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This research analyses the challenges to service innovation in civil registration, specifically the issuance of birth certificates at the Sidoarjo Regency Department of Population and Civil Registration, within the context of governmental digital transformation. Employing a qualitative approach via in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis, the study identifies various obstacles encountered in the process of public service digitisation. The findings indicate that the principal challenges include: (1) resistance to change from both civil servants and the public regarding the digital system; (2) limitations in information technology infrastructure and internet connectivity in rural areas; (3) the digital literacy gap between urban and rural community groups; (4) the complexity of coordination among government agencies within the integrated system; and (5) budgetary constraints for continuous system maintenance and development. The study also found that despite various innovations such as online services, mobile apps, and digital queuing systems, their implementation still faces significant technical and non-technical impediments. These findings contribute to the literature on public sector innovation by revealing the dynamics of e-government implementation at the regency/city level, and offer strategic recommendations for policymakers on optimising the digital transformation of civil registration services. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis, which integrates technological, organisational, and social perspectives within the context of local government in Indonesia post-COVID-19 pandemic.

In today's world, the crisis of moral integrity and low quality of leadership have become one of the most serious challenges in education and social life. This study aims to examine how Christian Religious Education and family interactions contribute to the formation of a culture of quality that supports the growth of leadership character based on faith, responsibility, and a spirit of service. The approach used is a reflective literature study with a review of eleven journals, sixteen books or other sources from theological and educational philosophy perspectives, and leadership studies. The results of the study show that Christian Religious Education not only fosters spiritual awareness and ethical thinking skills, but also strengthens students' commitment to excellence as a manifestation of living faith, hence the emphasis is on the active role of parents. The integration of faith education and family interaction creates a culture of quality that encourages continuous growth, self-reflection, and integrity in leadership. The novelty in this study is the formation of an integrated culture of quality.

Obstetricians are often confronted with medical malpractice lawsuits, even when they have acted in accordance with professional standards, medical service standards, operational procedures, and medical ethics. Medical malpractice is generally defined as negligence or deviation from professional standards that results in serious harm to patients (Fiscina, 1999). This study aims to examine the application of the concept of medical malpractice along with its legal implications and to analyze the forms of legal protection available to obstetricians under Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, viewed from the perspective of the principle of justice. Using a normative juridical method with descriptive-analytical specifications, the research employed a literature study and qualitative deductive analysis. The results indicate that legal protection for obstetricians consists of two dimensions: preventive and repressive. Preventive protection includes the implementation of informed consent, proper medical records, and compliance with standard operating procedures. Repressive protection involves legal defense mechanisms and institutional or professional organizational support. However, this protection remains suboptimal, as the decisions of the Indonesian Medical Disciplinary Board (MKDKI) are not always taken into account by the courts (Rahman, 2022). From the perspective of Rawls’ principle of justice, protection for obstetricians should ensure a balanced recognition of both patients’ and doctors’ rights, thereby promoting fairness and equitable justice for all parties (Rawls, 1971).

The understanding of the doctrine of humanity and sin in Christian theology reveals the essence of human nature and the need for divine redemption. This study aims to examine theological perspectives on human nature and sin, focusing on the relationship between the Imago Dei and the fall of humanity. Using a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review, the research analyzes biblical texts and theological interpretations from various Christian scholars. The results show that humans, created in the image and likeness of God, were originally good and endowed with moral and spiritual capacity. However, through sin, humans experienced separation from God and moral corruption. Nevertheless, God’s grace through Jesus Christ enables the restoration of humanity’s divine image and reconciles the broken relationship with the Creator. The study highlights that understanding these doctrines helps believers realize their dependence on God’s grace, leading to repentance, transformation, and ethical living. The implication encourages Christians to maintain a responsible, spiritual, and moral life as a reflection of the renewed image of God within them.

