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This study aims to determine the composition and structure of vegetation and estimate the potential for carbon dioxide absorption in the Tangale Nature Reserve Area, Gorontalo Regency. The method used in this study is the determination of sampling locations carried out by purposive sampling, making multilevel plots, analyzing vegetation structure, and estimating tree biomass is done non-destructively based on measuring the height and diameter of trees at breast height (DBH), while for lower plants it is done destructively and litter is taken all in the plot area to be weighed wet and dry weight and then estimating biomass, C reserves, and CO2 uptake. The results showed that the vegetation composition consisted of 18 species dominated by the Magnoliopsida class. The highest Important Value Index is found at each observation station. Calculation of biomass value, C reserves, and CO2 uptake at each observation station showed varying results because they were influenced by vegetation type, vegetation density, vegetation composition and structure, and environmental factors. The total value of CO2 uptake by vegetation in the Tangale Nature Reserve Area is 5,304.393 tons of CO2/ha. This research provides a better understanding of carbon sequestration potential in conservation areas to support environmental conservation and climate change mitigation efforts.  

This study explores the concepts of the visible and invisible Church using a qualitative approach with theological and historical methods. The invisible Church is understood as the true spiritual fellowship of all believers, known only to God, while the visible Church refers to the tangible institution that includes buildings, congregations, organizational structure, and leadership. Throughout Christian history, perspectives on the nature of the Church have varied—some emphasize its spiritual and universal aspects, while others focus on its organizational and institutional dimensions. Through the analysis of biblical passages such as Ephesians 1:22–23 and Colossians 1:18, along with theological insights and historical development, this study finds that a proper understanding of the Church must encompass both dimensions. Misinterpretation between these two concepts can lead to a limited understanding of the Church. The study affirms that the Church is not confined to formal institutions but is also the body of Christ comprising all true believers worldwide. By understanding the balance between the visible and invisible Church, Christians are encouraged to live in unity, strengthen their faith, and take an active and responsible role within church life. This understanding offers a broader perspective for living a more holistic and impactful faith life.

This study explores the intersection of sacred water rituals and ecological awareness, examining how religious practices related to water shape environmental virtues and promote water conservation efforts. Various religious traditions, including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and indigenous practices, treat water as a sacred resource, emphasizing its purity, sanctity, and the responsibility of humans to protect it. These rituals, such as Islamic ablution (wudhu), Christian baptism, and Hindu purification rites, not only serve spiritual purposes but also embody environmental ethics that encourage restraint, humility, and stewardship in the use of water. The study employs a comparative qualitative approach, integrating textual exegesis, ethnographic observations, and interviews with religious practitioners to analyze how different faith traditions frame water as sacred and how these frameworks translate into practical behaviors regarding water conservation. The findings reveal that religious water rituals contribute to an ecological self, fostering a deep respect for nature and a commitment to sustainable water use. However, challenges exist in reconciling traditional practices with modern water scarcity issues, especially in regions where water conservation is a critical concern. Despite these challenges, religious communities have the potential to leverage their ritual heritage to foster global awareness and action toward water conservation. Future research should explore interfaith collaborations in water conservation and investigate the impact of ritual practices on real-world water conservation behaviors. This study highlights the potential of sacred water rituals as powerful tools for promoting environmental stewardship and addressing global water challenges.

This study explores the factors influencing customer satisfaction in Indonesia's IT talent provider industry through a qualitative empirical analysis. Employing secondary data sources such as academic literature, industry reports, and customer feedback, the research identifies key drivers of satisfaction, including project-based work setups, client involvement, teamwork dynamics, the nature of work, and employee engagement. Findings suggest that customer satisfaction is a multifaceted concept influenced by effective communication, cohesive teamwork, and robust talent management strategies. The study underscores the need for IT talent providers to adopt comprehensive approaches to enhance service quality, retain skilled professionals, and meet evolving client demands, thereby strengthening their competitive position.

This research aims to investigate vocational school learners' perspectives on the cybergogy approach for an enhanced English language instruction. Utilizing a quantitative research design, the study surveyed 619 students across 17 vocational schools in Yogyakarta Province. The results indicate that the majority of learners find the cybergogy approach engaging and effective, particularly due to its interactive nature and the flexibility it offers. Learners appreciated the ability to access learning resources at their own pace, which is crucial given their varying schedules. However, the study also highlights challenges, including the reliance on consistent access to quality techno-logy, which may limit the approach's effectiveness for some students. The findings underscore the importance of integrating multimedia resources and fostering peer collaboration to enhance English language instruction. The study concludes that while the cybergogy approach shows promise in improving language skills and learner engagement, its implementation must be carefully managed to address technological disparities among students.

