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This study aims to explore the use of classroom talk in Indonesian EFL classrooms, specifically when teaching descriptive texts. Utilizing Sinclair & Coulthard's (1975) discourse analysis theory, the study focuses on the Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) model, which offers a framework for analyzing classroom interactions. By applying this model, classroom discourse can be broken down into a hierarchical structure that includes Exchanges, Moves, and Acts. This structure allows for a detailed examination of teacher-student communication, making its subtle nuances more explicit and accessible for analysis. The IRF model is widely recognized for its applicability and effectiveness in identifying the functional roles of utterances in classroom talk. One key observation from this study is that teacher-led initiation and questioning often dominate the discourse, with students primarily responding to the teacher’s prompts. The study suggests that the implications of the IRF model can help teachers reflect on their communication patterns and improve their teaching methods. By transforming teacher-centered scaffolding into a more student-centered approach, teachers can foster more effective interactions that enhance student engagement and learning. The study also highlights the importance of using the IRF model as a diagnostic tool for improving classroom communication practices and encouraging more dynamic and student-oriented teaching methods.

This study aimed to analyze the application of Sinclair and Coulthard’s verbal and nonverbal model in teaching descriptive text to 11th-grade students. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research was conducted through Classroom Discourse Analysis based on a recorded English teaching session at MAS Darul Azhariyun. The data consisted of the teacher’s and students’ verbal and nonverbal interactions, transcribed and categorized according to Sinclair and Coulthard’s (1975) framework, including exchange, move, and act. The findings revealed that the classroom interaction was predominantly teacher-centered, structured through the Initiation–Response–Feedback (IRF) sequence. However, despite the teacher’s dominant role, interactive moments occurred through group discussions, presentations, and questioning sessions that encouraged student participation. Nonverbal communication such as gestures, facial expressions, and tone were found to reinforce meaning, support comprehension, and maintain engagement. The study identified that while students’ responses were often short, the teacher’s scaffolding and feedback effectively maintained communicative flow and ensured lesson coherence. These findings suggest that the integration of verbal and nonverbal discourse based on Sinclair and Coulthard’s model contributes to clearer instructional structure, improved classroom interaction, and increased student attentiveness. It also highlights the potential of discourse analysis as a reflective tool for teachers to evaluate communication strategies and promote more interactive, meaningful language learning environments.

This study aims to develop, validate, and test the effectiveness of a scaffolding-based e-module integrated with educational games on the topic of market equilibrium to improve students’ problem-solving skills in economics learning. The research utilized the ADDIE development model, which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. A total of 72 students from SMA Negeri 1 Kelapa participated in the study, divided into experimental and control groups. Data were collected through validation questionnaires, pre-tests, and post-tests. The results showed that the e-module obtained a very high level of feasibility, with average validation scores of 3.86 from material experts, 3.88 from media experts, 3.95 from teachers, and 3.49 from students, indicating that the product met the quality criteria for instructional media. Furthermore, effectiveness testing revealed that students in the experimental class achieved an N-Gain score of 0.56, categorized as moderate, which was significantly higher than the control class score of 0.30. These results suggest that the scaffolding-based e-module integrated with educational games is both feasible and effective in enhancing students’ problem-solving skills and learning engagement in economics education.

