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Christian education, which is based on the teachings of the Christian religion, has an important role in forming individual character and morals. This education system aims to instill Christian moral and ethical values in students as a guide throughout their lives. However, in the modern era which is full of dynamics and change, Christian education faces big challenges in overcoming moral decline in society. Technological developments, cultural changes, and greater access to information create an increasingly complex moral landscape. Thus, Christian education has a key role in shaping individual character and morals and providing a solid ethical foundation, although there are a series of challenges that hinder its effectiveness. This research explores how Christian ethical principles guide interactions within families and communities, as well as their role in facing moral challenges in the modern era. The family is the main center in the formation of individuals and society, where values and ethics are practiced and passed from one generation to the next. This study emphasizes the importance of respecting parents as a spiritual basis that shapes the character and morality of Christian families. Generations, born in the digital era, are faced with various moral and ethical challenges. Christian education in the family environment can provide a strong moral foundation to face the pressures and temptations around them. Character is not a fixed trait, but rather the result of various influences in a person's life. Christian education provides a deep spiritual dimension, teaching ethical values, compassion, and commitment.

This study is motivated by the current need for research on pesantren management using the Balanced Scorecard approach, which is essential to identify areas that require improvement in order to increase public interest. Innovative institutions have the opportunity to adopt the Balanced Scorecard as a strategic management system for managing long-term strategies. The research employs a qualitative method and was conducted at Pondok Pesantren Anharul Ulum Soko Plumpungrejo Kademangan Blitar and Pondok Pesantren Bustanul Mutaallimat Dawuhan Kauman Kepanjen Kidul in Blitar City. Data collection techniques include participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques involve data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The findings reveal that target setting to build public interest is carried out through several measures. First, institutional development involves transforming pesantren from a salafi model into an integrated institution equipped with formal education facilities. This transformation includes requiring students to reside on-site and implementing strict selection processes to maintain the quality of the pesantren. Additionally, programs and curricula are designed to align with community needs by considering feedback from prospective students' parents, many of whom desire a combination of formal education, pesantren learning, and Quran memorization. Furthermore, the performance of pesantren in building public interest is measured through four perspectives: financial perspective, customer satisfaction perspective, internal business process perspective, and growth and learning perspective.

Adaptive approach is an intervention strategy that places the unique needs of each child with mild autism as the center of attention, so that learning and therapy methods are flexibly adjusted to individual characteristics and abilities. This literature review examines how adaptive approach can increase the independence of children with mild autism through the active role of parents and the implementation of structured daily activities. Parents act as the main partners in the learning process, not only providing emotional support, but also becoming facilitators who help children apply the skills learned at school into everyday life at home. Structured daily activities provide clear and consistent routines, helping children understand and anticipate activities, thereby reducing anxiety and increasing focus in carrying out tasks. Stimulus-response techniques are an effective method in developing children's adaptive behavior, with positive reinforcement that motivates children to continue learning and repeating independent behavior. Close collaboration between teachers, therapists, and parents creates an adaptive and consistent learning environment, which allows children to develop independence gradually and sustainably. This study confirms that holistic interventions involving full support from parents and the implementation of structured daily activities are the keys to success in increasing the independence of children with mild autism.

This research entitled “Implementation of the Tangerang Smart Scholarship Program Fund Management Year 2023”. The objectives are the effectiveness of fund management and the impact of the of the scholarship program on access and quality of education for students from underprivileged families underprivileged families. The method used is a qualitative approach with data collection through interviews, observation, and literature study. Participants.Participants included the Education Office, Social Affairs Office, schools, and parents of students, who provided in-depth insights into the program management and policies. who provided in-depth insights into program management and education policy. The results showed that the Tangerang Smart Scholarship Program Scholarship Program has had a positive impact in reducing school dropout rates and increasing access to education at the primary and secondary school levels. access to education at the primary and junior secondary school levels. This program program helps students from low-income families to continue their education without being hindered by financial factors. without being hindered by financial factors, so that they can fulfill their learning needs such as books, uniforms and learning needs such as books, uniforms and transportation. However, there are challenges in managing the funds, especially the delay in distribution that affecting students' educational needs. In addition, the lack of transparency in scholarship recipient data leads to inaccuracies in the determination of scholarship recipients, with some students who did not meet the criteria still receiving the scholarship. scholarships. Communication between the education and social services offices needs to be improved. Research shows that sub-optimal coordination between the two agencies hindered the synchronization of data

