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Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a deep learning (DL) model that has significantly contributed to medical systems because it is very useful in digital image processing. However, CNN has several limitations, such as being prone to overfitting, not being properly trained if there is data duplication, and can cause unwanted results if there is an imbalance in the amount of data in each class. Data augmentation techniques are used to overcome overfitting, eliminate data duplication, and random under sampling methods to balance the amount of data in each class, to overcome these problems. In addition, if the CNN model is not designed properly, the computation is less efficient. Research has proved that data augmentation can prevent or overcome overfitting, eliminating duplicate data can make the model more stable, and balancing the amount of data makes the model unbiased and easy to learn new data as evidenced through model evaluation and testing. The results also show that the custom convolutional neural network model is the best model compared to ResNet50 and VGG19 in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, loss performance, and computation time efficiency

Diabetes Mellitus is a hazardous disease, and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes will be one of the main causes of death by 2030. One of the most popular diabetes datasets is PIMA Indians, and this dataset has been widely tested on various machine learning (ML) methods, even deep learning (DL). But on average, ML methods are not able to produce good accuracy. The quality of the dataset and features is the most influential thing in this case, so deeper investment is needed to examine this dataset. This research will analyze and compare the PIMA Indians and Abelvikas datasets using the Random Forest (RF) method. The two datasets are imbalanced, in fact, the Abelvikas dataset is more imbalanced and has a larger number of classes so it is be more complex. The RF was chosen because it is one of the ML methods that has the best results on various diabetes datasets. Based on the test results, very contrasting results were obtained on the two datasets. Abelvikas had accuracy, precision, and recall, reaching 100%, and PIMA Indians only achieved 75% for accuracy, 87% for precision, and 80% for the best recall. Testing was done with 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 tree number parameters. Apart from that, it was also tested with k-fold validation to get valid results. This determines that the features in the Abelvikas dataset are much better because more complete glucose features support them.

Skin is the largest organ in humans, it functions as the outermost protector of the organs inside. Therefore, the skin is often attacked by various diseases, especially cancer. Skin cancer is divided into two, namely benign and malignant. Malignant has the potential to spread and increase the risk of death. Skin cancer detection traditionally involves time-consuming laboratory tests to determine malignancy or benignity. Therefore, there is a demand for computer-assisted diagnosis through image analysis to expedite disease identification and classification. This study proposes to use the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) to classify these two types of skin cancer. Apart from that, the average filter is also used for preprocessing. The analysis was carried out comprehensively by carrying out 480 experiments on the ISIC dataset. Dataset variations were also carried out using random sampling techniques to test on smaller datasets, where experiments were carried out on 3297, 1649, 825, and 210 images. Several KNN parameters, namely the number of neighbors (k)=1 and distance (d)=1 to 3 were tested at angles 0, 45, 90, and 135. Maximum accuracy results were 79.24%, 79.39%, 83.63%, and 100% for respectively 3297, 1649, 825, and 210. These findings show that the KNN method is more effective in working on smaller datasets, besides that the use of the average filter also has a significant contribution in increasing the accuracy.

The main problem in this study is how to apply ice breaking in the learning of fifth grade students at SD Negeri Pesantunan 05, the effect of ice breaking in increasing student learning concentration and the advantages and disadvantages of ice breaking in learning. This type of research is descriptive-qualitative. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. The analytical method used is collecting data, data reduction, data presentation and verification. The results of this study indicate that the application of ice breaking in student learning in elementary schools can have an effect on increasing student learning concentration as long as the learning process is going well. The types of ice breaking that are often used by teachers are singing, songs and clapping which are carried out at the end of learning or on the sidelines of learning. With the application of Ice Breaking in learning can make students more active, enthusiastic about learning, and concentrating in the learning process takes place, in the application of Ice Breaking the teacher of course looks at the conditions and atmosphere of the class first whether it is possible to carry out Ice Breaking activities. We often encounter weaknesses and strengths during the process of implementing Ice breaking in mathematics learning. The advantages of implementing Ice breaking can shorten the time during the learning process, making the class atmosphere fun and cheerful. The drawback is the teacher's lack of creativity in implementing the types of ice breaking that are carried out in the classroom.

