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The principle of proportionality plays an important role in ensuring the balance of rights and obligations between the parties in a reciprocal agreement. In the context of Indonesian contract law, this principle functions as a mechanism to prevent inequality that can harm one of the parties, especially in commercial and complex contracts. As stated by Hernoko (2016), the application of the principle of proportionality in commercial contracts aims to create substantive justice through a balanced exchange of rights and obligations between the parties. This study uses a normative legal approach with a literature study method, which involves an analysis of related laws and regulations and case studies. This approach allows researchers to explore the application of the principle of proportionality in various types of reciprocal agreements, including franchise agreements and construction service contracts. For example, a study by Susanto et al. (2021)1 highlights how the principle of proportionality is applied in construction service contracts to ensure a fair distribution of responsibilities between contractors and clients. The results of the analysis show that consistent application of the principle of proportionality can improve justice in contractual relationships. In franchise agreements, for example, Rahmawan et al. (2020)2 found that the application of this principle helps create a balance between the rights and obligations of franchisors and franchisees, who often have different bargaining positions. Thus, the principle of proportionality functions not only as a legal principle, but also as a practical tool to achieve justice in contractual practices.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Bible study worship in shaping Christian character among Naposo Bulung (church youth) at HKI Resort Khusus Sidikalang Kota. Field observations revealed that many youth were not fully engaged in worship activities, often distracted by mobile phones, chatting during services, and showing a lack of appreciation for spiritual advice. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method using observation and interviews with active participants of Bible study worship. The results show that Bible study worship significantly contributes to enhancing worship discipline, deepening theological understanding, and developing Christian values such as love, forgiveness, humility, and spiritual responsibility. Despite challenges such as busy schedules and digital distractions, a contextual approach to Bible study effectively addresses both the spiritual and social needs of Naposo Bulung. Therefore, Bible study worship proves to be an effective means of holistic character formation for the church's younger generation—spiritually, morally, and socially. This activity should continue to be developed and adapted to contemporary contexts so that the church can shape resilient young people in faith and Christian character.

This study examines business organization planning and human resource management in an effort to form an entrepreneurial spirit. The main goal is to understand how human resource management can contribute to the achievement of business goals and create resilient entrepreneurs. The method applied is a literature study by analyzing various literature related to business organizational planning, human resource management, and entrepreneurship. The results of the study show that careful planning and good human resource management can have a significant impact on organizational success while supporting the achievement of entrepreneurial goals efficiently.

This study aims to analyze the level of understanding and awareness, identify and evaluate, assess the gap between the designed entrepreneurship learning objectives and evaluate the level of mentoring and supervision provided by teachers or mentors in supporting the internalization of the character of never giving up and being persistent through production unit activities at SMK Negeri 1 Malinau. The research method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of this study indicate that the level of understanding and awareness of students can increase their awareness and readiness to face challenges in the world of work, according to their field of expertise. The implementation of the values ​​of never giving up and tenacity in entrepreneurship learning at SMK plays a crucial role in developing various important aspects in students. The gap between the objectives of entrepreneurship learning and its implementation, namely limited learning time, lack of adequate facilities and practical tools, and minimal training for teachers, hinder students from internalizing these values ​​effectively. With a combination of active teacher roles and effective supervision, students are encouraged to continue trying despite difficulties, thus supporting the development of a resilient character and being ready to face challenges in the world of entrepreneurship

This thesis examines the legal consequences faced by notaries who refuse to draft credit agreement deeds containing elements of usury, with a focus on Tuban City. The study addresses two main issues: whether a notary can lawfully refuse such a deed, and what legal sanctions may apply if they do. Using a normative legal research approach with case, statutory, and conceptual analyses, the study finds that while the UUJN (Notary Law) does not explicitly permit refusal on religious grounds, it also does not prohibit it if the client can be served by another notary. Refusal based on Islamic principles—specifically the prohibition of usury (riba)—does not warrant sanctions under Article 85 of the UUJN, unless the refusal leads to the client's abandonment. In such cases, administrative sanctions may apply. According to the Notary Code of Ethics, acting outside legal provisions may also result in disciplinary action. The study concludes that current laws do not provide sufficient legal protection for notaries who seek to align their professional duties with religious beliefs. It recommends legal reform to ensure notaries have the right to uphold sharia principles without fear of sanctions, through amendments to the UUJN that consider religious freedom and human rights, while still ensuring client access to legal services.