This study aims to analyze the influence of interaction between parents on children's emotional development. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach based on literature studies in the past five years, the study found that interactions that include communication, parenting, and emotional support play a very important role. These aspects contribute to the formation of the child's emotional regulation, self-confidence, and social skills. This study makes a significant conceptual contribution to the development of emotionally sensitive parenting strategies. Children who experience positive interactions in their family environment tend to show good emotional balance and adaptive social skills. Conversely, negative interaction patterns can trigger problems such as anxiety, aggressiveness, and difficulty socializing. In addition, factors such as parental stress, lack of understanding of emotions, and excessive use of technology play a role in affecting the quality of the relationship. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of parental involvement in emotionally aware parenting practices to support children's growth and development. The study also highlights the need for social support and ongoing education for parents, in order to build an emotionally healthy family environment. It is hoped that the results of this study can be the basis for the development of family education programs and parenting policies based on scientific approaches.

Adaptive approach is an intervention strategy that places the unique needs of each child with mild autism as the center of attention, so that learning and therapy methods are flexibly adjusted to individual characteristics and abilities. This literature review examines how adaptive approach can increase the independence of children with mild autism through the active role of parents and the implementation of structured daily activities. Parents act as the main partners in the learning process, not only providing emotional support, but also becoming facilitators who help children apply the skills learned at school into everyday life at home. Structured daily activities provide clear and consistent routines, helping children understand and anticipate activities, thereby reducing anxiety and increasing focus in carrying out tasks. Stimulus-response techniques are an effective method in developing children's adaptive behavior, with positive reinforcement that motivates children to continue learning and repeating independent behavior. Close collaboration between teachers, therapists, and parents creates an adaptive and consistent learning environment, which allows children to develop independence gradually and sustainably. This study confirms that holistic interventions involving full support from parents and the implementation of structured daily activities are the keys to success in increasing the independence of children with mild autism.

This study is a descriptive qualitative study that aims to describe sexual education provided by parents at Taman Firdaus Christian Kindergarten, Balige, North Sumatra. Data were obtained through direct interviews with the Principal, teachers, and several parents. The results showed that teachers and parents at Taman Firdaus Christian Kindergarten had provided basic teaching about the physical differences between boys and girls. However, an explanation of the genitals and their names had not been given because it was considered inappropriate for the age of the children. The main focus of teaching was on norms of politeness and privacy, although a comprehensive understanding of sexuality had not been achieved. Understanding of boundaries and privacy was taught by emphasizing the importance of maintaining privacy, such as not showing genitals to the opposite sex and maintaining physical distance. However, there were challenges such as the limitations of school policies in separating boys' and girls' toilets. The use of appropriate language in sexual education has been carried out well, although consistency in the school environment and at home needs to be improved. Parental involvement in children's sexual education is considered important, but there are obstacles in the form of parental discomfort in discussing sexuality topics with their children at home. The descriptive approach in this qualitative study aims to describe in detail the events, phenomena, and social situations that are the focus of the study. Analysis is carried out by giving meaning, interpreting, and comparing the data obtained to gain a deep understanding of the subject being studied.

The 0–12 month period is a critical phase in infant development, covering motor, cognitive, and emotional domains. Early stimulation has been proven to prevent developmental delays that may affect later life stages. Complementary therapies such as infant massage and baby gym are widely applied as non-pharmacological, safe, low-cost interventions that can be practiced at home by parents. To systematically review the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of complementary therapies in stimulating the development of infants aged 0–12 months. This literature study involved a review of articles published between 2018–2024 from PubMed and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria included experimental and quasi-experimental studies evaluating the effect of complementary therapies (infant massage, baby gym, or others) on infant development. Six relevant studies were identified, including four on baby gym and two on infant massage. All studies reported significant improvements in gross motor development following intervention. Infant massage also showed additional benefits such as increased weight gain and enhanced mother-infant bonding. Complementary therapies such as infant massage and baby gym are effective and practical strategies for stimulating infant development. However, further research with more robust experimental designs is needed to strengthen the evidence base.

The children of terrorism perpetrators are indirect victims of acts of terrorism committed by their parents. They often face stigmatization, discrimination, and bullying within their communities. Under the Child Protection Law, the children of terrorism offenders are categorized as children who are victims of terrorist networks and therefore require special protection. This study aims to identify the ideal concept of legal protection for children of terrorism offenders against acts of bullying. The research method used is normative juridical with a statute approach, comparative approach, and conceptual approach. The findings show that optimizing legal protection for children of terrorism offenders against bullying should focus on both preventive and repressive measures. Preventive actions to protect children of terrorism perpetrators from bullying. Repressive measures include optimizing the roles of the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT), relevant ministries, and institutions through coordinated actions to address the needs and protection of children of terrorism perpetrators.