Education is basically a conscious effort to grow and develop the potential of human resources (HR), especially for students by providing encouragement and providing good facilities through learning activities. In addition, each individual must have the ability and willingness to learn so that the learning objectives can be achieved. The achievement of each individual from each learning process is called learning achievement. As for one of the supporting factors that are dominant in influencing learning achievement is the intelligence of each individual student. The purpose of this study is to find out how much influence the level of intelligence has on learning achievement, especially in the field of Islamic religious education (PAI) at MAN 1 Sukabumi City. The research method used is survey method with correlational analysis. Based on the results of the data analysis performed, it was found that intelligence has a significant effect on learning achievement. This is evidenced by the t count of 7.811 with a significance level of 0.01 and 0.05. Based on the data analysis test, it was also found that F was 61.011 with a significance value of 0.01 (p <0.05). This shows that intelligence has a significant influence on student achievement. Apart from the F value, an R square value of 0.592 is also obtained, which means that 59.2% of student achievement in PAI is influenced by the level of intelligence, while the remaining 40.8% is influenced by other factors such as motivation or learning environment. Then the results of the research conducted can be concluded that the level of intelligence has a significant effect on student achievement in PAI either partially or simultaneously. The other supporting factors are motivation, socioeconomic, class climate or learning methods which support student achievement, especially in Islamic Religious Education.

STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) improvements in education, as well as PAUD teacher inability to effectively use the resources at their disposal despite their simplicity in the classroom. Using active and creative learning approaches, the implementation of learning in STEAM-based PAUD is designed to encourage children's creativity. The method's activities included a pre-test to gauge PAUD teachers' familiarity with the STEAM learning approach, instruction about STEAM resources after that, and training or group practice in creating STEAM-based learning resources. introducing new information, since PAUD teachers did not previously comprehend what STEAM was, They understand now it, and because it combines the five knowledges with basic tools and materials, they can develop it for use as an engaging method of instruction in the future.

Improving teacher competence in the preparation of scientific work is very important. Apart from the fact that teachers are required by regulations to compile scientific work every year at least once, being a competent/professional teacher is a necessity. This PKM aims to improve teacher competence through training activities and mentoring in the preparation of scientific work. The PKM method used is a service learning process: Investigation, Preparation, Action, and Reflection (Pramanik et al., 2021). The subjects of the dedication were the teachers of SMAN 5 Taruna Brawijaya Kediri. Retrieval of data using interviews, observations, tests and questionnaires. The results of PKM activities show an increase in teacher competence in the preparation of scientific work (preparation of research proposals, preparation of research reports, preparation of research outputs, preparation of teaching materials (books/modules/student worksheets) before and after PKM activities. Participant responses to PKM activities were positive and meaningful and they recommend similar activities in the future.

Application of the Role Playing Method to Improve Statistics Learning Outcomes of Elementary School Students. This study aims to find out the results of learning statistics on data presentation and calculating the average (mean) through the role playing method in learning mathematics. Classroom action research was carried out at Mangasa 1 Public Elementary School, Somba Opu District by taking 26 research subjects. This research was conducted in 2 cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation and reflection activities. Data was collected using a filled-in test with a total of 10 questions. Data on learning outcomes were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive analysis method, namely finding the average student score and learning completeness. Data were taken from two activities, namely cycle I and cycle II. Learning outcomes data obtained by students in cycle I, namely with an average value of 73.26 and learning completeness reached 46.15% and cycle II obtained an average value of 98.84 and learning completeness reached 100%. In this study it can be concluded that the application of the Role Playing method can improve the mathematics learning outcomes of fourth grade students.

The most common learning difficulties faced by Primary school students are difficulties in learning to read. In second-grade students of SD Negeri 4 Dukuhwaluh, this problem was also found, so this study aims to describe students' initial reading difficulties. This research used a descriptive qualitative research method of a case study. The subjects of this study included 9 students who had difficulty in reading, class teachers, and 9 students' parents. Observation, interviews, and document analysis were used to collect data. The validity test of the data used data and technique triangulations. Data analysis techniques used the Miles Huberman model; data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Reading difficulties for second-grade students of SD Negeri 4 Dukuhwaluh were experienced by 9 students. The results showed that initial reading difficulties included the following: a) difficulty in recognizing letters, there were 2 students who did not recognize letters from A to Z. b) difficulty in reading diphthongs, there were 4 students who did not want to pronounce any letters or stuttered when reading diphthongs. c) difficulty in reading words, there were 4 students who were not fluent in reading words or were still spelling. d) not proficient in reading consonants, there were 2 students who only knew a few consonants, and e) not yet fluent in reading sentences, there were 9 students who were still not fluent in reading sentences. It can be concluded that the difficulties experienced by the 9 students were various.

This study aims to determine the increase in students’ science prosess skills using the guided inquiry learning model. This research uses a literature review research method. A total of 4 articles were obtained to be used as data which was then analyzed. Data analysis uses 3 stages, organize (choose the type of journal that is in line with the research), synthensize (read and summarize journals), identify (draw conclusions from each journal). From the available data, it is known that using the guided inquiry learning model can improve students' science process skills in physics subjects.

