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The level of healthcare quality is determined by the extent to which societal or individual requirements for healthcare are met in alignment with high professional benchmarks, while ensuring prudent resource utilization and impact within government and societal constraints. In addition, it must be delivered in a safe and satisfactory manner to patients, following ethical standards and best practices. Quality indicators of health services in hospitals have challenges in improving the overall quality of health services. In the Cardiac Poly Outpatient Unit at Kendari City Hospital, it is necessary to know the strategies used in improving service quality. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the Strategy for Improving the Quality of Health Services in the Cardiac Poly Outpatient Unit at Kendari City Hospital in 2024. The research methodology used is qualitative and descriptive, using the Phenomenal model to investigate various phenomena in Kendari City Hospital with data collection techniques, namely field observations at the research location and also in-depth interviews with informants who have been determined. The results showed that the quality strategy of health services provided by the Kendari City Hospital is quite good, especially in the Cardiac Poly Outpatient Unit. However, considering the importance of health services, it must always be improved so that the quality of health services received by the community is always maintained. There are still many things that must be considered, for example, the problem of waiting rooms that must be added to the seats for visitors and the speed of service that must still be improved.

This study examines the relationship between teacher competence based on 2 Timothy 2:2 and learning effectiveness in junior high schools in Ransiki District, South Manokwari. This research uses quantitative method with data collection through questionnaires filled out by 49 teachers. The results showed a significant correlation between teacher competence and learning effectiveness (r = 0.713, p < 0.05). Teacher competence, especially in the use of technology, plays an important role in improving the effectiveness of the learning process. This research confirms the importance of teachers' moral values and professionalism in improving the quality of education.

This article discusses the importance of job analysis as a fundamental component of human resource management (HRM) within Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach based on a literature review, the study highlights the strategic role of job analysis in developing job descriptions, job specifications, and the professional development of human resources. Job analysis serves not only as an administrative tool but also contributes to institutional efficiency, the enhancement of educational quality, and the readiness of institutions to face global challenges and technological advancements. By systematically identifying and evaluating job roles and responsibilities, institutions can align their HR practices with organizational goals and the evolving demands of the educational sector. The application of analytical models such as the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ), Functional Job Analysis (FJA), and the Job Characteristics Model ensures that job analysis is comprehensive and tailored to the specific needs of the institution. The article emphasizes that a results-oriented approach is more relevant for modern educational institutions, particularly those within Islamic settings. The findings indicate that the optimal implementation of job analysis can strengthen the governance of Islamic educational institutions, enhance their operational effectiveness, and improve the competitiveness of their human resources in the global education landscapes.

Religious education and religious studies play a strategic role in shaping individuals who are characterful, faithful, and intellectually intelligent amidst the challenges of globalization and national development. This study aims to examine the characteristics of religious education materials, teaching patterns, and the professionalism of teachers in Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia. The research method employs library research and qualitative content analysis based on relevant literature sources. The findings show that religious education in Indonesia is systemically regulated by Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 55 Tahun 2007, characterized by a holistic and integrative approach that combines religious values with science, technology, and contemporary culture. This education demands teachers who master not only formal teaching materials but also enrichment materials and possess high academic and social sensitivity. Teacher professionalism is a primary key to the success of this education in shaping students with noble character and the ability to adapt to changing times. The study highlights the importance of special development and training for teachers in religious education to fulfill their complex multidisciplinary roles optimally.

The role of notary organizations is critical in the continuous development and supervision of the notary's position, especially concerning personal behavior, both in carrying out office duties and in daily life. The notary profession holds a significant position in the legal framework of society as it produces authentic deeds that carry the highest probative value. As such, integrity and professional ethics are foundational principles in the execution of notarial duties. This research aims to analyze the role of notary organizations, specifically the Indonesian Notary Association (INI) in Sleman Regency, in reinforcing professional ethics and maintaining the quality of legal services for the public. The research employs a normative-sociological approach, utilizing studies of legal regulations, notary electronic codes, and interviews with INI Sleman administrators. The findings indicate that notary organizations contribute through (1) socializing ethical codes and professional standards, (2) conducting internal supervision through honorary councils, (3) providing ethical sanctions for violations, and (4) offering development programs and capacity-building initiatives for members. However, the study also identifies several challenges, including limited supervisory resources, resistance from some members, and a lack of public understanding regarding the importance of professional ethics. These obstacles hinder the full potential of notary organizations in ensuring professional conduct and upholding the quality of notarial services. The research underscores the need for stronger collaboration and awareness to address these issues.