This study will describe the legal character of the new Criminal Code in the perspective of legal politics, as for the problem in the research, namely how politics is very influential in producing a legal product. this research method uses normative legal research where in this case it examines legal issues and examines norms, as for what is studied in this study is the new Criminal Code Law. This research aims to answer how the politics of law on criminal law reform in indonesia and how the political configuration and legal character of the new Criminal Code. the conclusion of this research is the politics of law in the Criminal Code Update is the politics of criminal law, which is basically a form of policy that responds to the development of human thinking about crime. political configuration that has a major influence on the formation of rules. Legal products that are responsive in character, the process of making them is participatory, which invites as much community participation as possible through social groups and individuals in the community. In relation to the new Criminal Code, it is not responsive or democratic in nature, and it is also born through an authoritarian political configuration because of the lack of popular participation in its design.

The development of digital technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) has had a significant impact on society, including the emergence of new crimes such as deepfake pornography. Deepfake pornography is a form of AI misuse that creates fake pornographic content by manipulating a person's face into a video or image without consent. This phenomenon raises complex legal issues within the Indonesian criminal law system. This study aims to examine how Indonesian criminal law regulates AI deviations in the form of deepfake pornography and to assess the effectiveness of these regulations in providing legal protection. This research uses a normative approach with qualitative analysis methods and the theory of legal effectiveness as the analytical tool. The research findings indicate that AI deviations in the form of deepfake pornography are not specifically regulated in Indonesia's positive criminal law. The applicable regulations are still general in nature, scattered across several laws such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law), Personal Data Protection Law, Pornography Law, Sexual Violence Criminal Act Law, Copyright Law, and the Criminal Code (KUHP), which do not comprehensively address the technological aspects and psychosocial impacts of this crime. Based on Soerjono Soekanto's theory of legal effectiveness, the existing regulations are not yet effective, as seen from the legal substance, law enforcement, legal facilities and infrastructure, community factors, and legal culture. Therefore, a responsive legal reform is needed to keep pace with digital technological developments, along with strengthening the capacity of law enforcement institutions.

This study aims to determine the effect of liquidity ratios as proxied by the Current Ratio and Quick Ratio, solvency ratios as proxied by the Debt to Asset Ratio and Debt to Equity Ratio, and profitability ratios as proxied by Return On Assets and Return On Equity. Based on the type and nature of the data used in this study, it is quantitative. The data analysis technique in this study begins with descriptive statistical analysis. The analysis is then continued with a panel data regression analysis, taking into account the coefficient of determination (R² test), model feasibility (F test), and the significance of the independent variables on the dependent variable (t-test). Data analysis in this study was conducted using the Econometric Views (EViews) program. The results of the study indicate that: 1) the Current Ratio has a negative and insignificant effect on stock prices, while the Quick Ratio has a positive and significant effect on stock prices; 2) DAR has a negative and significant effect on stock prices, while DER has a positive and insignificant effect on stock prices; and 3) ROA has a positive and significant effect on stock prices, while ROE has a negative and insignificant effect on stock prices.

This study aims to examine and analyze the impact of promotions and prices on customer satisfaction, mediated by service quality in Medan City. The research is quantitative in nature, using an accidental sampling technique. Data collection was done through questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was performed using SMART PLS. The population consisted of 50 respondents, all of whom were included as the research sample. The findings reveal that promotion has a positive and significant effect on service quality in Medan furniture stores. Price also positively and significantly impacts service quality at Akela Meubel in Medan. Promotions positively and significantly influence customer satisfaction at Akela Meubel, while price has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction in Medan furniture. Furthermore, promotion positively and significantly affects customer satisfaction at Akela Meubel in Medan through service quality, and price positively impacts satisfaction through service quality at Medan furniture.

This study explores the application of eco-hermeneutics, an interdisciplinary approach combining ecological thought and scriptural interpretation, to sacred texts such as the Bible, Quran, and Vedas. Eco-hermeneutics seeks to reinterpret traditional religious teachings to emphasize ecological responsibility, interconnectedness, and the moral obligation of humans to protect the environment. The analysis identifies key ecological themes within sacred scriptures, including creation care, stewardship, and the intrinsic value of nature. Interviews with theologians and environmental ethicists provide practical insights into how eco-hermeneutical interpretations can be applied in contemporary religious contexts, offering a fresh perspective on environmental ethics rooted in religious teachings. This approach challenges anthropocentric views, which have historically positioned humans as dominators of nature, and instead advocates for an ecocentric understanding of the environment. The findings highlight the potential of eco-hermeneutics to inspire faith-based responses to the ecological crises, urging religious communities to adopt these interpretations to foster environmental stewardship. However, challenges and resistance from traditional religious communities are identified, particularly concerning entrenched views on human supremacy over nature. The study also explores the implications of eco-hermeneutics for religious education, suggesting that its integration into religious curricula could promote a theology of care and responsibility toward the environment. The paper concludes by calling for further research on the practical applications of eco-hermeneutics, particularly in how these teachings can be incorporated into religious practices and community actions, contributing to global sustainability efforts.

