health problem in Indonesia which affects physical, cognitive growth and future disease risk. This study aims to analyze the effect of drinking water source quality on the prevalence of stunting in Gorontalo Province. The research is a quantitative research. The source of data in this study is secondary data with a target number of 208,303 households who are couples of childbearing age, pregnant women, and families with children 0-59 months in Gorontalo Province. Analysis result showed that there is a significant influence between drinking inadequate water and the risk of stunting with a sig value. 0.003, and the value of R = 0.956 and R² = 0.913, which means that 91.3% of the drinking water variable affects the level of stunting risk.  Inadequate water increases the risk of infections such as diarrhea, which inhibits the absorption of nutrients. Providing clean water should be a priority to reduce stunting. However, this intervention needs to be complemented by improved sanitation, community education, and improved child nutrition. This study is expected to be the basis of strategic policies to reduce the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia.

Organophosphates are a group of compounds with toxic potential that inhibit cholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine at muscarinic, nicotinic receptors, and the central nervous system, which can result in death. Organophosphates are the most toxic insecticides compared to other types of pesticides and are often responsible for poisoning in humans. The symptoms of organophosphate poisoning vary widely. Each symptom depends largely on persistent acetylcholine stimulation or depression, followed by stimulation of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Early symptoms such as salivation, lacrimation, urination, and diarrhea (SLUD) occur in acute organophosphate poisoning due to stimulation of muscarinic receptors, leading to an increase in acetylcholine levels in the blood, eyes, and smooth muscles. Management of organophosphate poisoning involves stabilizing the patient, decontamination, and administering antidotes such as antimuscarinic agents, oximes, and anticonvulsants. Complications from organophosphate poisoning include respiratory failure, seizures, aspiration pneumonia, and even death. Postmortem examination of organophosphate poisoning may reveal cyanosis on the lips, fingertips, and nails, systemic or pulmonary congestion, dilation of the right heart, dark bluish-red livor mortis that forms more quickly, and a wider distribution of livor mortis due to high carbon dioxide levels.

Dehydration occurs when the body loses too much water and essential fluids in the body. Diarrhea is the main cause of dehydration in toddlers. Toddlers often get diarrhea because their immune system is still vulnerable. If the problem of dehydration is not addressed immediately, it can lead to other health problems such as shock risk. This study aims to determine the effect of video education and demonstration on the ability of first aid dehydration due to diarrhea in mothers with children 0-5 years in Siding Tuban Village. The research design used was Pre Experimental with a one group pretest-postest approach, a sample of 16 respondents taken from 66 populations through Purposive Sampling. Research instrument Ability was measured by observation sheet and analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (α=0.05). Before the intervention, 93.8% of respondents had poor skills and after the intervention, 100% of respondents had good skills, which showed an increase in the value of dehydration first aid skills. The results of the analysis obtained p-value=0.000 (<α), meaning that there is an effect of education on the ability of first aid for dehydration due to diarrhea in children. The combination of video and demonstration methods improves the mother's ability to dehydrate children due to diarrhea through visualization and hands-on practice, facilitating understanding and effective application. It is expected that mothers can carry out first aid for dehydration due to diarrhea in children without guidance, reducing the risk of child mortality.

The primary causes of mortality among infants are diarrhea and pneumonia. But, more than 50% of the cases were caused by malnutrition. Exclusive breastfeeding (6 months to 2 years) and providing complementary nutritious food have proven to be effective interventions in reducing the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). This study aims to analyze maternal barriers to exclusive breastfeeding for infants aged 0-6 months in Montasik Public Health Center, Aceh Besar. This study used an analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The population was 147 women. 60 respondents were chosen as the sample using a proportional random sampling technique. It was conducted on May 2nd–18th, 2024. The analysis uses univariate and bivariate Chi-square tests. The results showed that of 60 respondents, most of them provided non-exclusive breastfeeding for 34 respondents (56,7%), early adulthood for 32 respondents (53,3%), middle-class education level for 24 respondents (40%), self-employed for 33 respondents (55%), had sufficient knowledge of breastfeeding as 24 respondents (40%), and did not have a supportive workplace in giving exclusive breastfeeding as 34 respondents (56,7%). In conclusion, there is a correlation between age, education level, work status, knowledge, and environment towards exclusive breastfeeding. It is expected that the community health center will conduct socialization regarding exclusive breastfeeding by holding antenatal classes for a better understanding of exclusive breastfeeding.