Family businesses are a crucial pillar of the economy, contributing significantly to job creation and economic growth. However, the sustainability of family businesses often faces challenges, particularly during the succession process, when the next generation is prepared to take over leadership. The primary issue that arises is how the heir prepares to continue the family business, considering that this process involves not only technical skills but also psychological aspects and social learning. Therefore, this study focuses on the life experiences of a family business heir in developing readiness through social interactions and learning processes within the family environment. This study used a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Subjects were selected through purposive sampling, with the criterion of having undergone a business learning process for more than ten years within the family environment. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, allowing researchers to explore the heir's subjective experiences in detail. Data analysis was conducted using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana model, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The study identified five main themes influencing the heir's readiness. First, the role of the father as the primary mentor in instilling values, work ethic, and business skills. Second, the role of the mother as an emotional supporter and instilling the values ​​of patience and perseverance. Third, the dynamics of the subject's experiences, involving both challenges and successes in the business learning process. Fourth, the process of developing an entrepreneurial mindset, which is formed through early habits. Fifth, the subject's development as a more emotionally, professionally, and socially mature heir. In conclusion, the readiness of a family business heir is formed through a combination of life experiences, social learning within the family, and the role of parents as role models.

Research Method: The community and prospective parents have difficulty accessing information about TK Harapan Bunda because they often have to come directly to the school in the morning or meet the school outside of working hours. This hinders efficiency and is time-consuming for them, as well as burdening educators. Therefore, a modern solution is needed such as an official website or digital platform to facilitate access to information quickly and practically. Research Results: The purpose of implementing the system is to evaluate whether the developed system has met expectations. Through testing and implementation, the quality of the system can be assessed. Conclusion: Based on the research and implementation of the TK Harapan Bunda web-based Information System, it can be concluded that: a) The web-based information system provides easier and faster access for the community and prospective parents to obtain information about the school. b) The professionally designed website has succeeded in improving the image of TK Harapan Bunda with an attractive appearance and informative content, which promotes the school's excellent programs and achievements, thereby increasing the interest of prospective students and parental trust. c) The use of modern technology in the development of this system shows that TK Harapan Bunda is able to adapt to increasingly rapid digital developments.

This study aims to determine the role of academic supervision in improving the pedagogical competence of teachers at SMA Plus Al Raihan Sukabumi. Academic supervision is a strategic effort undertaken by the school to ensure the quality of learning runs according to established standards, and to help teachers develop their professional skills, particularly in the pedagogical aspect. Pedagogical competence itself includes teachers' abilities to plan, implement, and evaluate the learning process according to the needs of students. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. Interviews were conducted with the principal, teachers, and supervisors to obtain a comprehensive overview of the implementation of supervision. Observations focused on teacher activities during learning, as well as teacher interactions with supervisors during supervision. Documentation was used to supplement data related to the academic supervision program, lesson implementation plans (RPP), and supervision evaluation notes. The results of the study indicate that academic supervision has a significant contribution in improving the quality of planning, implementation, and evaluation of learning carried out by teachers. Through supervision, teachers are encouraged to be more creative and innovative in developing learning methods and media that are appropriate to student needs. In addition, supervision also provides constructive feedback so that teachers can reflect on their teaching practices and make continuous improvements. Academic supervision also encourages the creation of a collaborative atmosphere between teachers and supervisors, thus creating a working relationship that supports improving the quality of education. Thus, it can be concluded that the implementation of effective academic supervision plays a crucial role in improving the pedagogical competence of teachers at SMA Plus Al Raihan Sukabumi.

