Publication Search

This study investigates the effectiveness of an integrative learning model in improving Indonesian literature appreciation skills among high school students. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 120 eleventh-grade students from two public high schools in Jakarta, Indonesia. The participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group, which received instruction through the integrative learning model, and the control group, which followed traditional teaching methods. The integrative model was designed to combine language skills development—such as reading comprehension, vocabulary enrichment, and critical writing—with structured literary analysis focusing on themes, characterization, style, and cultural context. Data were collected using pre-test and post-test assessments to measure learning outcomes, observation sheets to monitor classroom activities, and student questionnaires to capture perceptions and engagement levels. The results indicated that students in the experimental group experienced a significantly higher improvement in literature appreciation skills compared to those in the control group (p < 0.05). They demonstrated enhanced abilities to interpret literary works, analyze narrative elements, and articulate critical responses to Indonesian contemporary literature. Observation data revealed that the integrative approach fostered more active participation, collaborative learning, and deeper reflection during classroom discussions. Moreover, student feedback highlighted increased motivation, enjoyment, and perceived relevance of literature learning to real-life experiences. These findings underscore the pedagogical potential of integrative learning models in secondary school literature education. By linking language proficiency with analytical and interpretative competencies, this approach not only strengthens students’ linguistic abilities but also cultivates their critical thinking, cultural awareness, and aesthetic appreciation. The study recommends the wider adoption of integrative methods in Indonesian high schools as an effective strategy for promoting meaningful and enduring engagement with literature.

This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) by applying a discovery learning model assisted by image media in grade V of SD Nurul Khoir, Jambi City. The method used is Class Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. The research subjects amounted to 26 students. Data collection techniques are carried out through learning outcome tests, observation of teacher and student activities, and documentation. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the completeness of student learning outcomes. In cycle I, completeness reached 73.92%, and increased to 85.30% in cycle II. This improvement shows that the application of the discovery learning model combined with image media is effective in improving IPAS learning outcomes. This model encourages active involvement of students in the learning process, fosters curiosity, and hones critical and logical thinking skills. Image media as a visual aid has also been proven to be able to strengthen concept understanding and improve students' memory of the material studied. In addition, the learning process becomes more fun and meaningful because students are directly involved in the activity of discovering concepts through the stages of observing, questioning, gathering information, reasoning, and concluding. Teachers are no longer the center of information, but play the role of learning facilitators. This strategy is also relevant to the cognitive development characteristics of elementary school students who tend to favor concrete and visual learning. Thus, the application of the discovery learning model assisted by image media can be an alternative to an effective and innovative learning strategy in improving social studies learning outcomes. Teachers are advised to continue to develop adaptive, creative, and contextual learning methods and media.

This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) by applying a discovery learning model assisted by image media in grade V of SD Nurul Khoir, Jambi City. The method used is Class Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. The research subjects amounted to 26 students. Data collection techniques are carried out through learning outcome tests, observation of teacher and student activities, and documentation. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the completeness of student learning outcomes. In cycle I, completeness reached 73.92%, and increased to 85.30% in cycle II. This improvement shows that the application of the discovery learning model combined with image media is effective in improving IPAS learning outcomes. This model encourages active involvement of students in the learning process, fosters curiosity, and hones critical and logical thinking skills. Image media as a visual aid has also been proven to be able to strengthen concept understanding and improve students' memory of the material studied. In addition, the learning process becomes more fun and meaningful because students are directly involved in the activity of discovering concepts through the stages of observing, questioning, gathering information, reasoning, and concluding. Teachers are no longer the center of information, but play the role of learning facilitators. This strategy is also relevant to the cognitive development characteristics of elementary school students who tend to favor concrete and visual learning. Thus, the application of the discovery learning model assisted by image media can be an alternative to an effective and innovative learning strategy in improving social studies learning outcomes. Teachers are advised to continue to develop adaptive, creative, and contextual learning methods and media.