This Research aims to identify the role of of leadership in addressing and bridging differences of opinion between teachers and parents regarding the educational methods used. The goal is to create a harmonious collaboration to optimize children's development. The research method employed is library research, by collecting and analyzing various relevant literature sources to understand effective leadership strategies in building collaboration between families and schools. The findings indicate that effective leadership in early childhood education (ECE) settings must be able to accommodate diverse perspectives through open communication, collaborative activities, and the development of trust between schools and parents.

Children are the next generation and the hope for the nation's future. However, not all children have the opportunity to grow up in a complete and supportive family environment. The Menara Kasih Indonesia Orphanage Foundation serves as a social solution for children who have lost their parents or are in a state of neglect. This research aims to examine how the background, social services, and caregiving patterns are implemented in this orphanage. The methods used were literature study, descriptive qualitative with observation, and direct interviews with the orphanage administrators and one of the children from the orphanage. The research results show that this orphanage applies a warm and supportive familial parenting style, where the staff actively play the role not only as parental substitutes but also as companions in the children's learning process. The caretakers help the children with their schoolwork and provide emotional support. However, in terms of funding and facilities, the Menara Kasih Indonesia Orphanage Foundation still has limitations.

This study analyzes the effectiveness of dance learning methods at RA Fatipa on early childhood development. This descriptive qualitative study used classroom observations, interviews with teachers and principals, and documentation to collect data. The results showed that dance learning methods at RA Fatipa were effective in improving cognitive, physical-motor, social-emotional, creativity, and character aspects of children. However, limited facilities and infrastructure, teacher training needs, and parental support are obstacles. This study recommends improving facilities and infrastructure, ongoing training for teachers, and closer cooperation between schools and parents to optimize the benefits of dance learning for children's holistic development.

This research analyzes the strategies and collaboration between guidance and counseling teachers and homeroom teachers in addressing problematic students at SMP Negeri 4 Medan. The background of this study highlights the importance of guidance and counseling services in supporting students’ personal and social development, especially during the critical transition period in junior high school. However, the implementation of these services often encounters obstacles such as negative perceptions, lack of formal guidelines, and professional challenges. Using a qualitative descriptive method through interviews, observations, and documentation, the research reveals that effective strategies include building positive relationships, early detection, preventive and curative interventions, and open communication with parents. The synergy between guidance and counseling teachers and homeroom teachers, through regular information exchange and coordinated intervention planning, significantly improves the management of problematic students. Nevertheless, challenges such as limited time, differences in role perceptions, and lack of structured communication forums still hinder optimal collaboration. The study concludes that comprehensive and coordinated collaboration is essential for effective management of student problems in schools.

This study aims to explore teachers' perceptions of challenges in the learning process for deaf students at SLB PGRI Kamal, Bangkalan. With a descriptive qualitative approach, data is collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study show that teachers face challenges in the form of students' difficulties in understanding instruction, limited communication, and lack of pedagogical competence of teachers in special education. In response, teachers apply adaptive strategies such as the use of sign language, visual media, simplification of materials, and an individualized approach. The support of the school environment, such as conducive learning spaces and cooperation between teachers, also strengthens the effectiveness of learning. Teachers consider learning to be quite effective, especially for students who get emotional support and visual learning. This study recommends continuous training for teachers and strengthening cooperation between schools and parents to improve the quality of education for deaf students.    

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of parenting patterns on student learning outcomes, especially in terms of increasing students' enthusiasm, independence, and interest in learning activities. This study focuses on parental involvement in supporting student learning activities at home and its impact on academic achievement. By identifying the types of parenting patterns and their impacts, it is hoped that this study can provide useful understanding for parents, educators, and schools to build constructive cooperation between families and educational institutions. This study uses a qualitative method through a literature review approach. The data used comes from trusted databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus which are sources of information in the form of articles, journals, books, and other scientific publications. The literature reviewed was selected based on the following criteria: published in the last 10 years and discusses the impact of parenting patterns on student learning outcomes. The findings of this study reveal that parenting patterns are a key factor in determining learning outcomes. Supportive and participatory parenting patterns shape positive attitudes, high motivation, and learning responsibilities in children. Active parental involvement is a major element in students' academic success.