This study aims to analyze the variation skills possessed by students of the Religious Arts Education program in the Microteaching course at the State Christian Institute of Theology (IAKN) Kupang in 2025. This research is descriptive qualitative, aimed at exploring and understanding the basic skills of applying variations implemented by students as prospective teachers. The analysis not only provides a general overview but also reveals the complexity of the basic skills applied in teaching practice. The results of the study show that out of seventeen students who conducted microteaching practices, 90% of them understand and master the skills of applying variations, particularly in teaching style variations such as the use of voice variation, attention focusing, and silence. This study also found that a dynamic teaching style can enhance student engagement. Furthermore, variations in the use of media and teaching materials, including those that can be seen, heard, and touched, provide a more comprehensive learning experience for students. This research is expected to contribute to the development of students' teaching skills in the future.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the question-and-answer method in mathematics learning. The research method employed is a literature review using a descriptive qualitative approach. Findings from several relevant studies indicate that the question-and-answer method enhances students' learning outcomes, fosters active participation, and strengthens critical thinking and communication skills. Variations in its implementation, such as multi-directional questioning, chain questioning, and experiment-based questioning, enrich classroom interaction and help students grasp abstract mathematical concepts. Furthermore, the method promotes an interactive learning environment where students are encouraged to think critically, reflect on their understanding, and actively engage with their peers. The collaborative nature of the question-and-answer technique supports the development of social skills, making it an effective tool for both cognitive and social learning. Therefore, the question-and-answer method can be considered an effective instructional strategy to improve the quality of mathematics learning, particularly in enhancing problem-solving abilities, fostering a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts, and improving student-teacher interactions.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains a global and national health problem, with Indonesia among the top three countries with the highest TB burden in the world. Long TB treatment often impacts the physical, social, emotional, functional, and spiritual aspects of patients, so measuring the quality of health is important in assessing the success of therapy comprehensively. This study aims to determine the description of the quality of health of Tuberculosis patients at Wava Husada Hospital Malang using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Tuberculosis (FACIT-TB) instrument. This study is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach conducted on outpatient TB patients at Wava Husada Hospital Malang during June–August 2025. A total of 113 respondents who met the inclusion criteria were included. Data were obtained through the FACIT-TB questionnaire, which comprises five main variables: Physical Well-Being, Social/Family Well-Being, Emotional Well-Being, Functional Well-Being, and Spiritual Well-Being. The results showed that the majority of patients (53.1%) experienced moderate physical impairment, 73.5% had good social engagement, and 70.8% were emotionally stable. Fifty-four percent of respondents still had moderate functional impairment, while 45.1% were in the moderate spiritual impairment category. These findings indicate that although most patients demonstrated good emotional and social adaptation, physical, functional, and spiritual challenges remain that require further attention in healthcare. In conclusion, the overall quality of health of TB patients at Wava Husada Hospital in Malang is in the moderate category. These results underscore the importance of a multidimensional approach to TB patient management, emphasizing not only medical aspects but also psychosocial and spiritual support to improve therapy success and patient quality of life.

This study aims to examine the application of behaviorism learning theory in enhancing student engagement in mathematics learning, particularly arithmetic sequences and series. The study was conducted at SMK Karya Serdang Lubuk Pakam with 24 tenth-grade students in a single meeting on September 17, 2025. The research team delivered the material, provided stimulus in the form of problems written on the board, and applied positive reinforcement by giving rewards to students who dared to and successfully answered. Data were collected through observation, field notes, and brief interviews. The results showed a significant increase in student engagement: more students volunteered to solve problems on the board, the classroom atmosphere became more lively, and participation in discussions improved. Although some students remained hesitant, the behaviorist strategy proved effective in enhancing motivation and engagement. These findings reinforce the theories of Thorndike, Pavlov, and Skinner, which emphasize the stimulus–response relationship and reinforcement as the basis of learning (Hamruni et al., 2021; Yusup, 2024).

Behavioral change toward a healthy lifestyle in rural communities remains a major challenge requiring strategic and sustainable approaches. Social marketing has proven to be an effective tool in promoting behavior change through communication, education, and empowerment. This study aims to examine the application of social marketing education to improve health awareness and behaviors among rural communities, focusing on hygiene, balanced nutrition, and prevention of infectious diseases. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach involving observation, interviews, and secondary data analysis from governmental and non-profit health promotion programs. The findings indicate that community-based social marketing, supported by local leaders and media, successfully increased participation in health and nutrition activities by up to 68%. The study concludes that social marketing education can effectively promote healthy behavioral changes when integrated with local cultural values and active community engagement.