Mathematics is a universal science that underlies the development of modern science and technology, and has an important role in the development of human thinking. Mathematics is a subject that is based on logical, rational, critical, and systematic thinking patterns. Religion and rationality are two perspectives that have a strong influence. Humans view religious values ​​and rational values ​​as different entities, causing a dichotomy paradigm, especially in the realm of education. In the perspective of the epistemology of science in Islam, Islam and science are complementary and interdependent entities. The mathematical approach used here does not mean that Islamic values ​​are low, but only to increase the belief of Muslims that all knowledge is valuable and can lead to true goodness and increase faith and closeness to Allah SWT.To examine how Islamic values ​​are applied in mathematics learning, To identify and develop effective strategies or methods in integrating Islamic values ​​in mathematics learning materials, To measure the extent of the application of Islamic values ​​in mathematics learning.This study uses a qualitative approach, while the type of research used by the researcher is descriptive research.Mathematics as a logical and systematic science, has a meeting point with Islamic teachings that emphasize truth, justice, and balance. For example, the concept of monotheism can be associated with the order of the universe expressed through mathematical formulas, fostering a sense of gratitude and obedience. The implementation of Islamic values ​​that are rahmatan lil 'alamin (blessing for all nature) in mathematics learning, especially to form honest and fair characters in students.

Karawitan is one of the traditional arts native to Indonesia that has high cultural value, but now it is increasingly rare and is starting to be marginalized, especially among the younger generation. In Semarang City, karawitan learning faces various challenges, such as the lack of student interest, the assumption that karawitan is an ancient and boring art, and the limitations of interesting learning methods. Therefore, an innovative approach is needed to regrow students interest in karawitan. This study aims to analyze the improvement of students ability to play gamelan through the application of the Fun teaching method  in karawitan learning at SMP Negeri 12 Semarang. The research method used is qualitative descriptive, focusing on the learning process, student responses, and challenges faced during the implementation of learning. The research location was chosen purposively, with 30 subjects from grades VII to IX actively participating in cultural arts subjects, especially karawitan. Data collection is carried out through direct observation in learning activities, interviews with students and teachers, and documentation of learning activities. The results of the study show that the application of the Fun teaching method  has succeeded in creating a fun, participatory, and non-monotonous learning atmosphere. Students responded positively to learning activities, feeling more interested and enthusiastic in playing gamelan. Creative activities such as rhythmic games, light competitions, and the incorporation of visual and audio elements have been proven to increase students engagement and understanding of gamelan instruments. 

Sustainable learning should begin with strengthening basic skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic (calistung). This is heavily influenced by the teaching methods, media, and teaching modules used. Adapting the content into student activities through modules is key to improving the quality of the learning process. In response to this issue, the Community Service Team (PkM) conducted a Training on Preparing Teaching Modules at the Swara Peduli Ceria Foundation, located in Klender, East Jakarta. This training aimed to assist educators at the learning center in developing relevant and impactful teaching modules for children. The activity was held at the Learning Center Hall of the Swara Peduli Ceria Foundation, with 15 participants attending. The training was carried out in five stages: (1) initial preparation, (2) activity presentation, (3) delivery of material, (4) activity evaluation, and (5) follow-up. Participants were given both theoretical materials and practical experience in developing teaching modules. The results showed an improvement in the participants' ability to design teaching modules that were appropriate for the needs of the children at the learning center. The final product, a collaboratively developed teaching module, was considered beneficial and practical for the educators to implement in their lessons. This activity provided a positive impact not only for the participants but also for the quality of learning at the center. The PkM program strengthened the role of higher education institutions in supporting sustainable education for the community. By helping educators in preparing suitable teaching materials and modules, the program contributed to enhancing the learning environment for children, ensuring that the education they receive aligns with their developmental needs. This initiative also highlights the importance of collaboration between universities and local educational institutions in improving education quality and fostering sustainable growth in the community.