This study aims to describe the moral development of elementary school-aged children through a qualitative approach based on observation. Two fifth-grade students were observed to identify differences in moral characteristics and the influence of social interaction on the formation of moral values. The study also examines the teacher’s role as a facilitator of moral growth, support strategies for students with difficulties, the relationship between moral development and cognitive ability, and the role of parents. Findings reveal that children's moral development is significantly influenced by contextual, relational, and reflective learning approaches. Personalized support from teachers and collaboration with parents positively contribute to students’ moral maturity. The study recommends integrating moral values into the curriculum, training for teachers, and strengthening school–family cooperation.

The implementation of the PAKEM (Active, Creative, Effective, and Enjoyable Learning) model in Christian Religious Education (PAK) has shown significant potential in improving students’ understanding of Christian values ​​in elementary schools. This qualitative descriptive study analyzes the implementation of the PAKEM model and its effectiveness in fostering a deeper understanding of values ​​such as compassion, honesty, and forgiveness among students. Although conventional teaching methods are often used in PAK, the PAKEM model encourages active participation, creativity, and a fun learning atmosphere. Research shows that the model has a positive impact on students’ motivation and academic achievement. However, challenges such as limited teacher training and inadequate facilities hinder its optimal implementation. Solutions include ongoing professional development for teachers and adaptation of the curriculum to the local context. The study emphasizes the need for collaboration between educators, parents, and the community to support the effective implementation of the PAKEM model. Ultimately, the PAKEM approach not only improves cognitive outcomes but also contributes to students’ moral and spiritual development, preparing them to embody Christian values ​​in their daily lives.  By cultivating an engaging and supportive learning environment, the PAKEM model aims to create a generation of morally resilient individuals who integrate their faith into their actions.

Career planning is a crucial step in equipping vocational high school students to face the world of work or continue their education. This study aims to explain the role of Guidance and Counseling (BK) teachers in helping students plan their careers through aptitude and interest test services. This study uses a narrative qualitative approach using data collection techniques through literature studies and content analysis. The study that will take place shows that BK teachers have a strategic role in helping students recognize their potential, determine educational paths, and choose the appropriate career direction using their abilities and interests. Aptitude and interest tests are important instruments that help students understand personal strengths and reduce the risk of mis-majoring. Barriers to the implementation of these services include limited resources, test sense, and lack of career issues. Therefore, an integrated strategy is needed between BK teachers, schools, and parents so that this service can run optimally.

The criminal act of pedophilia or sexual violence against children still frequently occurs in Indonesia. Although the penalties for perpetrators and clauses regarding child protection have been regulated by national law, this has not stopped the emergence of pedophiles committing crimes. One of the contributing factors is that pedophiles are often individuals close to the victim's environment. This article is prepared to examine the role of law in Indonesia in providing protection to children who become victims of pedophilia cases. Additionally, this article aims to explore how to impose a deterrent effect on pedophiles based on state policies. The research method used in this article is normative legal research, which focuses on the legislation and legal norms in force. Data collection techniques are conducted through literature studies from various legal sources. Laws regarding penalties for perpetrators of violence against children or pedophilia have been structured in such a way as to address these issues. The government has also formulated regulations concerning legal protection for children, especially for those below the legal age of marriage, as an effort to protect them from pedophilic criminal acts. It is hoped that the government, parents, and the immediate environment of children can implement these policies to create a safe environment free from cases of sexual violence against children.

Christian Religious Education (PAK) has an important role in shaping the character, morals, and spirituality of students. In the digital era, PAK faces new challenges and opportunities. The main challenge is the lack of teacher readiness in using technology and the negative influence of the digital world. However, the digital era also opens up great opportunities through interactive learning media and wider accessibility. This study uses a literature review method to analyze digital transformation in PAK. The results show that the integration of technology in PAK must be supported by teacher training, relevant curriculum development, and collaboration between schools, churches, and families. With an innovative and collaborative approach, PAK can continue to be relevant and effective in strengthening the faith and character of students amidst the flow of modernization. PAK teachers need to utilize technology to enrich the learning experience, while maintaining Christian values. Collaboration between teachers, churches, parents, and students is the key to optimizing the benefits of technology and minimizing its negative impacts. Thus, PAK in the digital era is able to form a young generation that is technologically literate and steadfast in the Christian faith.