This study discusses legal protection for victims of human trafficking disguised as job vacancies in Myanmar, which has affected hundreds of Indonesian citizens. This phenomenon shows a new mode of digital-based human trafficking through social media, offering fictitious high-paying jobs that ultimately lead to forced labor in the online scamming sector. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach, which examines Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, the 2000 Palermo Protocol, and a number of International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions related to forced labor and labor migration. The results of the study show that this case fulfills the elements of human trafficking as stipulated in Article 2 paragraph (1) of the TPPO Law, because there are elements of recruitment, fraud, confinement, and forced labor exploitation. From an international law perspective, these actions violate the provisions of the Palermo Protocol and the ILO convention on the elimination of forced labor. The Indonesian government has a legal and moral responsibility to provide protection and recovery for victims of TPPO, as well as to ensure the principle of non-criminalization. However, the implementation of protection is still hampered by weak supervision of digital recruitment, jurisdictional limitations, and suboptimal cross-border cooperation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the digital-based migrant protection system, enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation, and apply the principle of state due diligence in the prevention and enforcement of laws against cross-border TPPO.  

This qualitative case study examines how the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach can be adapted to general English classes in a higher education institution in Timor-Leste to answer the long-standing question of how students can acquire speaking proficiency in a multilingual learning environment. The paper brings into focus the incorporation of CLT into classroom activities with special emphasis on the application of role play, pair work, seminars, simulations, and task-based learning as means of promoting interactive and communicative competence. A descriptive qualitative case study design was used to develop in-depth knowledge of contextual teaching and learning experiences, the perspectives of the participants, and naturally occurring practices in the institutional setting. Semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis were the data-gathering methods. Purposive sampling was used to select the two lecturers and seven students directly involved in teaching general English. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, which made it possible to identify repeated themes and patterns that revealed both opportunities and difficulties in implementing CLT in context. The results of the study indicate that, despite the adaptation of the CTL approach in teaching practices, its implementation is often sporadic due to concerns about English proficiency, teacher training, and flexibility in using local and official languages during instruction. The research demonstrates the necessity of adapting CLT methods to the local education environment and arranging long-term professional development for lecturers. This study helps us understand how context-sensitive CLT approaches can lead to improved results in teaching and learning English in Timor-Leste. The interactive approach and the systematic teacher model could significantly improve students' communicative competence.

This qualitative study addresses the critical gap between religious diversity and national security in Indonesia by proposing interfaith competence as a strategic imperative. Situated within a constructivist framework, the research investigates the perspectives of Christian educators, positing that their unique position at the intersection of faith formation and pedagogy offers invaluable insights into building sustainable religious harmony. Constructivism provides the analytical lens, emphasizing that understandings of religious "others," security threats, and peaceful coexistence are socially constructed through discourse, experience, and education. Therefore, the development of interfaith competence is not merely an ethical goal but a active process of constructing a shared societal reality resilient to sectarian conflict. The primary objective of this research is to explore how Christian educators conceptualize, practice, and perceive their role in fostering interfaith competence as a contribution to Indonesia's national security architecture. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews and thematic analysis was employed to identify recurring patterns and nuanced understandings. The findings reveal that these educators view interfaith competence comprising affective, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions as a vital tool for deconstructing prejudice and building social cohesion. They position their educational practices as essential for shaping citizens who can navigate a multireligious society, thereby mitigating the risks of radicalization and conflict that threaten national integrity. The study concludes that integrating interfaith competence, as articulated by these grassroots actors, into broader national policy offers a proactive, soft-power strategy for safeguarding Indonesia's security, moving beyond purely military or political approaches to foster a collectively constructed resilience.

This research aims to examine the impact of integrating cleaner production practices with green supply chain technologies as a comprehensive approach to achieving environmental sustainability. The study highlights that cleaner production and green supply chain management represent advanced, innovative strategies that have emerged as a response to the growing environmental challenges caused by the rapid expansion and diversification of industrial activities. These technologies are not only environmentally oriented but also carry significant economic implications for organizations. The findings emphasize that adopting cleaner production involves minimizing waste generation, improving production efficiency, and ensuring that processes are designed to have minimal adverse effects on the environment. On the other hand, green supply chain technologies focus on integrating environmental thinking into every stage of the supply chain—ranging from product design, material sourcing, and manufacturing processes to logistics, product delivery, and end-of-life management. The study concludes that the synergy between these two approaches provides multiple benefits. From an environmental perspective, they contribute to reducing carbon emissions, particularly from fuel-powered machinery and transportation systems. They also promote the rational use of resources, including energy, water, and raw materials, thereby helping to preserve natural resources for future generations. From an economic perspective, their implementation leads to reduced operational costs by enhancing efficiency, decreasing waste disposal expenses, and optimizing resource usage. Furthermore, the integration of cleaner production and green supply chain technologies supports compliance with environmental regulations and enhances the corporate image of economic units, enabling them to gain competitive advantages in increasingly eco-conscious markets. Overall, the research affirms that these practices are essential tools for confronting and mitigating the environmental pollution challenges of modern industries, while simultaneously fostering sustainable economic growth and long-term environmental protection.

