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Travertine is a non-marine carbonate rock precipitated from calcium- and bicarbonate-rich waters, commonly associated with hot springs, streams, and lakes in tectonically active regions. This study presents a systematic literature review of travertine deposit characteristics, encompassing mineralogical composition, geochemical signatures, petrographic textures, morphological types, isotopic properties, biotic–abiotic controls on formation, early diagenesis, and petrophysical implications. The synthesis indicates that travertine is predominantly composed of calcite, with aragonite forming under conditions of elevated temperature, high Mg/Ca ratios, and rapid CO₂ degassing. Travertines display exceptional textural diversity, ranging from abiotic crystalline crusts to microbially mediated fabrics such as shrub, peloidal, and stromatolitic structures. Major morphologies include fissure ridges, mounds, terraces, cascades, and slopes, strongly governed by tectonic setting, topography, hydrology, and substrate geology. Stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O), strontium isotopes, trace elements, and REE patterns effectively constrain fluid provenance and distinguish thermogene from meteogene travertines. Microbial activity plays a crucial role in biomineralization, influencing precipitation rates, crystal morphology, and lamination patterns. Early diagenetic processes occurring during active deposition may significantly modify primary fabrics and geochemical signals. Travertine petrophysical properties exhibit distinctive porosity–velocity relationships, making them valuable analogues for subsurface carbonate reservoirs. This review highlights that travertines record complex interactions among physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes and hold significant value for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and carbonate reservoir studies.

The development of digital technology has transformed trading patterns through the emergence of live shopping, a phenomenon that enables real-time interaction between sellers and consumers. Although it offers marketing efficiency, this model poses significant legal risks, including misleading information, promotional manipulation, and product non-conformity. This study aims to analyze legal certainty in consumer protection within live shopping transactions, examine the forms of business actors’ liability for consumer losses, and identify obstacles to regulatory implementation along with efforts to strengthen supervision.The research method employed is normative legal research using both a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that legal certainty in consumer protection within this ecosystem is grounded in the integration of Law No. 8 of 1999 (Consumer Protection Law) as the lex generalis and Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019 (Electronic Commerce/PMSE) as the lex specialis, which recognizes the validity of real-time electronic contracts. The legal liability of business actors is strict liability in nature, in accordance with Article 19 of the Consumer Protection Law, and may also be construed as a tort (Article 1365 of the Civil Code) in cases involving distortion of visual information.However, the effectiveness of these regulations is hindered by the ephemeral nature of transactions and low levels of digital literacy. This study recommends the implementation of technology-based supervisory systems (suptech), strengthening the oversight function of platforms (PPMSE), and policy synchronization between the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Communication and Informatics in standardizing business actor verification to ensure the security of the digital commerce ecosystem.

Clean and healthy living habits are an essential foundation in shaping a generation that is mindful of personal and environmental health. These habits need to be instilled from an early age, both at school and at home, so that they can become a sustainable part of students' lifestyles. This community service activity aims to improve the knowledge and skills of students at SD Negeri 1 Mertoyudan in consistently applying Clean and Healthy Living Behaviors (PHBS) in their daily lives. The implementation methods comprised three main approaches: interactive discussion-based education, a demonstration of proper handwashing techniques in accordance with WHO standards, and hands-on practice in maintaining personal hygiene. These approaches were chosen to ensure that students not only understand the concept of PHBS theoretically but are also able to apply it independently in real-life situations. The results of the activity showed a significant improvement in students' understanding of the importance of washing hands with soap at critical moments as a form of personal hygiene responsibility. Through a demonstrative approach that involved active student participation, participants were able to practice proper personal hygiene steps accurately and confidently. This activity is hoped to have a long-term impact in shaping students who are disciplined, responsible, and attentive to both personal and environmental health, while also serving as an effective preventive measure in reducing the risk of infectious diseases among school-age children.

