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Brebes Regency is one of the main national centers of shallot production in Indonesia, where agricultural land dynamics play a crucial role in sustaining production performance. Rapid infrastructure development and land-use change have raised concerns regarding the sustainability of shallot cultivation areas. This study aims to analyze spatial–temporal changes in shallot cultivated area and production in Brebes Regency during 2023–2024 and to examine the relationship between land area changes and production levels at the sub-district scale. A descriptive quantitative approach based on spatial analysis was employed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Spatial data consisted of administrative boundary maps, while non-spatial data included shallot cultivated area and production data obtained from the Brebes Regency Office of Agriculture and Food Security. Data integration and analysis were conducted using QGIS through attribute joining and inter-annual comparison. The results indicate that total shallot cultivated area increased from 26,331 ha in 2023 to 28,628 ha in 2024, accompanied by a significant rise in production from 289,942.05 tons to 409,106.90 tons. Spatial analysis reveals that major production centers remain concentrated in the central and northern sub-districts, particularly Wanasari, Larangan, Bulakamba, and Tanjung. Although a positive relationship between land expansion and production increase is evident, variations among sub-districts suggest that productivity and local conditions also play important roles. The findings highlight the effectiveness of GIS-based analysis in supporting spatially informed agricultural land management and policy formulation.

This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the psychological journey of the character Rangga Raja in the novel 0 MDPL by Nurwina Sari. The main focus of the study is to identify the inner conflicts experienced by the protagonist as well as the dynamics of the personality structure consisting of the Id, Ego, and Superego that shape his psychological development throughout the storyline. This research employs a literary psychology approach using a qualitative descriptive method, conducted through a literature review and document analysis of the novel text as the primary data source. The findings indicate that Rangga Raja experiences complex emotional conflicts resulting from past trauma, experiences of loss, and failures in romantic relationships. These conditions are reflected through the tensions and interactions between the Id, Ego, and Superego within himself. The process toward the “zero point” (0 MDPL) is interpreted as a symbol of an identity crisis phase as well as a stage of self-reconstruction, in which the protagonist undergoes processes of reflection, self-acceptance, and openness to change. In addition, Rangga’s interactions with other characters, such as Andini, La Nina, and Nadia G. Sahara, play an important role in his psychological recovery and healing process. This study confirms that the novel 0 MDPL represents a profound reflection on human psychological dynamics, the search for identity, and the gradual process of inner healing.

Rapid technological change in the digital era has reshaped the nature of organizational innovation, requiring firms not only to innovate but also to align their innovation activities with technological developments and market dynamics, a capability referred to as Techno-Resonance Innovation Capability (TRIC). Although Knowledge Management (KM) has been widely recognized as a driver of innovation, studies that explicitly link KM to the development of techno-resonant innovation remain limited. This study aims to address this gap by systematically reviewing the literature to examine how KM contributes to innovation capability and how this relationship evolves toward TRIC through absorptive capacity. Using the systematic literature review methodology proposed by Tranfield et al., this study follows three stages planning, conducting, and reporting the review to identify, evaluate, and synthesize relevant studies on KM, absorptive capacity, innovation capability, and techno-resonance. The findings indicate that innovation capability emerges from interconnected KM processes, including knowledge acquisition, sharing, storage, and application, which form the organizational infrastructure for innovation. Absorptive capacity is identified as a key bridging mechanism that enables organizations to transform managed knowledge into innovative outcomes by enhancing their ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and exploit technological knowledge. This study concludes that integrating KM and TRIC through absorptive capacity extends conventional innovation capability models and provides a stronger theoretical explanation of innovation in technology-driven and digitally dynamic environments.

Menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) is a common complaint among adolescent girls and often disrupts school activities. Limited understanding of its causes and appropriate self-care practices contributes to the persistence of symptoms. This study examined the effect of dysmenorrhea health education on improving knowledge among female students at SMK Pasundan Jatinangor. A method A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was used in this study. A total of 42 students participated and completed a dysmenorrhea knowledge questionnaire before and after a 60-minute educational session delivered through presentation media and group discussion. The results were analyzed descriptively to observe changes in knowledge levels. Resulted The intervention produced a notable improvement in students’ knowledge. The proportion of participants with good knowledge increased from 45.2% at pretest to 73.8% at posttest, while those in the low-knowledge category decreased substantially. Participants demonstrated clearer understanding of dysmenorrhea symptoms, contributing factors, and simple management strategies. Dysmenorrhea education effectively enhanced students’ knowledge at SMK Pasundan Jatinangor. Regular reproductive-health education programs in schools are recommended to support adolescents in managing menstrual discomfort independently and appropriately.

The ever-changing and rapidly developing fashion trends have created a consumer culture among global society, driven by social media and digital marketing. Excessive consumption of clothing not only fulfills personal needs but also becomes an indicator of social status. As a result, the textile industry has experienced rapid growth, contributing significantly to the economy, especially in countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam. However, textile production uses energy sources that are not environmentally friendly, producing greenhouse gas emissions that have negative impacts on the environment, such as global warming and climate change. Indonesia and Vietnam, as one of the developing countries that rely on industry as a profitable sector, act as the largest contributors of emissions in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and Vietnam face major challenges in reducing environmental impacts while maintaining economic growth. Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are an important priority for long-term sustainability. The implementation of clear, firm and targeted regulations plays an important role in enforcing rules that can protect the environment from perpetrators of destruction by the industrial sector.