This study aims to examine the role of gratitude in enhancing the psychological well-being of healthcare workers during times of crisis, particularly within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a qualitative approach through literature review and thematic analysis, the study finds that gratitude positively contributes to aspects of psychological well-being such as self-acceptance, life purpose, personal growth, and positive relationships with others. Gratitude also functions as an adaptive coping mechanism that strengthens the mental resilience of healthcare workers in facing work-related stress and high emotional risks. These findings highlight the importance of gratitude-based psychological interventions to support the mental health of healthcare professionals during crises.

Disasters can occur anywhere and anytime that can disrupt various aspects of a person's life, children are one of the groups of people who are vulnerable to natural disasters. This vulnerability is caused by the limited understanding of the dangers of disaster risks in their surrounding environment. So involving children in disaster mitigation efforts is one of the efforts to strengthen children's resilience in facing disasters in the future. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a classroom action research approach implemented at SD Islam Arraisiyah. The subjects were 18 students in grade 5 (five). The implementation of the simulation method in flood disaster mitigation efforts for students starts from the planning stage, implementation stage, observation stage, and reflection stage. There was an increase in student understanding after the socialization and preparedness training using the simulation method, as seen from the number of students who answered correctly in the post-test the efforts they could make to save themselves, namely 15 students answered correctly about flood prevention efforts, 12 students answered correctly about the efforts they could make when a flood disaster occurs, and 17 students answered correctly about the efforts they could make after a disaster occurs.

In maintaining the security of personal data in the digital era, it is very important to remember that personal data can be used by unauthorized parties for various purposes. This is like the notary profession which is now required to be able to maintain the security of each client's data. Notaries can participate in recording important digital documents, such as deeds and contracts, which can help prevent manipulation. Due to the problems that occur, of course the role of the notary in maintaining data security must be considered, especially in transactions and legal documents. Even though the digital world has changed the way many transactions are carried out, the role of notaries still plays an important role in ensuring the validity, integrity and security of digital documents. Notaries can witness and certify contracts and digital legal documents, making them legally valid. The aim of this research is to explain and analyze the role of notaries in maintaining the security of personal data in the digital era. The approach used in this research is a juridical-empirical approach. The results of this research are that the role of notaries in maintaining data security in the digital era has an important role in validating digital signatures. By verifying identity and ensuring that digital signatures are valid, notaries help ensure security in digital transactions. In addition, notaries can also provide digital certificates that confirm the validity of digital signatures and electronic documents. This certificate is a strong proof of authentication. This is proof that the Notary ensures that digital transactions comply with applicable laws, including data privacy regulations and cyber security regulations. This helps keep data secure.

This research discusses community empowerment in social conditions where problems occur in the community, especiallymothers or lower middle class people who are looking for a shortcut to finance familylife on basicneeds by lending money from moneylenders. That the familyis high, the low average familyincome and the high cost of living make them feel that their quality of life is threatened. The solution to overcome this problem must be a driving agency from the government or what is meant is community empowerment, namely the Leder-Free Village (KBR) Program which provides spiritual training, training assistance, business capital to the community so that prosperous and quality families are created. This research aims to determine the process of stages of community empowerment activities,family resilience and determine the supporting and inhibiting factors in the Money Loan Free Village program. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using interview, observation and documentation techniques. The results of this research show that the Leder-Free Village program achieves community empowerment in terms of family resilience, namely that the beneficiary members get business capital and create social change from economic, social and spiritual independence, so that achieve the condition of the family in their lives independently and more empowered.