The formulation of the problem in this study is whether the guided discovery method assisted by learning media can improve mathematics learning outcomes in fourth grade students at SDN 14 Turatea. The purpose of this study was to improve mathematics learning outcomes through guided discovery methods assisted by learning media in fourth grade students at SDN 14 Turatea. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. The subjects in this study were 17 grade IV students at SDN 14 Turatea in the 2022-2023 academic year. Research procedures include planning, implementation of action, observation and reflection. The results showed that in the first cycle of students who completed individually only 10 people or 59% and the average score obtained was 69. Meanwhile in the second cycle where out of 17 students there were 14 people or 82.35% had fulfilled the KKM and the average score -the average obtained was 81.76. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that the application of the guided discovery method assisted by learning media can improve student learning outcomes in class IV SDN 14 Turatea.

The impact of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the activities, psychological conditions, and behavioral changes in adult learners, with technology-based learning becoming increasingly widespread in higher education institutions. Both professors and students have adapted to engage in distance learning interactions, including those at the Faculty of Tarbiyah, Islamic Institute of West Sumatra, who have become familiar with utilizing virtual classes through collaborative learning methods. This research aims to analyze the influence of implementing virtual classes with collaborative learning methods, student engagement, and the challenges faced by students in online learning on learning outcomes. The research method employed is a mixed-method convergent parallel design, involving the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data analysis uses descriptive analysis, while quantitative data is analyzed using a cross-sectional study design. The research findings indicate that student learning through virtual classes at the Faculty of Tarbiyah, supported by platforms like Google Classroom, WhatsApp, and Zoom Meetings, has been effective and has positively impacted students' learning achievements. The challenges encountered by students and professors during online learning include technology mastery, cost, smooth communication, interactive success, internet signal, and time management. For the faculty members of Tarbiyah, it is recommended to conduct online learning based on virtual classes, involving various integrated platforms such as Google Classroom, WhatsApp, and Zoom Meetings. Additionally, preparing a comprehensive online learning guide with solutions to handle technical issues would be beneficial. This research contributes to the education field by providing insights into effective online learning practices and highlighting the challenges that need to be addressed to improve the overall learning experience.

This study identified the challenges faced by students in writing persuasive texts, as well as exploring the potential for implementing PBL to improve writing skills. This research was conducted using the classroom action research method in class VIII SMP Negeri 11 Medan in the 2022/2023 academic year with a total of 32 students. Actions taken by applying the Problem-Based Learning learning model. This research was conducted in two cycles. Based on the results of research on student activity, it was found that the average value of student activity at the first meeting was 65.15%, at the second meeting, the percentage of activity value was 77.07%. The average value of student activity at meeting III was 70.09%, including the active category. Meanwhile, at the fourth meeting, the percentage of activity values ​​was 72.66% and if it was included in the criteria for student activity, this student activity was included in the active category. Overall, if an average of each cycle is obtained, the results of persuasive text writing skills have increased from 71.61% (active enough category) in cycle I to 71.37% (active category) in cycle II, which means an increase of 9. 76 %. Thus it can be seen that the Problem Based Learning learning model can improve the skills of writing persuasive texts and students understand learning material more easily.

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of the Student Teams-Achiement Division (STAD) type model by Christian Religious Education teachers on the learning motivation of class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta Kab. Samosir TA. 2023/2024. The research method used is a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The population was all 102 class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta and a sample of 41 people was determined using random sampling techniques. Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 41 items, namely 24 items for variable motivating the learning of class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta Kab. Samosir TA. 2023/2024: 1) Test analysis requirements: a) positive relationship test obtained by rxy = 0.459 > ​​rtable(a=0.05,n=41) = 0.308. b) Testing a significant relationship obtained a value of tcount= 3.226 > ttable(a=0.05,dk=n-2=39)= 2.021. 2) Test the effect: a) Test the regression equation, obtained the regression equation Y ̂="34.20"+0.25X. b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 21.1%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(a=0.05, dk numerator k=23, dk denominator=n-2=41-2=39) namely 10.36 > 1.51. Thus Ha is accepted, namely that there is a positive and significant influence of the Student Teams-Achiement Division (STAD) type learning model by Christian Religious Education teachers on the learning motivation of class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Ronggurnihuta Kab. Samosir TA. 2023/2024 and H0 can be rejected.

The aim of this research is to find out how much the Student Facilitator and Explaining learning model has on the learning motivation of class IX students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintong Nihuta, Humbang Hasundutan district, for the 2023/2024 academic year. The method used in this research is a quantitative method. The population is all class IX students of SMP Negeri 3 Lintong Nihuta, Humbang Hasundutan Regency for the 2023/2024 academic year, totaling 191 people and a sample of 32 people was determined using a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 35 items. The results of the data analysis show that there is an influence of the Student Facilitator and Explaining learning model on the learning motivation of class IX students at SMP Negeri 3 Lintong Nihuta, Humbang Hasundutan district for the 2023/2024 academic year: 1) Test the analysis requirements: a) positive relationship test obtained with a value of rxy = 0.586 > rtable(=0.05,n=32) = 0.349, thus it is known that there is a positive relationship between variable dk=n-2=30)= 2.042, thus there is a significant relationship between variable 60X. b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 34.3%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(=0.05, dk numerator k=14, dk denominator=n-2=32-2=30) namely 15.66 > 2.01 Thus Ha accepted and H0 rejected.