The low level of financial literacy in Indonesia, which only reached 49.68% according to the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in 2022, highlights the urgency of financial education from an early age. Children aged 11–12 are at an ideal developmental stage to understand basic financial concepts such as income, expenses, saving, and delayed gratification. This study aims to introduce financial literacy through an interactive learning medium in the form of a board game. Board games are chosen because they enhance children's engagement in learning while playing and serve as an alternative to excessive gadget use. Through gameplay, children practice financial decision-making by simulating buying and selling activities, managing expenses, and choosing to save. This approach also supports the development of children's self-efficacy, which refers to their belief in their ability to manage financial tasks. By applying this method, children are expected not only to understand the value of money but also to implement basic financial management skills in daily life. Educational board games offer an effective tool for instilling healthy financial habits from an early age.

This study investigates the occurrence and functions of nonstandard language variation in Instagram headlines posted by @folkative, a popular digital media account known for its creative use of informal language. Despite the growing attention to social media discourse, little research has focused on how nonstandard forms operate in short, attention-grabbing digital headlines. Guided by Labov’s (1972) variationist sociolinguistic framework, this study employs a descriptive qualitative method complemented by simple quantification. The data consist of headlines uploaded by @folkative throughout September 2025. The analysis reveals four main types of nonstandard variation: code-mixing, nonstandard spelling, colloquial expressions, and lexical innovation. Among these, code-mixing appears most frequently (33.93%). The use of nonstandard language is not arbitrary but rather reflects deliberate stylistic and social choices. These variations serve several communicative and pragmatic functions, including attracting readers’ attention, conveying humor, saving space within limited character counts, expressing solidarity with followers, and constructing a modern, cosmopolitan online identity. The findings demonstrate that nonstandard language in Instagram headlines contributes to meaning-making and audience engagement, showing how Indonesian users creatively manipulate linguistic resources to suit digital communication norms.

Digital transformation has fundamentally reshaped the landscape of public service delivery worldwide, with e-government emerging as a critical mechanism for enhancing government efficiency, transparency, and citizen engagement. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of e-government implementation in Indonesia, examining the trajectory of digital transformation in public services, the institutional frameworks supporting this transition, and the multifaceted impacts on service quality and governance outcomes. Through systematic literature review and critical policy analysis, this research explores the evolution of Indonesia's e-government initiatives from early adoption to current comprehensive digital service platforms, investigating both successes and persistent challenges. The findings reveal that Indonesia has made substantial progress in developing e-government infrastructure and applications across national and local government levels, with notable achievements including integrated digital identity systems, online business licensing platforms, and citizen complaint management systems. These initiatives have demonstrably improved service accessibility, reduced processing times, minimized corruption opportunities, and enhanced government responsiveness. However, implementation remains uneven across regions and government institutions, constrained by factors including digital infrastructure disparities, limited digital literacy among citizens and officials, organizational resistance to change, inadequate interoperability between systems, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The research identifies critical success factors for effective e-government implementation including strong leadership commitment, adequate resource allocation, comprehensive capacity building programs, citizen-centric design principles, robust legal frameworks, and collaborative partnerships between government, private sector, and civil society.

The food and beverage (F&B) industry in Indonesia has experienced rapid growth, particularly in the ice cream and frozen dessert subsector, marked by increasing sales and intensifying competition. This development requires businesses, including Mixue, to implement effective marketing strategies through the integration of digital and physical channels (Omnichannel Marketing), product assortment, and online customer reviews. This study employs a quantitative causal-associative approach using survey questionnaires analyzed with multiple linear regression to examine the influence of these variables on Mixue consumers’ purchase intention in Medan. The results indicate that Omnichannel Marketing and online customer reviews have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention, while product assortment has a positive but non-significant effect. The dominant indicator in purchase intention is exploratory interest, where consumers actively seek information and try new products. These findings emphasize that channel integration, information transparency, and product quality are key factors in enhancing consumer engagement and loyalty. Recommendations include strengthening omnichannel strategies, actively managing digital reviews, and innovating seasonal products to maintain purchase intention and expand market share.