Reduced appetite, diarrhea, cough, and joint pain are common health issues. Traditional medicinal plants such as Temu Ireng, Curcuma, Sand Ginger, and Ginger have been used to treat these conditions. This study aims to optimize the formulation of lozenges containing these plants using a combination of mannitol and sucrose as excipients through the SLD (Simple Lattice Design) method. Five formulations with varying ratios of mannitol and sucrose (FI = 75:25, FII = 25:75, FIII = 100:0, FIV = 0:100, FV = 50:50) were prepared using wet granulation. Granule physical properties were evaluated, and the optimum formulation was identified using statistical analysis including normality tests and one-sample t-tests. The results indicated that FI (mannitol 75%, sucrose 25%) provided the most desirable characteristics, with excellent granule flow, compressibility, and uniformity in lozenge quality. This research contributes to the development of herbal lozenges with optimized excipient combinations, enhancing the efficacy and quality of traditional medicine products.

Background: Mothers' lack of understanding and knowledge about breastfeeding and the benefits of breastfeeding are the biggest factors that make parents easily influenced and switch to formula milk. Non-exclusive breastfeeding carries a risk of death due to diarrhea. There are several factors that can influence the success of exclusive breastfeeding, namely age, education, and parents' knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge of parents in providing exclusive breastfeeding to babies at the Banyudono I Community Health Center. Method: Descriptive. The sampling technique was 41 pairs of parents who had babies in the working area of ​​the Banyudono I Community Health Center. Results: Univariate test results show the characteristics of respondents: fathers aged >35 years (53.7%) mothers aged 20-35 years (73.2%), Most of the fathers had a high school education, 30 respondents (73.2), mothers with a high school education, 26 respondents (60.7%), Fathers work as private employees, 33 respondents (80.5%), mothers as housewives, 22 (53.7%), and fathers' knowledge levels are in the good category, 34 respondents (82.9%), mothers' knowledge levels are good, 34 respondents (82.9%). Conclusion: The majority of parents' knowledge level in providing exclusive breastfeeding to babies aged 0-6 months is good, 82.9%.

Toddler age is a period of rapid growth and development, a state that is vulnerable to nutrition and susceptible to disease. Diarrhea in toddlers if not treated seriously can cause pain, to severe dehydration or fluid loss that ends in death. The current diarrhea control program is more prioritized on diarrhea control programs for toddlers. This research method is cross-sectional with a population of mothers and toddlers with a sample size of 175 respondents. The results of this study showed the influence of the mother's education level (p-value 0.011), exclusive breastfeeding (0.003), socio-economic (0.008), hand washing habits (0.007) on the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in the Tanjung Sekayam Health Center Area, Sanggau Regency. The conclusion of this study is that there is an influence of the mother's education level, exclusive breastfeeding, socio-economic, hand washing habits on the incidence of diarrhea. It is expected that health workers will carry out health promotion activities about the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers to prevent infectious diseases that will result in stunting.