Student interest in becoming a teacher remains a major challenge in preparing prospective professional teachers, especially amidst increasingly complex changes and demands in education. This study aims to analyze the influence of the School Field Introduction (PLP) experience and perceptions of the Teacher Professional Education (PPG) program on student interest in becoming a teacher. This study used a quantitative approach with a multiple linear regression method. The population in this study were all students of the Economics Education Study Program at Surabaya State University, intake 2020–2022, with a sample of 150 students selected purposively. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire instrument distributed online via Google Form. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression tests to examine the partial and simultaneous effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of the analysis indicate that partially, the PLP experience does not have a significant effect on interest in becoming a teacher. Conversely, student perceptions of the PPG program show a positive and significant effect on interest in becoming a teacher. Simultaneously, the PLP experience and PPG perceptions significantly influence student interest in becoming a teacher. These findings indicate that perceptions of PPG have a more dominant contribution in shaping interest in becoming a teacher than PLP experience. Therefore, it is crucial for educational institutions to improve the understanding and quality of PPG program implementation to encourage students' interest in pursuing a career as teachers. This research provides practical implications for curriculum designers and teacher education program managers to place greater emphasis on students' perceptions and readiness for PPG in order to produce professional and highly motivated teachers.

This study investigates the influence of an online attendance system and digital literacy on teacher discipline and performance in elementary schools. A quantitative explanatory research approach was employed to provide empirical evidence regarding these relationships. The research population consisted of 170 elementary school teachers in Bojong District, Pekalongan Regency, who were selected using proportional stratified random sampling to ensure representativeness. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale, and analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through the Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) approach using SmartPLS 4.0 software. The measurement model evaluation demonstrated strong reliability and validity across all constructs. Cronbach’s Alpha values ranged between 0.820 and 0.872, Composite Reliability between 0.881 and 0.911, and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) between 0.649 and 0.718. Discriminant validity was confirmed based on both the Fornell-Larcker Criterion and the Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT). The structural model showed good predictive relevance with a Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) value of 0.366, indicating a large effect. Hypothesis testing results supported all proposed relationships. Digital literacy was found to positively influence teacher performance, while the online attendance system significantly affected both teacher discipline and teacher performance. Furthermore, teacher discipline was proven to have a positive effect on teacher performance. Mediation testing revealed that teacher discipline acted as a significant partial mediator in the relationships between digital literacy, online attendance systems, and teacher performance. The findings provide empirical validation for the Task-Technology Fit Theory and the TPACK Framework in the context of educational human resource management. This study confirms that digital transformation, through strengthening digital literacy and online systems, represents an effective strategy to improve teacher professionalism and enhance academic quality in elementary schools.  

Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that significantly impacts the quality of life of sufferers. The severity and level of asthma control are important factors in determining a patient's condition. Data from the Pulmonary Clinic of Dr. H. Moch. Ansari Saleh Regional General Hospital (RSUD) show an increase in the number of asthma patients every year, necessitating further analysis of the factors that influence the quality of life of sufferers. This study aims to analyze the relationship between severity and control levels and the quality of life of bronchial asthma patients. This study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample consisted of 47 respondents selected using a purposive sampling method according to the inclusion criteria. The instruments used included a severity questionnaire based on the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines, the Asthma Control Test (ACT), and the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (Mini-AQLQ). Data analysis was performed using the Kendall's Tau-b test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the majority of respondents were female (53.2%) and aged 31–45 years (36.2%). The highest asthma severity was mild persistent (29.8%), while the most dominant level of control was fully controlled (38.3%). The quality of life of the respondents was mostly in the moderate category (38.3%). Statistical tests showed a significant relationship between severity and quality of life (p = 0.003) and between control and quality of life (p = 0.001). It can be concluded that the higher the level of asthma severity, the lower the patient's quality of life tends to be, while better asthma control is associated with a better quality of life. These results emphasize the importance of early detection, optimal asthma control, and regular monitoring by healthcare professionals to improve patients' quality of life.