In the digital era, YouTube has become a powerful platform for sharing knowledge, shaping perspectives, and encouraging critical engagement. This study explores how multimodal elements—verbal, visual, and audio—construct meaning in the educational video “Kalau Kamu Mau Punya Critical Thinking, Jangan Skip Obrolan Ini!” from the Suara Berkelas channel. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research interprets how these modes work together to support critical thinking. Data were collected through video observation, transcription, and documentation of multimodal features, then analyzed thematically using Kress and van Leeuwen’s multimodal framework and Facione’s critical thinking model. The findings show that the verbal mode structures logical arguments and rhetorical appeals, the visual mode emphasizes meaning through gestures, expressions, and text overlays, while the audio mode builds emotional engagement through tone, pauses, and background music. Together, these modes create a coherent and persuasive discourse that not only informs but also invites viewers to reflect critically. The study contributes theoretically to the understanding of multimodality in digital education and practically provides insights for educators and content creators to design more interactive, reflective, and engaging educational content.

This community service article presents the implementation of the GELORA outreach and training program conducted in Sebanen Village, Jember, Indonesia, focusing on the promotion of low-cost and eco-friendly fermented feeds formulated from locally available agricultural residues such as papaya leaves, rice bran, molasses, and EM4. The program aimed to strengthen the capacity of smallholder catfish farmers and the village enterprise (BUMDes) through a series of integrated activities including a rapid needs assessment, hands-on training sessions, technical mentoring, and knowledge dissemination. As a result, participants demonstrated improved technical skills in household-scale feed formulation and fermentation, a stronger understanding of sustainable and circular economy principles, and an increased willingness to adopt environmentally friendly aquaculture practices. Moreover, follow-up mentoring groups were established to ensure program continuity and local innovation. This participatory model effectively combines community engagement with scientific evidence in aquaculture nutrition and is suitable for replication in other rural aquaculture development contexts.

Digital transformation in higher education demands the sustainable use of Learning Management Systems (LMS). However, most previous studies have predominantly focused on cognitive aspects such as perceived usefulness and user satisfaction, overlooking the motivational dimensions that drive long-term engagement. This study aims to explore how System-Provided Autonomy Support (S-PAS)—the degree of autonomy support embedded within the system—shapes users’ continuance intention to use LMS through psychological need satisfaction and autonomous motivation. Employing an exploratory qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), task-based observations, and critical discourse analysis of institutional policies and system micro-copies across several universities under the coordination of LLDIKTI Region IX Sultanbatara. Thematic analysis revealed that users’ experiences with LMS are influenced by five key dimensions of S-PAS: meaningful choice, rationale provision, non-controlling language, emotional validation, and informational feedback. When the system and policies offer flexibility, empathetic communication, and clear rationales behind instructions, users exhibit higher levels of autonomous motivation and stronger commitment to LMS continuance. Conversely, administrative rigidity, technostress, and opaque surveillance practices undermine psychological need satisfaction and weaken users’ continuance intention. The study extends the application of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to educational technology by introducing S-PAS as a conceptual framework that bridges system design and user motivation. Practically, the findings offer strategic guidance for policymakers and developers to design LMS environments that are more autonomy-supportive, human-centered, and sustainable. Future research is encouraged to quantitatively validate the S-PAS model across diverse institutional and cultural contexts to enhance the generalizability and theoretical robustness of these findings.