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of the Course Review Horray (CRH) learning model on the active learning of Christian Religious Education of class The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The population is all class Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire of 40 items, of which 20 questionnaire items were for variable class X Yapim Balige Private Vocational School, Toba Regency, 2022/2023 Academic Year: 1) Test the analysis requirements: a) positive relationship test obtained by the value rxy = 0.580 > rtable(a=0.05,n=45) = 0.294, thus it is known that there is a positive relationship between variable X and variable Y. b) Test A significant relationship is obtained by the value of tcount= 4.667 > ttable(a=0.05,dk=n-2=43)= 2.021, thus there is a significant relationship between variable X and variable Y. 2) Test the effect: a) Test the regression equation , the regression equation Y ̂="36.86"+0.44X is obtained. b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 33.6%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(a=0.05, dk numerator k=20, dk denominator=n-2=45-2=43) namely 21.69 > 1.51. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Keywords: Learning Model, Course Review Horray (CRH) Model, Learning Activeness, PAK

The aim of this research is to find out whether there is a positive and significant influence of the articulation learning model on the learning activeness of class The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. The population is all 59 class Data was collected using a closed questionnaire with 30 items and all of them were positive. The results of data analysis show that there is a positive and significant influence of the articulation learning model on the learning activeness of class (=0.05,n=59) = 0.254, thus it is known that there is a positive relationship between variable n-2=57)= 2,000, thus there is a significant relationship between variable b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 25.3%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(=0.05, dk numerator k=21, dk denominator=n-2=59-2=57) namely 19.30 > 1.39. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected.

This study aims to determine the positive and significant influence of effective communication by Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers on the learning motivation of class VIII students at SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year. The hypothesis of the study is there is a positive and significant influence of effective communication by Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers on the learning motivation of class VIII students at SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year. The method that used in this study is an inferential quantitative method. The population is all 123 students of class VIII of SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year who are Protestant Christians and samples are determined 40% of the total population as many as 50 people by using random sampling techniques. The study instrument is a closed questionnaire with 39 items, namely 22 items for variable X and 17 items for variable Y. The results of data analysis obtained: a) Testing a positive relation (Product Moment Pearson) obtained a value of rcount = 0.413> rtable (a = 0.05, n = 50) = 0.297. b) Testing a significant relation (t-test) obtained a value of tcount= 3.141>ttable (a=0.05, df=n-2=48)= 2.000. c) Obtain the degree of influence with the regression equation Ŷ= 18,33 + 0,46X. d) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount= 9.823>Ftable (a=0.05, df numerator k-1=1, df denominator=n-2=50-2=48) =4.00. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. The study concluded that there was a positive and significant influence of effective communication by Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers on the learning motivation of class VIII students at SMP Negeri 4 Tarutung for the 2023/2024 academic year.  

Integrating innovative pedagogical approaches becomes paramount as the contemporary educational paradigm evolves. The study addresses the gap in the current literature by offering insights into the multifaceted implications of gamification in higher education settings. The primary purpose of this research is to analyze the attitudes, experiences, and perceptions of both educators and students toward gamified elements in LMS. The study combines qualitative interviews with teachers and students and quantitative surveys to gather a comprehensive understanding of the subject. The methodology encompasses diverse higher education institutions to ensure a representative sample. Results highlight the nuanced perspectives of participants, revealing key factors influencing the effectiveness of gamification in LMS, such as motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes. The findings provide a foundation for a more informed integration of gamified elements into educational practices. In conclusion, this research contributes to the field by offering empirical evidence and nuanced insights into the perceptions of gamification in higher education. The study enhances our understanding of the challenges and benefits associated with gamified learning and provides practical implications for educators and policymakers aiming to foster innovative and engaging learning environments.

This article on Optimizing the Utilization of Technology in Islamic Education was written with the aim of forming good morals and morals in individuals. This study was conducted using two methods, namely a qualitative survey and literature review through a review of previous studies whose subject matter is of course related to the title of this article. Character education is very important for someone, because good character will form a good and moral person. Character learning naturally forms a person's character based on what is learned, so that the character remains in it and even forms an identity in the future. In the current era of modernization, character education can be achieved through Islamic learning. So that someone even though living in the era of globalization can preserve Islamic values ​​that are rooted within him.