This study focuses on the development of student character, particularly in terms of discipline and responsibility, at SMPN 1 Ngunut, an outstanding school in Tulungagung Regency. Seventh-grade students are in a transitional phase from elementary to junior high school, making them vulnerable to the influences of their environment and the changing times. Based on observations, many students have not yet demonstrated disciplined behavior, such as arriving on time, completing tasks, cheating during exams, and not paying attention to teachers while learning. This study aims to identify effective Social Studies (IPS) teaching strategies for shaping students' character. The research focuses on (1) the role of teachers as demonstrators in developing disciplined and responsible character through IPS learning, (2) effective strategies employed by teachers to cultivate discipline and responsibility in students, and (3) potential solutions to improve the quality of IPS learning in instilling discipline and responsibility. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. The findings show that (1) IPS learning in the seventh grade at SMPN 1 Ngunut is effective in instilling discipline and responsibility, (2) Teachers use teaching activities to instill values such as punctuality and task completion, (3) Through methods like group work, individual assignments, and behavioral evaluations, students show positive changes, (4) The role of teachers as facilitators and role models is crucial, (5) Collaboration between teachers and the principal creates a school culture that supports character development, and (6) The impact of this process is reflected in increased student awareness of their responsibilities. These findings highlight that IPS not only fosters cognitive knowledge but also serves as a strategic medium for continuous moral and character development.

The low scientific literacy of elementary school students, influenced by the use of conventional learning methods and lack of interactivity, encourages the need for new innovations based on digital technology. This study aims to test the optimization of the use of digital technology as a strategy to improve scientific literacy through a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research subjects consisted of 60 fifth-grade students from one elementary school, namely SDN Pondok Labu 03, taken from 2 classes, each consisting of 30 students (30 students in the experimental group and 30 students in the control group). The experimental group was given a digital technology-based science learning treatment, namely a virtual laboratory (Labster), and an educational application (Quizizz), for 8 weeks, while the control group used conventional methods. The research instruments included a scientific literacy test (HOTS questions) and student activity observation sheets. Data were analyzed quantitatively using t-test and ANOVA to compare the increase in scientific literacy scores between the two groups. The results showed that the experimental group experienced a significant increase in scientific literacy scores (N-Gain 0.72) compared to the control group (N-Gain 0.32). The research conclusion proves that the systematic integration of digital technology is effective in improving the scientific literacy of elementary school students at Pondok Labu 03.

To improve public health, especially for elementary school-aged children, one of the most important prevention methods is Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS). The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding and utilization of PHBS among students at Bayak Public Elementary School in Siremen Village, Tanara District through counseling and live demonstrations. This activity was carried out by the KKM Group 95 team from Bina Bangsa University for 83 second- and fourth-grade students at Bayak Public Elementary School. The method used was a participatory educational approach, namely by providing counseling related to PHBS and continued with live demonstrations of handwashing, tooth brushing, and maintaining personal hygiene. The material was delivered interactively to make it easier for children to understand, including the use of visual media such as posters and pictures. The students were also given direct practice tools such as soap, toothbrushes, and toothpaste so they could directly practice proper hygiene practices. The results of the activity showed that students had a better understanding of PHBS and made positive changes in their daily lives at school. It appeared that students were better trained in maintaining personal and environmental hygiene. They also began to get used to washing their hands before eating, maintaining dental hygiene, and disposing of trash properly. Teachers and homeroom teachers also actively supported this initiative by participating in outreach activities and monitoring changes in student behavior. This initiative not only raised students' awareness of the importance of health but also encouraged active school participation in creating a healthy learning environment. It is hoped that this initiative will serve as a reference for schools in teaching students how to live a healthy and clean lifestyle in a sustainable manner.

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of underhand passing skills through the application of play-based methods to fifth and sixth grade students at SDN 1 Bumijawa. This study used a quantitative approach with a One Group Pretest and Posttest experimental design. The sample in this study was 15 students. Data were collected through underhand passing skills tests conducted before and after treatment. The results showed a significant increase in underhand passing skills after students participated in learning using the play-based method. This method has been proven to be able to increase students' interest, active participation, and understanding of basic volleyball techniques. In addition, the application of the play-based method also creates a more enjoyable learning atmosphere and reduces student boredom. This method directly involves students in practical activities, so that students not only understand the theory but also can apply it in real games. Play activities carried out in small groups allow students to learn from each other and increase self-confidence. Improvement in underhand passing skills also shows that the play-based method is effective in developing fine motor skills needed in volleyball. Therefore, the play-based method can be used as an alternative strategy in learning Physical Education, especially volleyball material in elementary schools. This study suggests that Physical Education teachers implement play-based methods more widely to maximize student learning and learning outcomes, as well as increase their motivation and enthusiasm for sports. Furthermore, implementing play-based methods can also improve teamwork among students, a crucial aspect of volleyball. With a more fun and interactive approach, students are more motivated to practice and master the skills taught.