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children under five years of age. According to WHO (2017) worldwide there are approximately 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea in children each year. In Indonesia, the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers is 23.8%, down from the previous year of 28.9%, still not in accordance with the maximum target set at 20%. The incidence of diarrhea in Karanganyar Regency is 15.30%. Children with diarrhea are prone to diaper rash. One of the treatments for the diaper room is using non-pharmacological therapy by administering virgin coconut oil to maintain the moisture of the child's skin. The effectiveness of administering VCO oil in reducing the incidence of diaper rash in children with diarrhea. Pre-experimental design with one group pre-test post-test design, Sampling technique with total sampling and Data analysis using the Wilcoxon test. Obtaining a p value of 0.000 <0.05, the test decision is Ho is rejected, so it is concluded that there is an effect of administering VCO in reducing the incidence of diaper rash in children with diarrhea at the PKU Muhammadiyah Karanganyar Hospital. diaper rash levels after VCO administration decreased compared to diaper rash levels before VCO administration.

In Indonesia, people keep a lot of animals, such as dogs. Dogs are one of the favorite animals commonly kept by humans. Dogs are usually favorite animals that can be used as companions, guarding the house, hunting and so on. Alvi Deiectiones (Diarrhea) disease is caused by eating food errors (such as eating leftover or stale food), changing types of food without a transition period, viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections.One of the problems often encountered at the Binjai Petshop clinic is diarrheal disease in dogs. The lack of knowledge in people who keep dogs about diarrhea disease and the limited existence of veterinary clinics, time and money make many cases of improper treatment that worsen the dog's condition. To help overcome this problem is to create an Expert System that can diagnose diseases based on the symptoms that occur to detect the disease experienced. Expert System can be interpreted as a collection of facts that have been collected to show the symptoms of a disease and can provide an explanation based on consultation with the expert.

Gallbladder disease is associated with a malfunctioning gallbladder and highly concentrated bile, leading to conditions such as the formation of gallstones or cholelithiasis. Cholelithiasis can occur due to high concentrations of cholesterol in the gallbladder. Obstruction of the cystic duct, either by stones or functional issues, can cause acute inflammation of the gallbladder. Acute cholecystitis attacks are often associated with gallstones, or cholelithiasis. Common symptoms include right upper quadrant or epigastric abdominal pain, especially after consuming fatty foods, with additional symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fever, and diarrhea. The development of this disease is believed to involve many factors and likely arises from complex interactions between various genetic and environmental elements. An imbalance in bile composition, characterized by excessive cholesterol secretion, reduced gallbladder motility, and the accumulation of mucin gel, contributes to the formation of gallstones. Gallbladder disease related to cholesterol results from a biochemical imbalance involving lipids and bile salts in the bile stored in the gallbladder. A 45-year-old patient, Mrs. D, has several risk factors that increase the development of the disease, and the following case report discusses the clinical presentation and laboratory examination results related to the onset of this disease. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed on the patient, and appropriate education was provided, illustrating the importance of intra-professional collaboration and positive outcomes for the patient.

In the world consequently, pollution of water has become a great concern, and with emphasis on the quality of water especially on those which originate from natural sources, with regard to water borne diseases and their causing pathogens. Some of the more familiar water borne pathogens include: aquatic or enteric bacteria such as Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Coliform bacteria; viruses; and Protozoa. Also relevant to diarrhea are rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, picobirnavirus, and enterovirus. This research work was done on a cross-sectional study basis over a period of four months, from April to October of the year 2022 at various water supply stations in Tikrit City, Salah Al-Deen province. Grab samples were taken from both the wells and the Tigris River to carry out microbiological processing and quality check in the laboratory. The samples used in this study included river and well water sources taken at the water treatment centers. Samples were collected at three points in the Tigris River and at three points from wells, although the points varied across the different sites. The findings were mainly secular for E. coli followed by P. aeruginosa and parasite such as Giardia cysts, and amoebic cysts.