This study investigates the profound impact of the protracted humanitarian crisis in the conflict zone of Syam on the mental health of healthcare professionals, employing a systematic meta-analytical approach across 47 independent studies (N = 12,487) published between 2011 and 2023. The findings reveal an alarmingly high prevalence of burnout, reaching 78.3% (95% CI [75.2–81.4]), with emotional exhaustion recorded as the most dominant dimension (M = 3.89; SD = 0.76). Additionally, secondary trauma was identified in 65.7% of all respondents (95% CI [62.4–69.0]), with the primary symptoms manifesting as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 44.2% and depression at 39.8%. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that the duration of exposure to conflict (β = 0.42; p < 0.001) and the intensity of workload (β = 0.38; p < 0.001) served as significant predictors of burnout. Meanwhile, the lack of psychosocial support (OR = 2.34; 95% CI [1.89–2.79]) and critical resource scarcity (OR = 1.98; 95% CI [1.65–2.31]) were strongly correlated with the emergence of secondary trauma among healthcare professionals. Furthermore, diverging from the more individualistic frameworks employed in the studies of Bdaiwi et al. (2020) and Bou-Karroum et al. (2020), this research explores the intricate entanglement of organizational and situational determinants that concurrently shape the mental health landscape of medical personnel operating in the Syam conflict zone. Moreover, the study's original contribution lies in identifying resilience adaptation patterns observed in 34.2% of participants, revealing that endurance capacity was cultivated through collective coping strategies and close peer support. According to the researchers, this study offers a new lens for designing community-based psychological interventions that are both sustainable and contextually grounded for healthcare providers affected by the protracted armed conflict in Syam.

The 2011 Tohoku tsunami stands as one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in Japan’s history, resulting in massive loss of life, extensive property damage, and severe disruption to infrastructure along the northeastern coast. This study aims to examine the physical characteristics of the Tohoku tsunami and critically evaluate the factors that led to the failure of Japan’s disaster mitigation systems. Utilizing an essay-based synthesis approach, this analysis draws from a range of previous research findings and post-disaster assessments. The tsunami was caused by a 9.0 magnitude megathrust earthquake off the eastern coast of Honshu, generating wave heights that exceeded 10 meters in several locations. The tsunami’s immense energy produced destructive currents that penetrated deep inland, surpassing the protection capabilities of existing coastal defenses.The study identifies several contributing factors to the mitigation system’s shortcomings: the design limitations of seawalls, which were not built to withstand such extreme events; delays and limitations in the early warning system’s ability to reach all at-risk populations in time; and inadequate public preparedness, as the event exceeded historical precedents and training scenarios. These vulnerabilities highlight the need for integrated, adaptive disaster risk management strategies.Drawing lessons from Japan’s experience, this study proposes recommendations for improving tsunami mitigation efforts in Indonesia. Key suggestions include reinforcing and redesigning coastal defense structures, advancing early warning technologies such as seabed sensors and coastal radar systems, and enhancing disaster literacy through public education and scenario-based training. By adopting a science- and technology-driven approach, Indonesia can strengthen its resilience and reduce vulnerability among coastal populations facing future tsunami threats.

Casework is a process used by humanitarian service agencies to assist individuals in addressing social functioning issues. This process includes several stages: engagement, assessment, planning, intervention, evaluation, and termination. This study examines the application of the casework method with a client named SM, a 30-year-old widow with two children facing economic and social limitations. Through interviews and observations using the BPSS (Bio, Psycho, Social, Spiritual) approach, the practitioner assessed the client’s condition, revealing that SM struggled with economic difficulties and challenges in providing adequate care for her children. In the intervention stage, SM was provided with a program to develop weaving skills, which led to the production of woven mats, curtains, and decorations. Monitoring was conducted to ensure that the client adhered to the program, ultimately increasing SM’s income to Rp 40,000 per day. In the termination stage, the cooperation between the practitioner and the client was concluded as the agreed-upon goals had been achieved. This study demonstrates that with the right approach, individuals facing social and economic limitations can develop their potential and improve their well-being.