This study was conducted to explore in depth how ethical pressure, ethical orientation, and religiosity influence earnings management practices, while also examining whether religiosity plays a role as a moderating variable in this relationship. Using a quantitative, survey-based approach, this study involved 109 respondents with professional backgrounds and experience in accounting and finance, thus deemed relevant in understanding the phenomenon of earnings management from a practitioner's perspective. The data analysis technique used was Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), which is considered appropriate for examining relationships between latent variables with high complexity. The results show that ethical pressure has a positive and significant influence on earnings management practices, meaning that the greater the ethical pressure a person feels, the higher the tendency to engage in such practices. Conversely, ethical orientation shows a negative and significant influence, so that individuals with a strong ethical orientation tend to reject this manipulative practice. Religiosity is also shown to have a significant negative influence, so that the higher a person's level of religiosity, the lower their tendency to engage in earnings management. Furthermore, moderation analysis found that religiosity strengthens the influence of ethical orientation in suppressing earnings management practices, meaning that individuals who are both religious and have a high ethical orientation are more consistent in maintaining their integrity. However, the role of religiosity was not proven to be significant in moderating the relationship between ethical pressure and earnings management practices, indicating that although religiosity can shape ethical attitudes, it is not sufficient to mitigate the impact of strong external pressures. These findings imply the importance of strengthening ethical values ​​and religiosity in accounting education and practice to prevent opportunistic behavior that is detrimental to related parties.

The Unnoni Weaving Center is a community-led, small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development center for traditional weaving. Despite its significant potential, many entrepreneurs in this center face challenges in determining appropriate product prices. They typically rely solely on intuition or follow market prices without considering all production cost components, resulting in very small profit margins and even the risk of incurring losses. In response to these challenges, this community service program was designed to improve the ability of SMEs to determine more rational, measurable, and profitable selling prices through comprehensive and applicable training in production cost calculations. The methods employed included outreach, workshops, intensive mentoring, and hands-on simulations on pricing based on real costs and reasonable margins. The program was conducted in two sessions at the Unnoni Weaving Center Hall, involving 25 local weaving entrepreneurs. The results showed significant improvement, with participants' understanding of identifying production cost components increasing by 76%, while approximately 80% successfully conducted simulations for determining selling prices, taking into account raw materials, labor, overhead costs, and profit margins. The tangible impact of this activity is seen in increased business literacy, more systematic calculation skills, and the confidence of SMEs in determining prices and negotiating with consumers and business partners. Furthermore, this activity is expected to be a starting point for the implementation of a simple financial recording system, increased operational efficiency, and the development of a branding strategy for Unnoni woven products so they can compete more professionally, sustainably, and with high competitiveness in both local and global markets.

This study aims to analyze the role of digital communication between parents and schools in improving the effectiveness of student attendance administration and scholarship management at SMA XYZ, and to identify factors influencing its implementation within a sustainable educational ecosystem. The research employed a narrative literature review approach with a comprehensive literature analysis from major academic databases, including Google Scholar and ProQuest Education Database, covering publications from 2010 to 2024. Data were collected through systematic searches using keyword combinations of digital communication, parent-school communication, educational technology, student attendance, scholarship administration, and family engagement, followed by thematic analysis to identify patterns and research gaps. Digital communication demonstrated high intensity (4.2/5 score) with WhatsApp as the dominant platform (65%). While 70% of parents increased their academic involvement, only 45% provided appropriate emotional support. Significant barriers included digital divide (30% infrastructure constraints), digital literacy gaps (25%), and boundary management issues (40% of teachers contacted outside working hours). Digital communication improved administrative transparency and real-time monitoring, though communication patterns remained predominantly unidirectional, with only 35% of parents providing active feedback. The study contributes to Digital Education Communication Theory by identifying paradoxes in digital parental engagement and confirming Digital Divide Theory in educational contexts. Findings expand Family Engagement Theory by revealing how real-time information access can create surveillance parenting behaviors that may be counterproductive to student well-being. Results indicate an urgent need for comprehensive digital communication policies, parent digital literacy programs, and infrastructure support to create an equitable and sustainable digital educational ecosystem that balances accessibility with professional boundaries.