The stunting rate for toddlers in Surakarta increased from 2.0% (2021) to 2.7% (2022). The Pajang Community Health Center has the highest number of stunted toddlers, namely 142 toddlers. A history of infectious disease increases the risk of stunting 3-8 times. Objective: To describe the history of stunting in toddlers in the Pajang Community Health Center working area. Method: This research is quantitative descriptive. The research population was 187 stunted toddlers. The sampling technique used total sampling with inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that 142 respondents were obtained. Results: Characteristics of toddlers: 1-3 years old (69.7%), male (48.6%), and exclusively breastfed (81.7%). Characteristics of mothers of toddlers: aged 20-34 years (74.6%), not working (78.9%), and high school education (50.7%). History of infectious diseases in children under five: diarrhea (42.3%). Non-communicable diseases liver disorders (1.4%) and anemia (1.4%). The genetic disease is Congenital Heart Disease (0.7%). A total of 40 toddlers (28.2%) had no history of disease. Conclusion: Stunted toddlers are predominantly 1-3 years old, male, and exclusively breastfed. Mothers of toddlers aged 20-34 years, not working, and have a high school education. The dominant infectious diseases are diarrhea, non-communicable diseases anemia and liver disorders, as well as the genetic disease CHD. Toddlers with no history of illness in small numbers.

Diarrhea is a disease with signs of changes in the shape and consistency of soft or liquid stools and an increase in the frequency of defecation more than 5 times while for infants the frequency is more than 3 times. The existence of this study determines the effect of zinc administration on reducing the frequency of liquid stools and dehydration in children. With the design method or design in this study is to use a case study. Case study is one type of qualitative method in research that wants to explore a particular case in more depth by involving the collection of various sources of information.

The number of stunted toddlers in the city of Palembang in 2021 will be 992 and 555 stunted toddlers in 2022. In 2023 the number of stunted toddlers will be 437 stunted toddlers. Meanwhile, the number of stunting cases at the 1 Ulu Community Health Center at the end of 2023 was 30 toddlers and in February 2024 the number of stunting toddlers was 30 toddlers (Palembang City Health Office Data, 2023). The data analysis used in this research is univariate analysis to get a picture of the distribution. and proportions of all variables studied, and bivariate analysis to determine the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable was carried out using the Chi Square statistical test. Multivariate analysis is used to determine the most dominant determinant factors. From the results of the Chi-Square test, it was found that the variables IMD, Exclusive Breastfeeding, LBW, Diarrhea were related to the incidence of Stunting in children under five and from the results of the multivariate analysis the variables that were significantly related to Stunting were the factors IMD, Exclusive Breastfeeding and Recurrent Diarrhea. The results of the analysis obtained (OR) from the exclusive breastfeeding variable is 6.821, meaning that children under five who do not receive exclusive breast milk have a 6.821 times risk of experiencing stunting compared to toddlers who receive exclusive breast milk. children under five, the results of the analysis obtained (OR) from the exclusive breastfeeding variable is 6.821, meaning that children under five who do not receive exclusive breast milk are 6.821 times more likely to experience stunting compared to toddlers who receive exclusive breast milk. Providing education to the community about nutrition for toddlers in the first 1000 days for preventing stunting.

Indonesian people still use dug wells as a source of clean water. The dug well itself has bacteriological qualities that are easily contaminated. Coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli can cause diseases, one of which is diarrhea. Jungsereh Garut Village is an area that uses a lot of water from dug wells for daily needs such as drinking water. The aim of this outreach is to determine the quality of clean water free of coliform bacteria contamination in the Jungsereh Garut community. The target of this counseling is the community of Jungsereh Village RT.02 Kec.Mekarsari Garut, totaling 30 people. This outreach activity is a form of increasing public awareness of the quality of clean water for drinking water that is free of coliform bacteria contamination. The method of implementing this extension activity is in the form of material presentation, discussion and question and answer and filling out a questionnaire regarding the level of understanding whether there are differences before and after the intervention.

Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah (PJAS) is one of the foods consumed by people in Indonesia, especially by children and adolescents. This food is very vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms that can damage and can be toxic to the human body when consumed. Microbes can contaminate food through water, dust, air, soil, processing equipment (during the production or preparation process) as well as secretions from the intestines of humans and animals. The method used is literature review by collecting, evaluating, and synthesizing existing studies in the scientific literature. In this case using a search engine such as google scholar. The years obtained from articles from 2018 to 2024 are relevant to the topic of this research. The topic used is the identification of Escherichia coli bacteria in meatball meat samples as school snack food (PJAS), this method is used to gain an in-depth understanding of Escherichia coli bacteria in meatball meat samples as school snacks. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 600 million people globally (nearly 1 in 10 people) fall ill including diarrhea, kidney and liver failure, brain and nerve disorders, reactive arthritis and cancer from food-borne diseases, with 420,000 deaths reported in 2010. Food-borne illnesses arise from the consumption of contaminated food, which can be.  

Every human being has the right to shape himself into a healthy human being so that he can move well. Of course, being healthy must be familiarized from a young age. Elementary school age is an important period because at this age children are very vulnerable to various diseases and health problems. Diseases and health problems that often affect elementary school children are generally related to clean and healthy living habits, such as toothache, diarrhea, worms, skin diseases, dengue fever, and many others. This research uses the literature method obtained from scientific journal sources to provide an overview of how physical education and sports help elementary school children to improve clean and healthy living behavior. The results obtained are that there are components that support a clean and healthy lifestyle. Then internal and external factors must be considered because they can affect the increase in clean and healthy lifestyles. There are also simple steps that can be applied by elementary school-age children, such as the steps of washing hands every day and brushing teeth properly and correctly so that they can familiarize themselves with clean and healthy living.    

Children under 5 years of age have an immune system that is still developing, not perfect and not yet strong. This is what causes children to be susceptible to disease. The diseases most frequently experienced by toddlers in Indonesia are flu, diarrhea, rotavirus, allergies, asthma, hand, foot and mouth disease and Fever. Fever is condition when the body temperature rises or is above normal. Efforts to treat fever by providing pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy. Pharmacological therapy can be carried out by administering antipyretics, while non-pharmacological therapy includes Water Tepid Sponge. Increase knowledge is urgently needed to strengthen awareness in increasing knowledge and behavior in handling fever. One of the efforts made is health education activities about treating fever with Water Tepid Sponge. The result of this community service activity is that there is an increase in knowledge and skills regarding treating fever with Water Tepid Sponge before and after providing Health Education.

Every human being has the right to shape himself into a healthy human being so that he can move well. Of course, being healthy must be familiarized from a young age. Elementary school age is an important period because at this age children are very vulnerable to various diseases and health problems. Diseases and health problems that often affect elementary school children are generally related to clean and healthy living habits, such as toothache, diarrhea, worms, skin diseases, dengue fever, and many others. This research uses the literature method obtained from scientific journal sources to provide an overview of how physical education and sports help elementary school children to improve clean and healthy living behavior. The results obtained are that there are components that support a clean and healthy lifestyle. Then internal and external factors must be considered because they can affect the increase in clean and healthy lifestyles. There are also simple steps that can be applied by elementary school-age children, such as the steps of washing hands every day and brushing teeth properly and correctly so that they can familiarize themselves with clean and healthy living.  

Community-Based Total Sanitation (STBM) is a strategy to sanitation development that was established in response to the high prevalence of diarrhea caused by poor sanitation in Morokrembangan Village, which resulted from the community's behavior of defecating anywhere. This approach facilitates the community empowerment process to analyze the situation and risks of environmental pollution caused by open defecation. This research aims to determine the effect of the first pillar of the Community Based Total Sanitation (STBM) program, namely Stop Open Defecation (STOPS) in Morokrembangan Village. Using the method proposed by finsterbusch and motz, namely the Single Program Before-After assessment/evaluation.  The existence of the STBM program has had a positive influence on society. The positive influence here can be seen from various aspects, such as positive influence in the form of changes in the environment, health, socio-culture, physical condition of latrines.