Palu Bay is located in Central Sulawesi Province and is one of the active seismic bays in Indonesia which is crossed by the Palu-Koro fault segmentation. On September 28, 2018, an earthquake disaster occurred in this area accompanied by a tsunami and liquefaction. Palu City, Sigi Regency and Donggala Regency are areas that are severely affected by this disaster. Research in this region is to determine the level of preparedness of Small and Medium Industries in facing natural disasters in the future. The population of SMEs is 745 businesses/people with a probability sampling technique, namely Proportional Random Sampling. The assessment was carried out through a questionnaire involving 260 SME samples randomly selected in the three regions. The results of the study illustrate that the total preparedness of SMEs in the Palu Bay Area in facing natural disasters is 34.9% of respondents stated as "less prepared" to face natural disasters, 58.3% "somewhat prepared" and only 6.8% stated as "ready" while no respondents were "very prepared" to face natural disasters. The lack of preparedness of SMEs requires attention from all stakeholders, especially the Government through its program to improve disaster resilience for the community, especially Small and Medium Industry (SME) actors in this Region.

Character and moral education are essential pillars in shaping the personality of Christian students, especially in the context of the disruptive era, which is increasingly marked by rapid technological advancement, moral degradation, and shifting social values. The rise of digitalization and modernization presents new challenges to students' moral integrity, empathy, and spiritual grounding. This article aims to explore and analyze the strategic role of Christian Education in addressing these challenges by integrating character and moral education rooted in Christian values. Using a qualitative literature review method, this study draws from a wide range of primary and secondary sources that include theories of character education, moral development, and biblical-Christian perspectives. The findings indicate that a holistic approach to Christian Education—one that incorporates moral instruction, spiritual formation, and practical application through discipleship, prayer, and the example of Christian educators—can significantly contribute to students’ character development. Furthermore, this integration cultivates not only moral awareness and social responsibility but also fosters resilience and faith-based identity formation. The article also proposes a contextual model for character and moral education that aligns with the demands of the disruptive era, emphasizing the importance of spiritual values alongside intellectual growth. This model serves as a framework for educators to nurture morally and spiritually grounded individuals capable of navigating complex social realities with integrity and compassion. In conclusion, Christian Education, when grounded in strong theological and pedagogical foundations, has the transformative potential to shape a generation of students who are not only academically competent but also morally upright and spiritually mature

This research discusses the role of social and environmental factors in sustainable investment in Indonesia. This research discusses the progress of sustainable investment in Indonesia which is increasingly receiving attention as a response to demands to achieve inclusive economic growth and maintain environmental balance. This research aims to analyze the role of social and environmental factors in the context of sustainable investment in Indonesia. Through a descriptive-analytical approach, researchers investigate how social factors, such as social justice, and environmental factors, such as environmental sustainability, influence investment decisions in various economic sectors. This research uses primary and secondary data to detail the impact of sustainable investment on economic growth, social resilience and environmental conservation. The research results show that the role of social factors, such as local community involvement, and environmental factors, such as environmentally friendly practices, have a positive influence on sustainable investment performance. This research also identifies the challenges and opportunities faced by stakeholders in implementing sustainable investment in Indonesia. These findings provide valuable insights for decision makers, governments and business people in developing sustainable investment strategies that are in line with social values and environmental sustainability. By understanding the complexity of social and environmental factors, it is hoped that sustainable investment can become the main pillar in encouraging sustainable development in Indonesia.