This study aims to analyze the effect of school principals' transformational leadership on the performance of ICT teachers in implementing digital learning at SMAN XYZ, specifically examining how four dimensions of transformational leadership Influence teacher motivation, creativity, and innovation in technology integration. This quantitative research employed an explanatory correlational design with 20 ICT teachers as respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using validated questionnaires adapted from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) by Bass and Avolio (1994) for transformational leadership and the TPACK framework by Koehler and Mishra (2009) for teacher performance. Simple linear regression analysis was conducted using SPSS 25 to test the research hypothesis. Results demonstrate that transformational leadership significantly and positively influences ICT teacher performance (β = 0.672, p = 0.003 < 0.05), explaining 67.2% of performance variance. The principal's transformational leadership scored highly (4.3/5), with individualized consideration contributing most significantly to teacher performance. ICT teacher performance reached a high category (4.1/5), with the most substantial achievement in technology-based lesson planning, although challenges remain in independent digital content development and innovative assessment methods. Theoretically, this research strengthens transformational leadership Theory in digital Education contexts and supports the TPACK framework's emphasis on leadership support for technology integration. Practically, findings guide principals to optimize transformational leadership through enhanced mentoring, professional development programs, and the creation of an innovation culture. The study offers an empirical foundation for educational policymakers to develop school leadership training programs focused on digital transformation, while highlighting the importance of individualized consideration in supporting teacher technology competency development.

Tourism plays a crucial role in regional development, not only in terms of the economy but also in enhancing the social and cultural quality of the community. Mojokerto Regency, particularly Pacet District, has significant natural tourism potential, one of which is Camping Outdoor Dolanan (COD) Tegal Klopo. This study aims to examine the role of the Village Government in community development through the utilization of this tourism potential. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. The informants in this study include the village head, BUMDes managers, tourism site managers, and local residents. The results of the study show that the Village Government plays a strategic role in designing and implementing tourism development programs in the village. The Village Government not only plays a role in building synergy between BUMDes and the community but also actively plans promotional strategies that can attract tourists to visit COD Tegal Klopo. Additionally, the Village Government also plays a role in raising community awareness about the importance of maintaining the sustainability of the environment and local culture so that this tourism can provide long-term benefits for the village. However, this tourism development faces several challenges, such as limited facilities and a lack of trained human resources to professionally manage the tourism destination. Despite these challenges, the development of COD Tegal Klopo tourism has shown positive impacts on the local economy, with an increase in income from the tourism sector. Moreover, this tourism also helps preserve local culture and encourages active community participation in the village development process. With continued support from the Village Government, it is expected that this tourism development will continue to grow, provide greater economic benefits, and preserve local culture and the environment for a better future.

This study investigates the influence of transformational leadership on teacher performance in disadvantaged regions, with a specific focus on SMP Satu Atap Werdi in Pekalongan Regency. Schools located in remote and underdeveloped areas often face structural challenges such as limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and geographical isolation, which significantly hinder the delivery of quality education. In this context, the role of school principals becomes critical in shaping organizational culture and motivating educators to maintain high performance despite the constraints. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach, using participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis to gather rich and comprehensive data from the principal and teachers as key informants. Findings indicate that even though SMP Satu Atap Werdi operates in an area with severely limited facilities, the transformational leadership style adopted by the principal has successfully brought about meaningful improvements in school management and teacher performance. The leadership was manifested through four main dimensions: idealized influence, demonstrated by strong role modelling and exemplary behaviour; inspirational motivation, reflected in the principal’s ability to encourage teachers to remain committed and enthusiastic; intellectual stimulation, which fostered creativity, innovation, and problem-solving among teachers; and individualized consideration, shown through personal guidance and support tailored to each teacher’s needs. These practices led to visible progress in teacher discipline, professional dedication, and organizational commitment. The study underscores the importance of transformational leadership as a catalyst for positive organizational change in education, particularly under challenging circumstances. The findings align with previous literature highlighting its effectiveness in motivating subordinates and enhancing performance. From a practical standpoint, this research suggests the need for policymakers and education stakeholders to strengthen transformational leadership practices in schools across disadvantaged regions as a strategy to achieve equitable educational quality in Indonesia.