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including the field of education, particularly Islamic Education. This study aims to explore various AI-based learning strategies that can be implemented to create a more effective, interactive, and contemporary learning process. The method employed in this study is a literature review by examining various scholarly sources, such as journals, books, and academic articles discussing the implementation of AI in education. The findings indicate that the integration of AI can be realized through personalized learning tailored to students’ needs, the use of chatbots as learning assistants, the analysis of students’ progress and learning outcomes, as well as the utilization of technology-based learning media. These strategies are not only capable of improving students’ cognitive aspects but can also strengthen the internalization of Islamic values when applied appropriately and systematically. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that teachers’ technological competence, infrastructure readiness, and the development of an adaptive curriculum are crucial factors in the successful implementation of AI-based learning within the context of Islamic Education.

Village regional information plays an important role in supporting community services and effective development planning. However, some rural areas still face limitations in information regarding hamlet boundaries and road access, including Lunto Barat Village, Lembah Segar District, Sawahlunto City. This Community Service Program (KKN) aimed to improve the availability and accessibility of village regional information through hamlet and road mapping activities. The methods applied included field observation, direct road data collection with village officials, preparation of hamlet maps, and environmental development activities through community-based planting. The results indicated that the mapping activities provided clearer information on hamlet boundaries and village road networks, thereby facilitating community access to regional information. Furthermore, the resulting village map helped both residents and visitors locate destinations more effectively. This program demonstrates that village mapping activities not only enhance access to regional information but also contribute to more structured and participatory village development.

Homemade food is increasingly dominating the choices of consumers who are oriented towards a healthy lifestyle. However, the belief that self-cooking is synonymous with food safety is not always supported by scientific evidence. This Narrative Review aims to build an in-depth thematic synthesis of the various dimensions of food safety risks that arise in the process of preparing healthy homemade food, ranging from biological and chemical contamination, to human behavioral factors as the main agents of contamination. The study was conducted against seven reputable sources of scientific literature published between 2010–2025, including observational, experimental, cross-sectional, and review studies. Four main themes were identified: (1) risky behaviors in the household kitchen as the dominant factor; (2) unexpected cross-contamination pathways including table salt as a vector; (3) chemical and biological contaminants hidden in "healthy" materials; and (4) evidence-based interventions that have been proven to be effective. This review confirms that homemade food safety is a behavioral issue, not just a technical one, so the intervention approach must be multidimensional and sustainable.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication difficulties, and restricted and repetitive behaviors. In addition to these core symptoms, children with ASD often experience gastrointestinal disturbances that are thought to be related to the gut–brain axis. One non-pharmacological intervention that has been widely studied to reduce ASD symptoms is the gluten-free casein-free (GFCF) diet. However, evidence regarding its effectiveness in improving behavioral symptoms remains inconsistent. This study aims to review previous research on the impact of gluten and casein consumption on behavioral symptoms in children with ASD using a narrative literature review approach. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2014 and 2024 using the keywords Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), behavior, GFCF diet, gluten, and casein. The review results indicate that most studies report potential benefits of the GFCF diet in improving certain behavioral symptoms in children with ASD, particularly hyperactivity, behavioral problems, stereotypical behavior, attention, and cognitive function. Some studies also show improvements in autism evaluation scores after dietary implementation over a specific period. However, findings remain inconsistent due to differences in study design, sample size, intervention duration, dietary adherence, and the heterogeneity of ASD characteristics among children. In conclusion, the GFCF diet has potential as a complementary intervention to improve certain behavioral symptoms in children with ASD, but further high-quality studies with larger samples are needed to confirm its effectiveness more consistently.

Village regional information plays an important role in supporting community services and effective development planning. However, some rural areas still face limitations in information regarding hamlet boundaries and road access, including Lunto Barat Village, Lembah Segar District, Sawahlunto City. This Community Service Program (KKN) aimed to improve the availability and accessibility of village regional information through hamlet and road mapping activities. The methods applied included field observation, direct road data collection with village officials, preparation of hamlet maps, and environmental development activities through community-based planting. The results indicated that the mapping activities provided clearer information on hamlet boundaries and village road networks, thereby facilitating community access to regional information. Furthermore, the resulting village map helped both residents and visitors locate destinations more effectively. This program demonstrates that village mapping activities not only enhance access to regional information but also contribute to more structured and participatory village development.

