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This article aims to analyze the regulation of unfair contract terms from the perspective of civil law and to examine the issues and efforts to strengthen consumer protection in Indonesia. The main issue raised is how the legal construction of unfair clauses in standard contracts and the extent of regulatory effectiveness in protecting consumers from bargaining position imbalances. This research uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach, thru the analysis of the Civil Code, Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, as well as related regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and the Personal Data Protection Law. The research results show that although Indonesian positive law has imposed restrictions on standard clauses that harm consumers, particularly thru Article 18 of the Consumer Protection Law, the practice of unfair contract terms still prevails due to weak law enforcement, low consumer literacy, and the dominance of business actors in contract drafting. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen consumer protection thru regulatory harmonization, increased effectiveness of supervision and law enforcement, as well as the development of transparent and fair contracts. Thus, consumer protection is not only formal but also capable of ensuring substantive justice in contractual relationships

This study examines code-switching dynamics in parenting communication among two Indonesian migrant families who have acquired Malaysian citizenship. Using a qualitative approach with an intrinsic case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation of four informants comprising parents (First Generation) and children (Second Generation). Analysis was conducted using Poplack's (1980) typology, Gumperz's (1982) sociopragmatic framework, and Spolsky's (2004) language ideology perspective. Findings indicate that intra-sentential switching is the most productive form with Malay functioning as the matrix language, addressee specification emerges as the most dominant function, and message qualification reveals a negative pattern in which Indonesian is no longer effective as a command reinforcer. Second Generation informants in both families tend to identify as Malaysian, with varying intensity that correlates directly with the degree of Indonesian language exposure at home. Code-switching among First Generation informants is shown to function as a deliberate identity strategy, whereby Indonesian is selectively maintained in specific domains as a conscious effort to preserve cultural ties amid the dominance of Malay in everyday life.

The development of information technology encourages government agencies to switch from manual systems to digital systems that are more efficient and accurate. One important aspect of office administration is recording the absence of village officials, which is often done conventionally so it is prone to errors, data manipulation, and takes longer in the recapitulation process. Based on these problems, this research designs and implements a Qr-Code based attendance system at the Palatta Village Government Office. The design of this system is to provide a faster, more accurate and transparent attendance solution by utilizing Qr-Code technology which is integrated into a web-based application. The system is built with main features such as user login, Qr-Code scanning, attendance history, as well as an admin dashboard to manage data and generate reports. The results of implementation and testing using the Black Box method show that all functions run as required. Testing on users also shows that the system is easy to use, speeds up the attendance process, and helps admins in monitoring and recapitulating data. Thus, this Qr-Code attendance system is suitable to be implemented as a substitute for manual methods to increase work efficiency and discipline in the village office environment.

This study aims to examine the effect of the use of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) as part of digital payment instruments on the personal financial management of employees at PT. Alkana Diza Nusantara in the era of a cashless society. The rapid development of financial technology has encouraged a shift in transaction behavior from cash to cashless systems, making it important to understand its impact on individual financial management more comprehensively. This study employs a quantitative approach with a causal associative research design to analyze the relationship between variables. The population consists of 42 employees, with total sampling used as the sampling technique. Data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis techniques include classical assumption tests, simple linear regression analysis, t-test, and the coefficient of determination (R²) to measure the extent of the independent variable’s influence on the dependent variable. The results show that the use of QRIS has a positive and significant effect on personal financial management. This is evidenced by a regression coefficient of 0.923 and a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05). Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.735 indicates that QRIS usage explains 73.5% of the variation in personal financial management, while the remaining 26.5% is influenced by other variables outside the scope of this study. These findings suggest that digital payment usage can enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and discipline of individual financial management

Administrative letter services at the village (nagari) level are still largely conducted using conventional methods, resulting in various issues such as limited service hours, slow processing times, and risks of document loss. This study aims to develop a web-based letter service system with the implementation of digital signatures in Nagari Bukit Bais to improve efficiency, security, and transparency of public services. The research adopts the Agile Development method with an iterative approach, including requirement analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. The developed system enables citizens to submit requests online and is equipped with features such as officer verification, digital signing by the village head, automatic notifications, digital archiving, and document verification using QR Codes. Security mechanisms are implemented using SHA-256 cryptographic hashing and RSA-2048 digital signature algorithms, supported by X.509 digital certificates. Functional testing using end-to-end methods shows that all system features operate successfully without failures, while non-functional testing confirms the reliability of document security and integrity. The resulting system is able to automate the entire service process, reduce processing time, and ensure document authenticity and security. Therefore, this system can serve as a solution to support the digital transformation of public services at the village level.