indonesia, the world's 15th largest economy, receives less foreign direct investment than any other developing country, both within and outside its region, with a population of 270 million people and abundant natural resources. According to Indonesia's Central Bureau of Statistics, the country's BPD at that time stood at US$1.49 Trillion. Over the past ten years, foreign direct investment into Indonesia has continued to increase. Multinational companies are companies that consist of various other companies that provide foreign investment opportunities and conduct activities that increase the value of the entity. In addition, multinational companies also have an important role in the global economy and are also leaders in various industrial sectors. The purpose of this research is to find out Multinational Companies that have an important role in the Indonesian economy. This research method uses a qualitative method by collecting research data from previous researchers as a reference. The results of the research we found show that the role of multinational companies has both positive and negative impacts. The positive impact for Indonesia is that they give Indonesia the opportunity to develop its economy through foreign exchange, besides that Multinational Companies also develop digitalization technology for the Indonesian economy. In addition to the positive impact, there are also negative impacts of MNCs, namely, dependence on foreign technology and components, limiting the development of domestic industries, limited technology transfer and development of local companies, decreased domestic investment due to the oligopolistic nature of MNCs, the last is environmental degradation and social inequality caused by MNC operations.

The purpose of this community service is focused on the revitalization of kindergartens in rural areas as an effort to stimulate public interest in early childhood education. This upgraded kindergarten is believed to be able to increase students' motivation and interest in learning. The method used in this study is based on a descriptive approach to identify problems in the target area. Data was collected using qualitative methods including interviews and field observations. The data was then analyzed to be used as a basis for decision making and choosing the right actions to address the problem. Practical application, kindergarten revitalization plays a major role in children's learning experiences. These spaces provide comfortable outdoor activities and act as learning stimuli for children to gain knowledge about nature. Furthermore, attractive landscapes can encourage people to enroll their children in early childhood education. The conclusion of this community service aims to revitalize kindergartens to create comfortable outdoor spaces and act as learning aids for students. This service has succeeded in providing a better landscape for kindergartens that contributes to a broader student learning experience. A more attractive view gives the school a new look to attract public interest in early childhood education.

This final work aims to create works of written batik and embroidery art in the form of shawls by visualizing the beauty and uniqueness of the Siriah Gadang Motif and Orchid Flowers which have various types of colors as an effort to preserve Minangkabau culture, traditions and nature. The creation method for this final work is carried out in stages, namely: the preparation stage, the observation stage of the theme that the author raises, the elaboration stage (In-depth Stage), the synthetic stage (idea creation), the concept realization stage which is a follow-up stage to the completion stage of the work and finally the completion stage or Finishing Works. Based on the method used, a work in the form of a shawl with Siriah Gadang and Orchid Flower motifs was created using written batik and embroidery techniques. The author created seven works in the form of shawls with the titles: Elegance, Optimism, Softness, Happiness, Tranquility, Luxury, Luck.

This article discusses the role of the Blue Economy in increasing the income of coastal communities in North Sumatra through the utilization of fisheries resources. With great marine potential, including fishing that reaches more than 1 million tons per year, the North Sumatra region faces several challenges such as, low quality of human resources and limited access to technology. The Blue Economy offers a sustainable approach to managing marine resources, which not only promotes economic growth and community welfare, but also maintains the health of marine ecosystems. Through a qualitative method, we selected sources of articles found in databases in journals spread across various indexes and other sources. The research process began with literature mapping related to the role of the Blue Economy in increasing the income of coastal communities through optimizing fisheries resources, published in the last five years (2020-2024). Furthermore, group discussions were held to deepen the content analysis of the selected literature. The main objective of this research was to provide comprehensive information from the literature related to Blue Economy studies in economics and development. It was found that overall, the Blue Economy in North Sumatra has a significant positive impact on coastal communities. By managing fisheries resources and the environment more sustainably, opening up new opportunities through tourism, and improving the quality of fisheries products, the Blue Economy creates more equitable welfare, preserves nature, and supports the income of coastal communities in the long term.

Digitization has driven information technology to become a fundamental foundation in facilitating human tasks across various aspects, including governance. This study focuses on the implementation of the Online Public Service Application (PRO) Denpasar as part of e-government implementation in Denpasar City. The research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the PRO Denpasar application in improving the quality of public services, identify implementation challenges, and formulate improvement strategies based on a SWOT analysis. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method as the issues examined are social and dynamic in nature. This method enables researchers to explore phenomena in-depth by gathering information from various perspectives. The qualitative approach provides flexibility in understanding the social context and the dynamics of interactions between individuals or groups related to the phenomenon being studied. The results indicate that although the public satisfaction level with the application exceeds 80%, several challenges remain, such as uneven socialization, digital divides, and slow responses from relevant parties. The proposed strategies include developing a collaboration-based digital platform, enhancing data security, and implementing digital inclusion programs. This research underscores the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration and continuous innovation to support the success of e-government.