The authors of the article have chosen a company acting as an agent for a container shipping line because the company seeks to decrease its service failures and reduce the chaotic nature of its activities by systematizing them from a scientific point of view and refining its operations at the managerial level. Employees of the company are responsible for activities such as a search for customers, price offers, contacting clients, the conclusion of contracts, coordination of cargo transportation, document control, invoicing and payment control. Proper execution of these operations ensures the quality of services provided by the container line agent. The learning organization concept, situational management theory and total quality management theory are applicable to the management of the personnel activity process in the line. In terms of management functions, planning is more suitable for activities such as searching for customers, price offers, conclusion of contracts and invoicing; organizing is more required when searching for customers, contacting them and concluding contracts; leading is more suitable for activities such as contact with clients, conclusion of contracts and payment control; control is more required when contacting customers, coordinating cargo transportation, invoicing and controlling payment. A conceptual approach that theoretically reveals the principles and possibilities of the company’s activities in the container shipping line can serve as the basis for future empirical research to identify problems in its personnel activity management.

This study investigates the interplay between linguistic relativity and cultural schemata, examining how language encodes culturally salient concepts and shapes cognitive frameworks across diverse communities. Through ethnographic and psycholinguistic approaches, the study collects data from 12 different language communities with varied cultural backgrounds. Cross-linguistic and cross-cultural analyses reveal significant correlations between linguistic structures—such as grammatical categories, lexical distinctions, and metaphorical expressions—and culturally specific schemata in spatial, temporal, and social domains. Perception and cognitive reasoning experiments were conducted with 450 participants to test linguistic relativity hypotheses in cultural contexts. Quantitative and qualitative findings demonstrate that linguistic patterns both reflect and reinforce cultural norms, influencing perception and cognitive strategies. Analysis of cultural text corpora shows how linguistic categories serve as vehicles for internalizing cultural values and worldviews. Specifically, the study finds systematic variations in spatial information processing, time conceptualization, and social event interpretation that correlate with language features of respective communities. These results underscore the co-constitutive relationship between language and culture in shaping human thought, providing important implications for cross-cultural education, intercultural communication, and cognitive theory.

This study examines the synthesis and characterization of new compounds produced from chalcone, confirming their favorable yield and excellent purity utilizing Using FT-IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The compounds showed efficacy comparable to that of conventional antibiotics, demonstrating substantial bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Interestingly, molecule S10 had stronger antibacterial activity, possibly as a result of its efficient electronic pairings. Furthermore, the compounds demonstrated resilience for up to 45 seconds when tested for stability under helium-neon laser irradiation. Longer exposure (60 seconds), however, caused discernible color and melting point alterations, suggesting thermal or photochemical deterioration. These results point to the possibility of additional pharmacological uses for molecules produced from chalcone.

Cybercrime has become a serious threat to the stability of the world economy along with the increasing dependence on digital systems. The study analyzes the negative impact of cybercrime on the global economy, focusing on direct and indirect financial losses, disruptions to productivity and supply chains, and the implications of policies and mitigation efforts. The results of the study show that cybercrimes, such as ransomware, data theft, and phishing, cause significant financial losses to individuals, companies, and governments, and have an impact on consumer and investor confidence. In addition, cyberattacks on financial and industrial infrastructure disrupt business operations and exacerbate global economic inequality. Effective mitigation efforts involve strengthening cybersecurity regulations, investing in data protection technology, and increasing public awareness of the threat of cybercrime. With a deeper understanding of the economic impact of cybercrime, it is hoped that a more comprehensive strategy can be implemented to increase the resilience of the global economy against digital threats

The increasing reliance on information technology (IT) across various sectors has led to the growing importance of managing IT risks effectively. Information technology systems are prone to a variety of risks, including cybersecurity threats, system failures, and human errors. These risks can have severe consequences, such as financial loss, data breaches, and operational disruptions. To address these challenges, organizations must adopt comprehensive risk management strategies. This literature-based study explores various approaches and frameworks for managing IT risks, such as ISO 27001, NIST, and OCTAVE, by reviewing existing research and methodologies. The study aims to identify best practices, challenges, and trends in the field of IT risk management, offering insights into how organizations can improve their risk management strategies to enhance the resilience of their IT systems. Through this literature review, the paper highlights the importance of a systematic approach to IT risk management and provides recommendations for organizations seeking to mitigate risks and safeguard their technological.