This article discusses the meaning of religious values ​​in the Pati Ka Du'a Bapu Ata Mata tradition of the Ende Lio community and how this tradition is understood from a Catholic perspective. This tradition is a form of respect for ancestors who are believed to continue to play a role in the lives of their descendants. The study aims to explain the religious meaning, ethical values, and the integration of local traditions with the Catholic faith through an inculturation process. Using qualitative methods through interviews, observations, and literature studies, this study found that the Pati Ka Du'a Bapu Ata Mata tradition contains values ​​of gratitude, solidarity, togetherness, and an awareness of human connection with nature, ancestors, and God. From a Catholic perspective, these values ​​align with teachings on respect for others and the communion of saints, although some elements of the tradition require theological refinement to conform to Catholic principles. These findings suggest that local traditions can serve as a means of deepening faith, strengthening cultural identity, and encouraging harmonious religious practices within the Ende Lio community.

The contemporary digital era has triggered the normalization of pornography and promiscuous sexual behavior, which significantly threatens the theological understanding and sacramental practice of Catholic marriage among young adults. This article aims to examine, from a theological-juridical perspective, how canons 1055–1101 of the Code of Canon Law (CIC) serve as the authoritative foundation for the Church in safeguarding the dignity and validity of the sacrament of marriage. The method employed is a comprehensive literature study of the CIC, relevant magisterial documents of the Church, and contemporary scholarly works on the dynamics of young adult relationships. The concise findings indicate that exposure to and normalization of pornography directly weaken three fundamental aspects of Catholic marriage, namely the capacity to give free consent, the intention to practice permanent fidelity, and the correct understanding of the body’s meaning as a total self-gift. Nevertheless, the Church possesses solid canonical and pastoral instruments to address these challenges and facilitate restoration. In conclusion, a synergistic integration of canonical approaches, moral teachings, and pastoral guidance is required to assist young adult couples so that they may realize marriages that are not only canonically valid but also psychologically mature and sacramentally holy.

Parenting plays a crucial role in shaping a child's personality and religious values ​​from an early age. This study aims to examine the concept of parenting from an Islamic perspective, particularly according to the views of Imam Al-Ghazali, a prominent Islamic scholar and thinker. The method used was a literature review with a descriptive analytical and historical approach. The results show that Islamic parenting, according to Al-Ghazali, is based on the principles of monotheism, faith, and noble morals derived from the Quran and Sunnah. Al-Ghazali viewed children as a trust from Allah, born in a state of fitrah (purity) and as potential beings who are the hope of the community. Educating children must be done from an early age because childhood is a golden period that is very decisive in character formation. The parenting methods recommended by Al-Ghazali include: (1) the habituation method to shape character through continuous practice; (2) the role model method, where parents serve as direct role models for children; (3) the storytelling method to instill moral values; (4) the advice method with a compassionate approach; and (5) reward and punishment methods applied wisely. Al Ghazali's parenting concept emphasizes the importance of parents' role in creating a conducive environment for children's spiritual, moral, and social development, which not only impacts worldly life but also the afterlife. This research contributes to the idea of ​​the urgency of implementing Islamic teachings in educating and raising children in the digital era, which is full of various challenges.

The rapid growth of global digital technology has significantly reshaped social, economic, and legal systems. This transformation presents new challenges for states in fulfilling their legal responsibilities toward digital consumer protection amid the emergence of global citizenship. This study aims to analyze the forms of state responsibility in protecting digital consumer rights through legal and transnational ethical perspectives. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this research focuses on national legal instruments such as Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act No. 27 of 2022 and regional policies such as the ASEAN Digital Framework Agreement 2025. The findings reveal that states bear dual responsibilities: protecting citizens’ digital rights domestically and adhering to international norms globally. This responsibility involves law enforcement against data violations, policy harmonization, and the strengthening of digital ethics. The study concludes that cross-border cooperation and ethical integration are essential to ensure fair and sustainable digital governance.