To deal with the environmental crisis, greening is an environmental conservation strategy. The concept of greening is needed because regional conditions are developing and the function of space is changing for development. Apart from playing an important role in preserving the environment, humans also have a responsibility to exploit environmental wealth for the ecosystem's survival. The Participatory Action Research (PAR) method builds community commitment to reforestation efforts to preserve the environment. The result is that the climate becomes fresher, healthier, and cooler, nature becomes maintained and clean, and people learn more about greening through planting tree seedlings. Reviving natural aesthetics, using trees as air fresheners, and reducing flooding are the goals of this service initiative.

Current information technology has a major impact on the ability of individuals to access digital spaces and carry out activities easily and efficiently. In this important business world, various problems often arise and increasingly lead to business disputes. The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis of the urgency of formulating laws to resolve commercial disputes in the digital era, including the introduction of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) in Indonesia. Digitalization changes law enforcement, thus requiring a comprehensive study of commercial dispute resolution in the digital era. This study was conducted using a normative research methodology using qualitative data and documents, literature, laws and regulations as a form of research interpretation. Selected secondary data were taken from literature, dictionaries, laws and regulations as reference sources. Disputes that lead to business disputes can be resolved through judicial and non-judicial strategies. In the field of litigation, the Supreme Court (MA) and its judicial bodies have played a role in developing legal products, especially e-Court, which allows registered users to access various administrative mechanisms, including online. These objectives have been met. Case registration and online case access. Implementation of legal processes, reimbursement of costs, electronic summons of parties, and implementation of legal processes electronically. If the dispute is not legal in nature, it can be resolved through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).

The Investment Management Institution (LPI) was established based on the mandate of the Job Creation Law in Chapter X concerning Central Government Investment and the facilitation of National Strategic Projects in Article 154 paragraph (3) which states that Central Government Investment can be implemented by the Minister of Finance as the State Treasurer or an institution given special authority (sui generis). In the field of taxation, there is special treatment in terms of transactions involving the Investment Management Institution (LPI) including transactions both directly and indirectly with the entities it owns. In terms of bankruptcy, the Investment Management Institution (LPI) is treated specially and cannot be declared bankrupt unless it can be proven to be insolvent. And the nature and norms or rules set by the Investment Management Institution or LPI only apply specifically to parties who cooperate or make business agreements with the Investment Management Institution (LPI) and do not apply generally to everyone, so that its nature is a consensus between the parties.

Learning discrete mathematics, particularly on the topic of equivalence in propositional logic using propositional algebra laws, often presents challenges for students due to its abstract nature and the logical thinking skills required. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of using ChatGPT as a learning aid to enhance students' understanding of this topic. The research employed a quantitative method with a post-test only control group design, involving two groups of students: an experimental group using ChatGPT and a control group utilizing conventional learning methods. Data were collected through a post-learning achievement test. The results showed that the average score of the experimental group (85.47) was significantly higher than that of the control group (66.78). The independent t-test results yielded a significance value of < 0.05, indicating a significant difference in learning outcomes between the two groups. Furthermore, the calculation of Cohen's d showed a value of 0.959, categorized as a large effect size. These findings indicate that the use of ChatGPT as a learning aid has a significant impact on students' learning outcomes. With its interactive and responsive features, ChatGPT helps students grasp complex propositional logic material more easily. This study recommends utilizing AI-based technologies like ChatGPT as an innovative learning strategy, particularly for abstract topics in discrete mathematics.

This research aims to analyze and determine the causes of teenagers dropping out of school at the age of 15 years and over in Waioti Village. This research is descriptive in nature. Based on the implementation method, this research is classified as survey research. In survey research, samples are taken from one population and a list of questions is used as a data collection tool. The survey research method was used because not all members of the population were used as examples or samples, so only some members of the population were used as samples. The sampling technique in this research used purposive random sampling. The population in this study were families whose teenagers had dropped out of school in Waioti sub-district. Based on the results of the interviews and discussion above, it can be concluded that teenagers drop out of school in Waioti sub-district due to several factors. Among the factors that cause teenagers to drop out of school are 1) economic and family factors, these two factors greatly influence teenagers' problems in finding work because financial limitations in the family and instability in the family environment will cause teenagers to drop out of school. 2) educational distance greatly influences the causal factors. teenagers dropping out of school, 3) inadequate educational facilities which prevent teenagers from continuing to a higher level.