Work and energy are important topics in physics learning. Learning on this topic can be done using various methods and media, which provide different results depending on the approach used. This study aims to identify various learning models and media and their influence on learning about work and energy through a meta-analysis of 17 relevant research journals. The results of the study indicate that there are various learning methods that can be applied, including the 7E Learning Cycle, STEM, Problem Solving, Think-Pair-Share, Inquiry, and others. Of these various methods, the inquiry approach is the most widely used because it is relevant to the student-based curriculum that positions teachers as facilitators in developing students' thinking skills and intellectual discipline.

Digital transformation in the world of education is a strategic step to improve efficiency and quality of services, including in terms of attendance recording. This study aims to examine the change in the manual attendance system to digital in an effort to improve the quality of learning documentation at PPTQ Al Huda. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through distributing questionnaires to teachers and academic staff. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of digital attendance has been significantly beneficial for the majority of respondents. This system is considered more practical, accurate, and efficient than manual methods. Digital attendance not only makes it easier to record student attendance, but also strengthens transparency, accountability, and supports data-based decision making. In addition, this system plays a role in improving student discipline and responsibility. Digital attendance has also been proven to reduce the practice of asking for attendance, minimize recording errors, and facilitate real-time data access by Islamic boarding school administrators. Ease of use and convenience of the system are also supporting factors for successful implementation. Moreover, the adoption of digital attendance encourages the development of a technology-based culture within the institution. It fosters digital literacy among educators and students, enhancing their adaptability to technology in daily academic routines. This transformation aligns with the broader educational goal of integrating technology to create a modern, effective, and sustainable learning environment. Therefore, the shift to a digital attendance system is not only a technical innovation but also a reflection of institutional commitment to continuous improvement and educational excellence. This innovation proves to be a relevant and strategic solution for strengthening educational administration in Islamic boarding schools.

Creativity is the fundamental trait a teacher has to have.  Creative teachers can be recognized by their capacity to use several approaches and modify instructional methods to fit other learning environments.  This study intends to investigate the imaginative techniques used by Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers to inspire students' enthusiasm in memorizing short surahs at the elementary school level, also to know the supporting factors of it.  To capture the lived experiences of participants, a qualitative research design using a phenomenological method was applied.  In-depth interviews with Islamic Religious Education teachers, three students, and two parents yielded primary data.  These interviews aimed to collect ideas on the teachers' inventiveness in creating interesting memorizing exercises, their strategies for inspiring pupils, and the obstacles they face. The results show that students' motivation is much improved by the regular application of the muraja'ah (revision) technique in weekly memorization exercises.  Encouraging students' desire to memorize brief surahs was the inventiveness of PAI teachers.  The study also emphasizes, therefore, that the effectiveness of these memorization exercises at SDN Gulun 3 is significantly influenced by parental support and good rivalry among students.  These elements working together produce a synergistic environment that motivates pupils to be more dedicated and eager in learning brief surahs. Keywords: Creativity, Islamic Religious Education (PAI), Muraja’ah Method.

This study aims to understand how learning about rainbows can improve elementary school students' understanding of basic science concepts, particularly regarding the refraction of light and the color spectrum. The concept of rainbows is an important part of Natural Science (IPA) lessons because it involves optical phenomena that can be directly observed and related to students' daily experiences. In this study, the method used is a literature study, namely by collecting, reviewing, and analyzing various relevant library sources, such as scientific articles, textbooks, and educational journals that discuss the topic of science learning and the rainbow phenomenon. The results of this study indicate that learning about rainbows can be done through various interactive and fun approaches, such as through practical experiments using prisms, water droplets, or other simple media that can demonstrate the process of refraction of white light into a color spectrum. In addition, the use of visual media such as images, animated videos, and digital simulations has also proven effective in helping students understand the process of rainbow formation more concretely. Creative activities such as drawing rainbows, making color models, or role-playing as light and water droplets can also increase active student participation and make learning more enjoyable. This study also emphasizes the importance of integrating rainbow learning into the elementary school science curriculum systematically and contextually. Rainbow materials not only introduce scientific concepts in a fun way, but also develop critical thinking, observation, and experimental skills in children. With the right approach, this learning can foster students' interest in science from an early age. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to contribute positively to the development of more effective, creative, and developmentally appropriate science learning methods for elementary school students.