This study examines the regulation of abuse of circumstances in sales agreements through a comparative study between Indonesian and Dutch civil law. Abuse of circumstances is a legal doctrine that protects the weaker party in contracts where there is an imbalance of power and pressure, resulting in a lack of free will from one party. The research aims to understand the concept and analyze the legal consequences in both legal systems. This normative study employs statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches through literature review and case law analysis. Findings reveal that in Indonesia, abuse of circumstances is not explicitly regulated in the Civil Code and relies on case law and judicial interpretation, whereas in the Netherlands, it is clearly codified in Article 3:44 of the Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek (NBW) providing greater legal certainty. The legal consequence in both countries is the annulment of contracts formed under such circumstances and entitlement to compensation for the harmed party. The primary difference lies in codification and consistency of application. This study recommends that Indonesia adopt explicit regulation similar to the Dutch model to enhance legal protection and fairness in sales transactions.

The development of information technology has become a primary pillar in enhancing corporate operational efficiency, where rapid and accurate data integration significantly determines business competitiveness. Case study in PT Gawi Anjung Bersama (GAB) revealed that the company is facing operational constraints because the management of delivery orders and invoices still relies on conventional office applications such as Microsoft Excel and Word. This procedure causes hurdles in data sharing among staff and results in low information security due to the absence of integrated access control settings. This research aims to design and develop the Gawi Anjung Bersama Information System (SIGAB), a web-based system implementing the CodeIgniter framework. The system is developed using Waterfall model, encompassing stages from analysis, design, and implementation to testing. The research flow starts with problem identification, primary and secondary data collection, and functional and non-functional requirements analysis. The system is designed using Unified Modeling Language (UML) modeling, specifically Use Case and Class Diagrams, as well as Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD) for the database. The system interface is designed as wireframes on Figma web. This system separates access rights into three main actors namely owner, administrator, and staff, to ensure data security. Blackbox testing results, conducted after the system was hosted, indicate that all functional features operate as intended. The implementation of SIGAB is expected to optimize the management of delivery orders and invoices at PT GAB.

This research is motivated by the importance of strengthening a professional public service culture through the integration of public administration values, norms, and ethics. Although various regulations and codes of ethics have been established in public organizations, gaps remain between formal norms and service practices in the field, such as low levels of responsiveness and professionalism among civil servants. This study aims to analyze the relationship between values, norms, and ethics in shaping public service culture, and to examine the role of organizational ethics and codes of ethics in strengthening public administration professionalism. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design through a literature review of relevant journals, books, and policy documents. Content analysis techniques were used to identify patterns of relationships between concepts. The results indicate that the internalization of ethical values ​​such as integrity, accountability, and transparency significantly influences the quality of public services. An organizational code of ethics serves as a formal instrument that clarifies standards of conduct for civil servants and strengthens a professional work culture. Consequently, public organizations need to strengthen ethics training, oversight mechanisms, and the integration of ethical values ​​into performance evaluation systems to build responsive and public-interest-oriented services.

The absence of specific regulations governing the mechanism and legal consequences of revoking special power of attorney during ongoing civil court proceedings creates a legal vacuum that generates uncertainty for all parties involved. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of unilateral revocation of special power of attorney on the continuity of civil proceedings and the legal standing of attorneys thereafter. Using a normative juridical approach through statutory and conceptual methods, data were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using a prescriptive method. The results show that unilateral revocation during ongoing proceedings creates a formal defect that risks rendering the lawsuit inadmissible before the merits are examined, obstructing the principles of simple, fast, and low-cost justice as mandated by Law Number 48 of 2009. Furthermore, the attorney loses formal legitimacy to represent the principal from the moment revocation is notified, though all prior legal actions remain binding upon the principal as the material party, and such revocation without valid legal basis constitutes a breach of contract obligating the principal to pay compensation under Article 1809 of the Civil Code. This study concludes that regulatory reform is urgently needed to fill the existing legal vacuum and ensure legal certainty in civil court proceedings in Indonesia.

ABSTRACT Hospitals can be established by the Central Government, Regional Government, or the Community. Hospital management organized by the Government can apply the financial management pattern of BLU or BLUD. Hospital independence can be achieved through healthy business processes. The dual role of hospitals as public services and business entities. The commercial health sector is increasingly closely linked to the global health industry. Collaboration between BLU hospitals and private business entities is often manifested in KSO contracts. KSO contracts must contain legal principles (rechtbeginselen) which serve as basic norms and guidelines in the formation or creation of legal regulations. The principle of personality in KSO contracts is important to ensure the parties' performance is balanced. This study uses a normative or doctrinal legal research methodology by examining primary legal sources in the form of KSO contracts between BLU hospitals and private business entities, the Civil Code, and other material laws. A study was also conducted on secondary legal sources in the form of legal materials consisting of books or legal journals regarding legal principles, the views of legal doctrines, and the results of legal research. Keywords : Principle of Personality, Public Service Agency, Operational Cooperation Contract.