The use of AI in today’s era has significantly expanded across various sectors of life, including the education sector. The use of AI in education is quite helpful in improving the quality of learning by providing innovative teaching materials, real-time feedback, and fostering student creativity; however, in practice, there are numerous instances of misuse of AI, such as for criminal activities. Such practices are clearly counterproductive to the learning process and threaten the quality of the nation’s future generations. The objective of this community service initiative is to deepen students’ understanding of AI from a legal perspective and to enhance the quality of learning. The methods employed include participatory-based education, encompassing lectures, Q&A sessions, and statements of commitment. The results of this community service initiative include an enhanced understanding of AI and its proper use. Additionally, students have committed to using AI ethically, in accordance with existing legal frameworks, and with a focus on improving the quality of learning without compromising their foundational and social skills, so that in the future they can compete effectively both nationally and internationally.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Augmented Reality-based Virtual Try-On and consumer testimonials on purchase intention toward Maybelline foundation from an Islamic business perspective among Generation Z in Bandar Lampung. This research employs a quantitative approach using primary data collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that Virtual Try-On has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. Consumer testimonials also have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. Simultaneously, both variables significantly influence purchase intention. From an Islamic business perspective, the use of technology and consumer testimonials can serve as an effective marketing strategy while maintaining ethical principles such as transparency, honesty, and fairness. 

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of corporate zakat management in reducing economic inequality from the perspective of muamalah. The research employs a library research method with a qualitative-descriptive approach by examining various literature sources, empirical data, and regulations related to corporate zakat in Indonesia. The findings reveal that corporate zakat management achieves optimal effectiveness when zakat funds are distributed through a productive zakat scheme. This scheme is implemented through six main stages: preliminary surveys of beneficiaries, regular assistance, provision of business capital, business partner guidance, motivational training, and periodic evaluations of beneficiaries’ business development. However, practical implementation still faces several challenges. The allocation of funds for business capital among economically disadvantaged communities has only reached approximately 0.4%, while the majority of zakat funds, around 97.1%, are still utilized for consumptive assistance. This condition indicates that the economic empowerment function of zakat has not yet been fully optimized. Therefore, integrative solutions are required, including institutional strengthening through the establishment of Islamic microfinance units such as Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) internally, as well as stronger government regulations through tax deductible incentive policies externally to support the sustainable optimization of corporate zakat distribution.

The phenomenon of growth in Indonesia’s beauty industry has intensified competition among both global and local skincare brands, including Avoskin. This situation impacts consumer trust Instagram. Avoskin must compete to build brand trust amid the higher exposure and engagement dominance of global brands on social media. Challenges such as the presence of negative reviews and unfavorable consumer perceptions that lead to dissatisfaction represent significant threats to Avoskin’s ability to sustain brand trust. This study aims to determine the influence of electronic word of mouth and brand image of @avoskinbeauty toward brand trust. The research adopts a quantitative approach using the simple random sampling method, involving 400 active Instagram users as respondents. Data were collected through Google Forms and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 30.. The T - test results show that Avoskin’s electronic word of mouth on Instagram has a positive and significant effect on brand trust, with a tcount greater than the ttable value (8.335 > 1.965) and significance < 0.001 < 0.05. Similarly, Avoskin’s brand image also has a positive and significant impact on brand trust, with a tcount greater than the ttable value (22.462 > 1.965) and significance < 0.001 < 0.05. The F - test results indicate that electronic word of mouth and brand image simultaneously have a significant effect on brand trust, with an Fcount greater than the Ftable value (870.240 > 3.02) and significance < 0.001 < 0.05. In conclusion, electronic word of mouth and brand image play essential roles in enhancing brand trust. The implication of this study is that skincare companies should continuously strengthen their digital presence, consistently manage their brand image, and actively facilitate and respond to electronic word of mouth, especially on social media platforms.