In addition to the main aspects of teacher competency, the study also emphasizes the importance of leadership and institutional support in the effective implementation of policies. The school leadership plays a crucial role in creating a conducive environment for professional development, fostering a culture of collaboration among teachers, and ensuring the implementation of competency-based assessments. It was found that the active involvement of the principal in monitoring and providing feedback to teachers significantly contributes to the continuous improvement of teaching practices. The study also highlights the importance of aligning teacher competency development with the school's educational goals and objectives. While some teachers have demonstrated significant improvement in their teaching methods and student engagement, others still require more support to fully integrate the competencies into their daily practices. The continuous professional development of teachers is therefore vital to ensure that the competencies are not only understood but also consistently applied in the classroom. Moreover, the study recognizes the critical role of community and parental involvement in enhancing the quality of education. Collaboration between the school, parents, and the local community can create a more supportive learning environment, ensuring that students receive the necessary resources and encouragement both at school and at home. In conclusion, the research suggests that while the implementation of teacher competency policies at SDN 2 Lubuk Seberuk has shown positive results, the process should be supported with more training opportunities, resource allocation, and consistent monitoring to overcome existing challenges.

This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in piano education through a qualitative review of six recent academic sources. AI technology has brought about significant transformations in music learning methods, particularly for the piano instrument. Various AI applications such as automated performance feedback systems, musical accompaniment generators, technical error detection devices, and adaptive learning platforms have enabled new approaches to teaching and learning. AI provides instant feedback, tailored exercises to individual abilities, and creates more interactive and flexible learning environments. These innovations are considered to support the development of students' technical skills more effectively, while increasing learning motivation through personalization and ease of access. Furthermore, this study examines the information systems that support these AI applications, including human-computer interaction, audio signal processing, and the use of machine learning models to recognize playing patterns and technical errors. While AI offers significant benefits, concerns arise regarding its limitations in understanding and responding to the emotional aspects of music. AI is not yet capable of fully supporting the development of subjective and complex musical expression. Over-reliance on this technology is also feared to undermine students' critical thinking, artistic sensitivity, and creativity. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of a balanced integration between AI technology and human pedagogical roles, with the teacher remaining the primary facilitator in fostering expression, interpretation, and artistic values in piano learning. The study recommends further research on emotionally responsive AI, blended learning models, and long-term evaluation of AI's impact on students' artistic and musical development.  

In addition to the positive findings regarding the effectiveness of instructional videos in enhancing reading skills, this study also highlights the importance of integrating technology into early childhood education. The use of instructional videos provides an engaging and interactive learning experience for children, making the learning process more enjoyable and effective. Children at TK Irama Jaya were able to visualize and connect sounds with letters and words, which is a crucial aspect of developing reading skills at an early age. Furthermore, the study reveals that instructional videos cater to different learning styles, allowing children to absorb information through auditory and visual channels. This multisensory approach enhances retention and understanding, especially for young learners who are just beginning to master reading. The videos also offer repetition and consistency, allowing children to revisit lessons at their own pace, thus reinforcing their learning process. The improvement observed in the post-test scores suggests that instructional videos can serve as a valuable tool in early childhood education, complementing traditional teaching methods. However, the study also indicates that while instructional videos are beneficial, they should be used in conjunction with other pedagogical techniques, such as interactive reading activities and teacher-guided lessons, to maximize learning outcomes. It is recommended that other schools, particularly those in remote or underserved areas, consider incorporating instructional videos into their teaching practices. The accessibility and cost-effectiveness of these videos make them an ideal resource for improving the quality of education in early childhood settings. Further research could explore the long-term effects of instructional videos on reading fluency and other areas of early literacy development.