This research is motivated by the escalating prevalence of illegal online lending practices in Indonesia, which generate a multitude of legal problems, particularly those concerning the validity of loan agreements and debt collection practices. The simplicity of access through smartphone applications, rapid processing times often approved within minutes and minimal administrative requirements have rendered these services immensely popular among the public. However, this accessibility also paves the way for unlicensed providers to operate unchecked, preying on desperate borrowers. The study aims to analyze the legal validity of illegal online loan agreements pursuant to the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, OJK). Additionally, it examines the legal position of debt collection from a civil law perspective. A normative juridical method is employed, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches, with qualitative analysis of the data. The results demonstrate that illegal online loan agreements fail to fulfill the requirements for a valid contract, especially regarding the legal capacity of the parties and lawful cause, categorizing them as null and void by operation of law. Nevertheless, in practice, unlicensed providers continue debt collection efforts, frequently employing methods that violate the law, such as harassment and intimidation. This reveals a significant gap between legal norms and field implementation. The implications emphasize the critical need for robust law enforcement, enhanced consumer protection mechanisms, and stricter oversight of fintech lenders to establish legal certainty and justice for society.

Due to its focus on the psychological components of leadership, motivation, communication, and human resource development in educational institutions, management psychology is becoming an increasingly significant perspective in educational management. The use of management psychology in the classroom is considered crucial for improving organizational performance and teacher motivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how management psychology can enhance teacher work motivation and its impact on school efficacy. This study reviewed previous research on the use of management psychology in education using a qualitative approach and literature review methodology. Using keywords related to management psychology in education, teacher motivation, educational leadership, and educational organizational performance, systematic search of scientific publications published in the Google Scholar database between 2022 and 2026 was used to collect data. Identification, screening, eligibility evaluation, and final selection of relevant publications were all steps in the literature selection process. Thematic coding techniques were used to examine six selected publications to determine the main findings, methodology, and research emphasis of each study. The findings suggest that the use of management psychology in educational management techniques, such as effective communication, teacher empowerment, supportive leadership, and the establishment of equitable reward systems, can significantly enhance teacher motivation and foster a positive work environment. In addition, these approaches increase the effectiveness of educational institutions, improve teacher performance, and foster collaboration within the school environment. To promote teacher professional development and raise the overall standards of educational institutions, it is crucial for educational administrations to incorporate a psychological perspective.

The Constitutional Court Decision Number 105/PUU-XXII/2024 has significantly reshaped the legal construction of defamation provisions under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (EIT Law), particularly by limiting the interpretation of the phrase “other persons” to natural persons (natuurlijk persoon) only. This study aims to analyze the implications of the decision on legal certainty as well as its impact on litigation practices and legal protection for legal entities in Indonesia. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the decision enhances legal certainty by clarifying previously ambiguous norms that often led to the criminalization of freedom of expression. However, the restriction of legal subjects has shifted the legal protection mechanism for legal entities from criminal to civil remedies under Article 1365 of the Civil Code. This shift poses challenges in terms of effectiveness, particularly due to more complex litigation processes and the lack of deterrent effect compared to criminal sanctions. Therefore, a balanced approach is required between protecting freedom of expression and safeguarding institutional reputation, alongside strengthening regulations and public legal awareness to achieve justice, legal certainty, and legal utility.

This study aims to design and develop a web-based Eweta Village Tourism Promotion Information System using the Codeigniter Framework to facilitate the dissemination of information on village tourist destinations to the community and tourists. Lokomboro Village has natural and cultural tourism potential that has not been optimally managed, especially in terms of digital promotion. This system was built using the Waterfall software development method, which includes the stages of requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. This web-based system is equipped with features such as tourist attraction information, photo galleries, tourism activity schedules, and contact details for managers. The CodeIgniter Framework was chosen for its advantages in MVC structure, which facilitates code management, security, and application scalability. Testing results show that the system is capable of displaying promotional information interactively, responsively, and accessible at any time by interested users, making it suitable for use as a tourism promotion medium for Pada Eweta Village.

Human activities, from household to industrial operations, generate liquid waste that poses a threat to the environment. Before discharge, liquid waste should be treated to ensure it is safe for release into the environment. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a hybrid ozonation-adsorption method with varying contact times. This study collected leachate samples from the Rajabasa Landfill and used fly ash from the Tarahan Coal-Fired Power Plant as the adsorbent. First, the study used contact times of 20, 40, 60, and 80 minutes for ozonation. Subsequently, the 80-minute sample proceeded to the adsorption stage and was ultimately tested against six parameters. The measured parameters included COD, TSS, TDS, turbidity, UV254, and DO. The results showed that the 80-minute ozonation process significantly reduced TSS, TDS, and DO levels. However, the ozonation process still left intermediate compounds, which were subsequently removed by adsorption. Ultimately, the combination of the two processes yields good results, particularly for COD and UV254. This aligns with the theory that ozonation breaks down complex compounds while the adsorbent absorbs residual pollutants. This hybrid process achieves a 45.47% reduction in COD and an 87.83% reduction in UV254.