This study aims to analyze the contribution and effectiveness of Local Tax and Local Retribution revenues to the Regional Original Revenue (PAD) of Bantul Regency during the 2021–2024 period. This research employs a quantitative descriptive approach using secondary data obtained from the Budget Realization Report (LRA) of Bantul Regency. The data analysis techniques used include contribution ratio analysis and effectiveness analysis by comparing realization with predetermined targets. The results show that the contribution of Local Taxes to the PAD of Bantul Regency during the 2021–2024 period is classified as good, with an average of 45.12%. Meanwhile, the contribution of Local Retribution to PAD is categorized as very low, with an average of 6.37%. In terms of effectiveness, Local Tax revenue is considered very effective with an average effectiveness rate of 109.18%, while Local Retribution revenue is categorized as quite effective with an average effectiveness of 92.42%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Local Taxes are the most dominant and reliable source of PAD in Bantul Regency, while Local Retribution, although quite effective in achieving its targets, still requires optimization. Therefore, efforts are needed to optimize the collection of local retributions through the expansion of retribution objects, the review of more realistic targets, and the improvement of regional revenue management quality.

In the field of education, cheating remains a critical issue of academic dishonesty. This phenomenon does not merely affect students' grades but also obstructs the development of core character values, including integrity, responsibility, and independence in the pursuit of knowledge. This article aims to analyze the factors influencing cheating behavior and evaluate various forms of intervention from the perspective of early detection of problematic behavior. This study employs a literature review method, examining 20 relevant scientific articles published between 2021 and 2026. The findings reveal that cheating behavior is influenced by internal factors such as self-efficacy, self-control, self-confidence, religiosity, and self-esteem as well as external factors, including peer conformity, parental pressure, the learning environment, and evaluation systems. Effective interventions include group counseling services, classical guidance, modifications to evaluation systems, and the utilization of Artificial Intelligence-based technology to detect potential academic fraud. Consequently, efforts to prevent cheating behavior require a multidimensional approach involving students, teachers, parents, and school policies to cultivate an academic culture of integrity.

The development of digital technology in the Society 5.0 era presents both challenges and opportunities in history teaching, particularly regarding teachers’ ability to integrate technology and adapt to changes in students’ learning styles. This study aims to analyse the challenges faced by teachers and the strategies employed in digital-based history teaching. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) employing the PRISMA approach, involving the stages of identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and inclusion of scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025. From the selection process, 25 relevant articles were identified for qualitative descriptive analysis. The findings indicate that teachers’ digital literacy levels remain at a moderate level and are unevenly distributed, thereby affecting the sub-optimal integration of technology into teaching. Furthermore, changes in students’ learning styles which are increasingly technology-oriented require more interactive and contextual pedagogical innovations. On the other hand, the use of digital media has proven capable of enhancing student motivation and learning outcomes, although this is still hindered by limitations in infrastructure and teachers’ technical competencies. The abundance of historical information on the internet also poses challenges regarding the validity of sources, thus necessitating the strengthening of digital literacy and critical thinking. The implications of this research underscore the importance of the ongoing development of teachers’ digital skills, the improvement of educational facilities, and the implementation of innovative teaching models to ensure that history teaching becomes more relevant and effective, and is capable of fostering critical thinking skills in pupils in the digital age.

This study examines the effect of transfer pricing, thin capitalization, and intangible assets on tax avoidance among manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2022-2024. Using a purposive sampling method, 90 firms were selected, yielding 262 firm-year observations after removing 8 outliers from an initial pool of 270. Tax avoidance is proxied by the Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR); transfer pricing by the Related Party Transaction ratio (RPT); thin capitalization by the Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DER); and intangible assets by the ratio of intangible assets to total assets. The results indicate that transfer pricing has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance, thin capitalization has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance, and intangible assets do not significantly affect tax avoidance. The model is jointly significant (F = 25.422; p < .001) with an Adjusted R² of 21.92%, indicating that 21.92% of the variation in tax avoidance is explained by the three independent variables. These findings carry important implications for tax authorities seeking to strengthen oversight of related-party transactions and the capital structures of multinational enterprises.