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the low participation of Catholic Youth in spiritual activities at St. Mikhael Kotabaru Parish. The research used a qualitative approach with a descriptive design to obtain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. Research subjects consisted of one Catholic Youth coordinator and six members selected purposively to represent diverse perspectives. Data collection techniques included unstructured interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. The data were then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, which involves data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the low participation of Catholic Youth is influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include low motivation, shyness, lack of self-confidence, unstable physical conditions, and the excessive use of social media, which often distracts youth from engaging in church life. Meanwhile, external factors consist of economic limitations, heavy school and work commitments, insufficient mentoring from religious leaders, negative peer influence, and minimal family support. These challenges collectively contribute to the declining interest and active involvement of Catholic Youth in spiritual activities. This research highlights the urgency of creating innovative spiritual activity programs that are more attractive and relevant to the needs of young people in the current era. In addition, optimizing mentoring and guidance from parish leaders, parents, and peers is crucial to strengthen motivation and a sense of belonging among Catholic Youth. By addressing both internal and external factors simultaneously, the church community can foster a more participative and dynamic youth movement. Therefore, strategic collaboration among religious leaders, families, and the youth themselves is essential in revitalizing Catholic Youth participation in church life.

This study aims to analyze the practice of price determination in the buffet system without price labels at Café Santiniketan, Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, Campus 4 Banyuwangi, from the perspective of mashlahah mursalah and Islamic economic principles. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including observation, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and documentation. The data were analyzed using an interactive analysis model consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that Café Santiniketan has implemented the principles of fairness, honesty, and transparency in its transaction system. Payments are made before consumption to avoid elements of uncertainty (gharar), while pricing is based on the types of food selected and mutual consent (al-ridha). The buffet system provides flexibility for consumers to choose menu portions according to their needs. This practice aligns with the concept of mashlahah mursalah because it provides benefits for public interest and supports the economic independence of the pesantren community. However, challenges arise regarding the inconsistency between price and portion size, which has led to criticism from some customers. This condition highlights the need to improve price clarity to ensure compliance with the principle of fairness in Islamic economics. Overall, the implementation of the buying and selling system at Café Santiniketan has demonstrated good sharia-based economic practices, yet requires ongoing evaluation and development to ensure trust and customer satisfaction.

The purpose of this training is to provide understanding, competence and skills for training participants about the utilization of waste from broiler farms (litter) to be used as organic fertilizer, so that it can increase the income of farmers and can reduce negative impacts on the environment. The training method includes lectures, discussion, visits to broiler farm locations and practical work on making organic fertilizer for 30 training participants. Lectures and practical work on making organic fertilizer were carried out at the Animal Production Laboratory of the Animal Husbandry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University. The results of the activity showed an increase in understanding of the management of waste from broiler farms to be managed properly. The conclusion of the Community Service Program Training on Making Organic Fertilizer Using Broiler Manure is as follows: This training succeeded in increasing 92,56 percent the knowledge, competence and skills of participants regarding the processing of broiler waste (litter) into quality organic fertilizer; This training provides an effective solution to overcome the problem of broiler waste (litter) accumulation in the livestock environment; This training changed the perspective of training participants on producing and commercializing organic fertilizer, so that it can increase the income of farmers.

In an effort to understand the nature of existence and the purpose of education, humans continually ponder fundamental questions about reality, knowledge, and life's values. Philosophy appears as a light that illuminates the darkness of these questions, offering a profound and systematic framework for thought. However, from an Islamic perspective, this search for truth does not rely solely on reason but is harmoniously integrated with Divine revelation. Islamic ontology places God as the source of all reality, its epistemology unites reason and revelation in the pursuit of knowledge, while axiology guides all educational actions and goals toward the formation of pious and noble individuals. This symbiotic integration gives rise to a transformative educational paradigm that not only fosters intellectual intelligence but also humanizes and purifies the soul, thus producing a holistic generation that contributes to the well-being of humanity. This paradigm aligns Islamic education with global realities, prioritizing a balance between worldly and otherworldly knowledge, and emphasizing moral and spiritual development as integral parts of a more holistic and sustainable education.