This article examines honor killing in North Africa as a form of gender-based violence rooted in family honor, patriarchal control, and social change that has not yet produced a stable new order. The research employs normative legal methods through statutory, case, and comparative criminal law approaches across three representative jurisdictions, namely Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The primary legal materials include criminal provisions on homicide, adultery, mitigating excuses, and the protection of women, with particular attention to Article 237 of the Egyptian Penal Code, Articles 418 and 491 of the Moroccan Penal Code, the repeal history of Article 207 of the Tunisian Penal Code, Article 236 of the Tunisian Penal Code, and Law No. 58 of 2017 on Eliminating Violence Against Women. The findings show that honor in this region operates as a social mechanism for regulating women’s bodies, sexuality, mobility, and life choices, reinforced by community pressure, reputational stigma, and family-based moral legitimacy. Social transition does not remove this logic; instead, it reshapes conflict and diversifies forms of control, ranging from threats, confinement, coercion, and the criminalization of sexual morality to homicide itself. On the legal plane, Egypt and Morocco still retain norms that soften criminal responses in certain situations linked to adultery, whereas Tunisia has moved in a more progressive direction by abolishing explicit mitigation and strengthening protection for women, even though the regulation of sexual morality has not been fully abandoned.

This research aims to examine the provisions and status of probation as a principal punishment in the National Criminal Code, as well as its relevance to achieving the objectives of reforming the penal system in Indonesia. The research design employed is normative legal research using a legislative and conceptual approach. The data utilized consists of secondary data obtained through a literature review, analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques. The results of the research show that probation under Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code has been established as one of the principal penalties that can be directly imposed by a judge, thus no longer merely a component of conditional sentences as in the old Criminal Code. This regulation reflects a paradigm shift in sentencing from a retributive approach toward a rehabilitative and restorative approach by providing offenders with the opportunity to remain within the community under supervision. However, its implementation still faces challenges, including the absence of comprehensive technical regulations, potential conflicts of norms, and institutional limitations in carrying out supervision. Therefore, supervised probation holds significant relevance as a more humane sentencing alternative, although it requires strengthened regulations and a supervision system to ensure its effective and consistent application.

Adoption is an act of adopting a child which, according to legal regulations, transfers the rights and responsibilities of the child from their biological parents to their adoptive parents. This study aims to examine the legal framework governing the legal determination of adopted children. This research was conducted using a juridical-normative research approach. This study focuses on reviewing the status of an adopted child, including their position in obtaining inheritance rights, using a review of the Civil Code and other applicable regulations. Based on the analysis that has been carried out, the position or status of a child adopted by adoptive parents has a legal status if it is carried out through applicable legal procedures, which means that the child has equal rights to biological children. This research is expected to contribute to providing references for firmness in family law that is more certain and does not harm any party.

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven numerous innovations in wireless communications that not only demand technical efficiency but also raise philosophical questions about the nature of scientific knowledge. One such innovation is Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC), a communication technique that utilizes signal interference as a source of information to enhance system performance. This paper examines the philosophical dimensions of science within PLNC, focusing on three fundamental aspects: ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontologically, PLNC represents a new paradigm in wireless communication that reinterprets interference not merely as noise but as an opportunity. Epistemologically, knowledge of PLNC is derived through scientific methods such as mathematical modeling, experimentation, and simulation—yielding intersubjective and verifiable truths. Axiologically, PLNC holds practical value in terms of energy efficiency, data reliability, and contributions to the sustainability of IoT ecosystems, while also raising ethical considerations regarding privacy and information security. Thus, this study demonstrates that the development of PLNC cannot be separated from philosophical reflection, emphasizing the profound interconnection between technological advancement, scientific methodology, and human values.

The progress of the era accompanying the growth of Generation Z has made it easier and faster for Generation Z to socialize. In this digital era, people are likely to use Indonesian that does not conform to the rules. Sometimes, code-mixing occurs among Generation Z. This study was conducted to determine whether the digital era really has a significant influence on the language competence of Generation Z. This study, which uses a quantitative descriptive method, is expected to be one of many studies discussing the language skills of Generation Z. To that end, this study distributed questionnaires to 108 people from Generation Z. The results show that the level of influence of the digital era is moderate, while the language competence of the respondents is quite good, with an average score of 28.04. These findings indicate that even though Generation Z actively uses digital media and is often exposed to non-standard language on social media, their Indonesian language skills are still fairly well maintained. Therefore, the digital era does not significantly reduce language competence, although good language awareness is still necessary to prevent the quality of Indonesian from falling.