The emergence of Large-Format Printing (LFP) technology has transformed global visual communication by enabling the production of large-scale, high-quality printed materials, significantly influencing Nigeria’s graphic design industry. This study aims to examine the impact of LFP on graphic design practice (GDP) in 21st-century Nigeria and propose strategies for sustainable development while addressing emerging challenges. A mixed-method approach was employed, with a primary qualitative focus through interviews and participant observation, supported by quantitative data collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire to assess designers’ perceptions of LFP’s influence. The findings reveal a dual impact. On the positive side, LFP has enhanced design scale, print quality, creative flexibility, and production efficiency, effectively overcoming the limitations of earlier methods such as letterpress printing, manual clamp offset printing, and hand-painted signboards. However, several challenges persist, including the oversaturation of practitioners, increased design piracy, and issues of color inconsistency, which undermine quality outcomes. These challenges highlight gaps in professional standards and regulation within the industry. The study concludes that while LFP has driven innovation and growth in Nigeria’s graphic design sector, its optimal benefits are constrained by the proliferation of unaccredited freelance designers. Therefore, the study recommends the implementation of targeted training programs and stricter professional accreditation systems through relevant regulatory bodies to ensure sustainable development and maximize the transformative potential of LFP technology.

Family communication plays a crucial role in shaping the character and behavior of adolescents, especially in facing social challenges such as online gambling. This study aims to determine how parental communication patterns influence adolescents' involvement in online gambling activities in Lalang Village, Rana Mese District, East Manggarai Regency. Furthermore, this study also identifies various efforts made by parents to address this problem. The method used was a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results indicate four family communication patterns implemented by parents: pluralistic, consensual, protective, and laissez-faire. The pluralistic pattern is characterized by open communication and equal discussion, which encourages children to avoid online gambling. The consensual pattern combines warm communication with an emphasis on shared values. Conversely, the protective pattern tends to be dominant, where parents supervise without providing space for dialogue, resulting in children becoming withdrawn. The laissez-faire pattern, with minimal communication, makes children feel free to engage in gambling. This study uses the symbolic interaction theory, namely mind, self, and society. In addition to communication patterns, this study also found that parents undertake various efforts, such as limiting digital device use, providing advice, and increasing supervision of their children's social environment. These efforts demonstrate that their effectiveness is highly dependent on the quality of communication within the family.

This study aims to analyze student time management and its relationship to academic productivity among students in the Economics Education Study Program, Jambi University, class of 2023. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with a number of students selected purposively. The results showed that most students were unable to manage their time optimally, as reflected in the habit of procrastinating on assignments, a lack of structured planning, and an imbalance between academic and non-academic activities. Many students tended to work on assignments only close to the deadline and found it difficult to maintain a consistent schedule. Conversely, students who had a more structured time plan, such as compiling daily to-do lists and setting priorities, demonstrated better academic productivity. They were able to complete assignments on time, produce better quality work, and were more active in the learning process and class discussions. This study confirms that effective time management plays a crucial role in improving student academic productivity, both in terms of the quality of work results and the timeliness of assignment completion. Therefore, more intensive efforts are needed to increase students' awareness and skills in time management, so they can achieve optimal learning outcomes, reduce stress levels, and face academic demands more efficiently. In this context, developing good time management strategies is essential to help students maximize their academic potential.

This study examines the role of halal tourism in enhancing destination competitiveness and strengthening the Islamic economy within the tourism sector. This research employs a systematic literature review to synthesize findings from relevant academic sources. The results indicate that halal tourism contributes significantly to destination competitiveness by increasing tourist arrivals and encouraging product diversification. In addition, it supports the development of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and promotes local economic growth through a multiplier effect. Halal tourism also fosters ethical business practices and sustainable tourism development aligned with Islamic principles. However, its implementation faces key challenges, including limited infrastructure, complex halal certification procedures, and perceptions of exclusivity among non-Muslim tourists. Therefore, strategic efforts are required to improve Muslim-friendly infrastructure, streamline certification processes, strengthen MSME capacity through training and digitalization, and adopt inclusive branding strategies. These measures are expected to enhance the competitiveness, resilience, and sustainability of halal tourism destinations in the global market.