This qualitative descriptive research explores the principal’s efforts to enhance teacher performance through the implementation of educational supervision at SDI Puudhombo, East Nusa Tenggara. The study aims to understand the strategies, processes, and impacts of educational supervision in improving teaching quality. Purposive sampling was used to select three informants consisting of one school principal and two classroom teachers. Data were gathered through structured interviews, allowing for in-depth exploration of participants’ experiences and perceptions. Analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, involving data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing to ensure the credibility and reliability of the findings.The results reveal that educational supervision is systematically implemented twice a year, guided by a well-structured plan that outlines objectives, schedules, and targeted competencies. The principal applies a collaborative supervision approach, using classroom visitation techniques to observe teaching practices in real contexts. Post-observation, constructive feedback sessions are conducted to highlight strengths, identify areas for improvement, and provide practical recommendations for pedagogical development. Teachers demonstrate notable progress in preparing lesson plans, delivering interactive learning activities, and applying effective evaluation methods. However, certain aspects such as the integration of technology in teaching and differentiation strategies still require further enhancement. The findings indicate that educational supervision not only improves technical teaching skills but also fosters teacher professionalism, boosts work motivation, and promotes a culture of continuous improvement within the school. The study underscores the importance of consistent, supportive, and developmental supervision in elevating instructional quality. It concludes that systematic and ongoing educational supervision represents a highly effective strategy for advancing teacher performance in elementary education. This research enriches the body of literature in educational management and provides practical implications for strengthening school leadership, particularly in rural and resource-limited contexts such as East Nusa Tenggara.

The use of technology in early childhood and elementary education is becoming increasingly important in the digital era. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of educational games as an interactive learning medium to increase the interest and motivation of elementary school students. This activity was carried out by the KKM group 95 team from Bina Bangsa University on 43 fourth-grade students at Bayak Public Elementary School. The research method used a descriptive quantitative approach through a pre-test and post-test using a Google Form questionnaire. The educational games were developed through the Educaplay platform, which provides various features such as interactive quizzes, crosswords, and picture-matching games. Prior to the intervention, observations were conducted on student learning behavior in the classroom. The results of the initial observations indicated that most students showed little interest in conventional, monotonous learning methods. Therefore, a more engaging approach involving active student participation was needed to rekindle their enthusiasm for learning. During the activity, students were very enthusiastic in participating in the educational games presented. The classroom atmosphere became more lively, and students were seen working together and showing a high curiosity about the material presented through the games. After using the educational games for several sessions, a post-test was conducted to measure changes in students' interest and motivation to learn. Preliminary data analysis results indicate an increase in student interest and motivation scores after participating in educational game-based learning. This indicates that interactive, technology-based approaches have strong potential to improve learning effectiveness at the elementary school level. This study recommends that teachers actively integrate interactive technology into the teaching and learning process. In addition to increasing student engagement, the use of media such as Educaplay can also adapt learning to the digital-native characteristics of today's generation of students.

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a processed coconut product with high economic and health value. VCO production is known to be relatively easy, inexpensive, and capable of producing high-quality oil rich in benefits, including as a traditional medicine and natural ingredient for beauty and health. This community service activity aims to provide students of the Biology Education Study Program at Buton Muslim University with an understanding and practical skills regarding the VCO production process as a form of utilization of local natural resources, especially coconuts. The methods used in this activity include lectures or delivery of theoretical material, interactive discussions on the content and benefits of VCO, and direct practice in making virgin coconut oil using the settling method. This method was chosen because it does not require complicated equipment, does not use excessive heating, and is able to maintain the natural quality of the resulting oil. During the implementation, students are invited to observe and follow the entire process, from selecting good coconut raw materials, the grating process, squeezing coconut milk, natural fermentation through settling, to the process of separating oil from sediment and filtering. The results of this activity demonstrated that students not only understood the concept and theory of VCO production but also produced 1,500 ml of virgin coconut oil packaged in five 300 ml bottles. The VCO was then sold to the public for approximately Rp 30,000 per bottle. Through this activity, students not only gained contextual learning experiences but also developed insights into sustainable, locally-based entrepreneurship.