Digital transformation has opened vast opportunities for the younger generation to engage in technology-based entrepreneurship. However, the low level of literacy regarding Sharia-based business among university students remains a major challenge in building a competitive halal startup ecosystem. This community engagement program aims to equip students with both conceptual understanding and practical skills in developing digital businesses aligned with Sharia principles. The program was implemented on May 10, 2025, involving 60 students from UNISKA, UMB, and Poliban. The method employed an educational-dialogical approach based on experiential learning, encompassing interactive seminars, technical workshops, and reflective evaluations. The training materials included the Sharia Business Model Canvas, halal design thinking, Islamic ethical digital marketing, as well as halal legality and certification. The program’s effectiveness was measured through pretest and posttest instruments, which showed a significant improvement in the average score from 58.3 to 82.7. These findings indicate that the program was effective in enhancing students’ understanding and readiness to become halalpreneurs. Furthermore, the experience fostered a transformation in students’ mindsets toward perceiving business as a means of worship and social contribution. The program is recommended to be replicated on a larger scale with cross-sectoral collaboration and support.

This study aims to analyze the application of digital marketing through social media at Yuk Ngopi Coffee UMKM in Medan City in facing competition in the digital era. The research method uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The results show that the use of digital platforms, particularly Instagram and TikTok, contributes significantly to increasing brand awareness, consumer engagement, and market expansion. Content strategies that emphasize visual aesthetics, interaction with consumers, and affordable prices are key factors in attracting customers. In addition, the integration of offline experiences in the form of a café atmosphere with online promotions has succeeded in strengthening the brand image. However, the study also found several challenges, including limited human resources, marketing budgets, and the rapidly changing dynamics of social media algorithms. Theoretically, these findings reinforce the relevance of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) model, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and the concept of Perceived Value in the context of UMKM. This research provides practical implications for businesses to optimize social media as a strategic marketing tool, while balancing digital innovation and real-world consumer experiences.

This study aims to examine the process and improvement of reading comprehension skills among slow learner students in Grade VII at SMP Negeri 2 Karangan through the use of interactive animation video media based on the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model. Employing the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method following the Kemmis and McTaggart model, the study was conducted in two cycles with six slow learner students as research subjects. The observation results indicated an improvement from 89.58% in Cycle I to 100% in Cycle II. The average reading comprehension score increased from 65 to 83, with the percentage of students achieving the minimum mastery criteria rising from 67.85% to 89.28% with a difference of 18 points increase. These findings demonstrate that interactive animation video media based on PjBL effectively enhances both student engagement and learning outcomes, particularly in understanding English texts. This success was supported by the active role of the teacher in adapting the PjBL syntax to meet the specific needs of the slow learner students.

This study is a literature review aimed at examining in depth the concepts, characteristics, learning difficulties, and applications of quadratic functions in secondary mathematics education. The research employs a qualitative approach by analyzing ten articles published between 2019 and 2025 from both national and international journals. The findings indicate that the quadratic function is a fundamental topic in the mathematics curriculum, playing a crucial role in developing higher-order mathematical thinking skills such as analysis, synthesis, and problem-solving. It also serves as a foundation for understanding more advanced topics such as calculus, analytic geometry, and optimization. However, various studies have found that students continue to face significant learning difficulties, including misconceptions related to the shape of the parabola graph, understanding the discriminant value, and connecting algebraic forms to real-world contexts. To address these issues, research suggests that technology-assisted learning—particularly through interactive software such as GeoGebra—has proven effective in enhancing conceptual understanding, motivation, and student engagement. Therefore, this review highlights the importance of strengthening conceptual understanding, applying contextual learning approaches, and integrating digital technology as innovative strategies for teaching quadratic functions at the secondary education level.

This study aims to examine how the Instagram account @brin_indonesia is utilized as a medium for public communication by the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). The background of this research is based on the high usage of social media in Indonesia, particularly Instagram, which offers significant opportunities for government institutions to establish more effective and efficient communication with the public. As a non-ministerial government agency, BRIN leverages Instagram as a strategic platform to disseminate information related to research, innovation, and science. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The data analysis refers to the theory of new media by Martin Lister et al., which includes six key characteristics: digital, interactive, hypertextual, virtual, networked, and simulation/convergence. The findings indicate that BRIN’s Instagram account functions not only as a one-way information channel but also as an interactive, educational, and representative digital space that supports institutional image and actively fosters public engagement in a structured manner.