This research aims to reinterpret the vision of the Protestant Batak Christian Huria (HKBP) "to be a blessing to the world" from the perspective of diakonia. This research uses a literature method with a qualitative approach through the study of theological literature, history, and church documents. The results of the study show that diakonia is the main entrance to the gospel message in the Land of Batak that brings social, educational, and health transformation to the community. However, in its development, HKBP's diakonic practice tends to be centered on church institutions and has not fully involved the active participation of congregation members. In addition, there is a tendency for service that is charitable without sustainable empowerment. Therefore, it is necessary to reinterpret the vision of HKBP by emphasizing the formation of a diaconal congregation, where all members of the congregation should be equipped and encouraged to be involved in the service of love in the community. Thus, diakonia is not only a program of the church, but a real and transformative practice of living of faith, so that the church truly becomes a blessing to the world. Furthermore, strengthening congregational capacity through contextual theological education and the development of local needs-based ministries is an important strategy in realizing a responsive and inclusive church. This approach is expected to be able to encourage the sustainability of diakonia services which not only has a short-term impact, but also builds independence and community welfare holistically.

This study aims to analyze in depth the cultural construction of independence in Islamic boarding schools through the perspective of educational sociology. The main focus of this study is to explore how social structures, power relations between kyai and santri, and hidden curriculum mechanisms contribute significantly to the formation of santri's independent character. This research is motivated by the discrepancy between national educational goals and the reality of the crisis of independence often found in formal educational institutions. Using descriptive qualitative methods through a literature study and critical synthesis approach, this study examines the phenomenon of independence as a sociological product. The results of the study show that the independence of santri is not merely obedience to formal rules, but rather the result of the formation of internalized habitus through strict daily discipline and the accumulation of cultural capital transmitted by the figure of the kyai. These findings confirm that the charismatic relationship between kyai and santri serves as the main channel for transmitting the values of initiative and responsibility. Furthermore, the hidden curriculum manifested in the daily exemplary behavior of the kyai has proven to be more effective in shaping the autonomy of santri than conventional classroom instruction. The implications of this study confirm that the educational ecosystem model in Islamic boarding schools can serve as a strategic reference for modern educational institutions in overcoming the challenges of character degradation and independence among students in the contemporary era.

In Islam, the family is a spiritual institution that plays a central role in shaping human psychological and moral balance. However, modernization, individualism, and value disorientation have led to rising psychological crises and disharmony in Muslim households. This issue requires a scientific approach that goes beyond legal-normative perspectives toward an integrative psychological understanding. This study aims to analyze the concept of Sakinah, Mawaddah, and Rahmah from a psychological perspective to formulate a contextual and applicable model of family well-being. The research employs a qualitative library research method by synthesizing Islamic sources (Qur’an, Hadith, and classical scholarship) with contemporary psychological theories of emotional well-being and spiritual intelligence. The findings reveal that Sakinah represents spiritual-emotional equilibrium, Mawaddah functions as an ethical and transcendental affective energy, and Rahmah embodies compassionate empathy that nurtures healing and forgiveness. Together, these values constitute the Islamic Family Well-Being Model, an integrative paradigm that situates spirituality as emotional regulation, love as affective force, and compassion as moral regulator. This model asserts that genuine harmony in Muslim families can only be achieved through psycho-spiritual balance grounded in divine values.

This study examines the Lom Plai tradition of the Dayak Wehea community from the perspective of Catholic inculturation theology. Although this tradition has been widely studied from an anthropological perspective, no research has specifically examined the meaning of its values, symbols, and rituals in the light of inculturation. Therefore, this study is important to see the possibility of dialogue between the Gospel and local culture. The purpose of this study is to understand how elements of Lom Plai culture can be interpreted and processed within the framework of inculturation theology and how the values ​​contained therein can enrich the pastoral life of the community. The study uses a literature review method with a qualitative-contextual theological approach through analysis of theological literature, Church documents, and ethnographic studies of the Dayak Wehea. The research findings indicate that the values ​​of harvest gratitude, respect for the land, community solidarity, and symbols such as rice and thanksgiving rituals are aligned with Christian spirituality and have the potential to be integrated into pastoral practice. The implications of this study emphasize the need for ongoing discernment so that the inculturation process runs authentically, enriches the community's faith, and maintains the cultural identity of the Wehea community.