Nurses’ performance plays a vital role in ensuring the quality of healthcare services provided to patients. However, in Indonesia, nurses’ performance remains relatively low, which is partly attributed to inadequate levels of work motivation. Work motivation itself is shaped by several factors, one of the most influential being self-efficacy, defined as an individual’s confidence in their ability to perform tasks effectively. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and work motivation among inpatient nurses at Banjarmasin Islamic Hospital. A quantitative correlational design with a cross-sectional approach was used. The study population included all 75 inpatient nurses, with 63 participants selected through quota sampling. Data collection employed two instruments: a self-efficacy questionnaire adapted from Basari’s research and a work motivation questionnaire developed by Mubarok. The collected data were analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation test with a 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed that most nurses (76.2%) had moderate levels of self-efficacy, while the majority also reported moderate levels of work motivation (55.6%). Statistical testing indicated a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.510 and a significance value (p = 0.001), demonstrating a moderate, positive, and statistically significant relationship between self-efficacy and work motivation. These results suggest that the stronger a nurse’s belief in their competence, the greater their motivation to perform work-related tasks. The study concludes that self-efficacy is a critical determinant of work motivation among inpatient nurses, highlighting the need for hospital management to implement strategies that strengthen nurses’ confidence and abilities. Interventions such as training, mentoring, and continuous professional development are recommended to enhance self-efficacy, which in turn can improve work motivation and overall performance, thereby contributing to higher-quality healthcare delivery.

This research explores the legal protection of domestic doctors in Indonesia in response to the increasing utilization of foreign doctors (FDs) within the framework of knowledge transfer aimed at improving healthcare services. With the enactment of Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health, the Indonesian government provides space for foreign doctors to practice with simplified licensing procedures, raising legal concerns regarding legal certainty, professional equality, and the rights of patients to clear and honest communication. This study uses normative juridical methods with statutory and conceptual approaches to analyze the legal framework surrounding this issue. The findings show that the implementation of simplified requirements for foreign doctors potentially threatens the professional standing of local doctors and risks violating patient rights. Recommendations include strengthening legal instruments and monitoring mechanisms to ensure that knowledge transfer objectives are met without compromising legal protection and healthcare quality. The legal framework provided by Law No. 17 of 2023 allows foreign doctors to practice with more straightforward licensing processes, but it raises concerns regarding the adequacy of regulatory oversight. Local doctors fear that the simplified procedures for foreign doctors may not guarantee the same level of competency, accountability, and ethical standards. Furthermore, the presence of foreign doctors could lead to a disparity in professional treatment and recognition, undermining the integrity of the medical profession in Indonesia. This study explores how these legal issues intersect with the broader goals of patient protection, ensuring that all medical practitioners, regardless of nationality, adhere to the highest standards of care and ethical conduct. The role of patient rights in this context is critical, as patients must receive clear and honest communication about the qualifications of the doctors treating them, ensuring their right to informed consent is upheld.

This study aims to analyze the influence of training and work discipline on employee performance in CV. Nina Etik Garment Indonesia. The approach used is a quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to 40 respondents who are permanent employees of the company. The independent variables in this study are training and work discipline, while the dependent variables are employee performance. The results of the study show that training has a positive effect on performance, but this influence is not optimal because there are still obstacles in the form of lack of understanding of the material by some employees. This shows that the effectiveness of training needs to be improved, both in terms of delivery methods, the quality of instructors, and the suitability of materials with work needs. Meanwhile, work discipline has been proven to have a significant influence on improving employee performance. Discipline factors, such as punctuality, compliance with rules, and responsibility for completing tasks, are important aspects that drive productivity. This research also found that undisciplined behavior still often occurs, such as being late or not complying with work procedures, which ultimately has an impact on decreasing the effectiveness of the company's operations. Simultaneously, training and work discipline have a significant effect on employee performance, so these two factors need to receive serious attention from management. The practical implication of this research is the need for companies to improve the quality of training programs, both technical and non-technical, so that employees are able to master skills relevant to their work. In addition, the implementation of a more firm, consistent, and measurable work discipline supervision system is also an important strategy to form a professional work culture.