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students in science through the application of an experimental learning model on the material of changes in the state of matter. The study used a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach with the Kemmis and McTaggart model which includes the stages of planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. The subjects of the study were 20 fourth-grade students of SDN Daan Mogot 1. The study was conducted in two cycles. Data collection techniques included learning outcome tests, observation of teacher and student activities, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively by calculating the average value and percentage of learning completion, and qualitatively through descriptive analysis of the observation results. The results showed that the application of the experimental method was able to improve the quality of the learning process and student learning outcomes. Teacher activity increased from the sufficient category in cycle I to very good in cycle II, while student activity increased from the good category to very good. Increased student activity in observing, discussing, recording results, and drawing conclusions from experiments had a positive impact on understanding the concept of changes in the state of matter. Student learning completion also increased although not all of them reached the classical standard of 80%. Thus, the experimental method is effective in improving the activeness, quality of the learning process, and the science learning outcomes of fourth-grade students. Although material reinforcement and a variety of learning strategies are still needed to optimize learning outcomes.

Diarrhea and Tuberculosis (TB) remain significant public health problems in Indonesia, including Rembang Regency. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal changes of Diarrhea and TB cases in Rembang Regency during 2023–2024 using a Geographic Information Sistem (GIS) approach. A descriptive-analytic method was applied using secondary data, including administrative boundary shapefiles, disease case data, and health facility data at the sub-district level. Spatial processing and analysis were conducted using QGIS to produce thematic maps and compare disease distribution patterns between years. The results indicate that Diarrhea and TB cases were unevenly distributed across sub-districts and formed distinct spatial patterns. Case changes between 2023 and 2024 varied spatially, reflecting dynamic disease trends. The integration of disease maps with health facility distribution shows that areas with high case numbers were not always supported by adequate health facilities. The implementation of GIS-based maps into a web platform enhances accessibility and supports spatial-based public health decision-making.

The development of Islamic Religious Education in Banjar Land represents a long historical process marked by social, political, and religious transformations. Since the era of traditional da‘wah conducted by ulama through halaqah, surau-based instruction, and religious study circles (majelis taklim), the Islamic education system in this region has continuously evolved, eventually giving rise to formal educational institutions such as madrasahs and Islamic-based schools. This study aims to chronologically describe these historical dynamics, examine the factors influencing educational change, and analyze the roles of ulama, the Banjar Sultanate, and community institutions in the transformation of Islamic education. The research employs a qualitative method with a historical approach, involving the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Data were collected from scholarly literature, local manuscripts, and the works of Banjar ulama. The findings indicate that the transformation of Islamic education in Banjar Land, from the period of Islamization to the emergence of madrasahs and Islamic Religious Education in public schools, occurred through at least three major phases: (1) family- and community-based traditional da‘wah through langgar (prayer houses) and halaqah institutions; (2) the establishment of modern madrasahs in the twentieth century as a response to colonialism and modernity; and (3) the integration of Islamic education into the formal national education system in the post-independence era. This study affirms that Islamic education in Banjar Land possesses distinctive characteristics, is adaptive in nature, and is deeply rooted in local culture.

The academic crisis among Physics students often arises due to the pressure of the credit semester sistem (SKS), grade demands, and heavy study loads. This condition drives students to focus solely on achieving academic results, while the essence of learning as worship is often overlooked. This study aims to explore how the values of Islamic education, particularly the orientation towards rewards, can help students cope with academic pressure. The methods used include literature review and a quantitative survey with an online questionnaire completed by 56 Physics and Physics Education students at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. The analysis results show a significant correlation between the SKS pressure and changes in learning behavior (r = 0.807), while the orientation towards rewards acts as a spiritual balance. The findings suggest that Islamic education plays a crucial role in building academic resilience through values of sincerity (ikhlas), patience (sabar), trust in God (tawakal), and balance (tawazun). Thus, academic achievements can become a means of worship while contributing positively to society. This study highlights the importance of spiritual values in achieving balanced academic success.

Steganography is a technique for hiding secret data within digital media such as images, audio, and video without causing noticeable visual changes. In video media, this technique offers advantages because each frame can be utilized dynamically, resulting in a larger data embedding capacity. However, conventional methods such as fixed-number Least Significant Bit (LSB) embedding still face limitations in balancing visual quality, embedding capacity, and resistance to compression or noise. To address these challenges, this study proposes an Adaptive Video Steganography Method based on Multi-Bit LSB that employs brightness, texture, and motion analysis for each frame to determine the number of embedding bits adaptively. The system adjusts the embedding capacity according to the local characteristics of the video: areas with high texture or rapid motion are assigned more bits, while static or low-texture areas use fewer bits to preserve visual quality. After the embedding process, the video quality is evaluated using PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Measurement) to assess its similarity to the original video. Experimental results show a PSNR value of 45.86 dB and an SSIM value of 0.9441, Thus, the proposed adaptive method proves to be efficient, robust against disturbances, and capable of maintaining data security without compromising visual quality, making it highly suitable for implementation in multimedia-based information security systems.

The aim of this study is to analyze verbal and non-verbal communication in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom by using the Sinclair and Coulthard (1975) model of classroom discourse. Although many studies have examined verbal interaction in EFL classrooms, few have discussed how verbal and non-verbal communication work together to support effective learning. To fill this gap, this research focuses on identifying the types and frequency of verbal and non-verbal communication used by the teacher and students during classroom interaction. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from an 80-minute video recording of an eleventh-grade English class at MAS Darul Quran. The recording was transcribed and analyzed based on Sinclair and Coulthard’s framework, which includes three main levels: Exchange (Informing, Directive, Question–Answer), Move (Initiation, Response, Feedback), and Act (Questioning, Explaining, Agreeing, Refusing, Revising, Appraising). The findings show that the classroom interaction was mainly teacher-centered. The teacher dominated the talk through Initiation moves, mostly in the form of questions, explanations, and instructions, while students gave short and simple responses. Feedback was used less often and mostly as short praise or confirmation. The teacher also used various non-verbal behaviors such as gestures, eye contact, movement, and changes in voice tone to direct attention and motivate students. The results suggest that combining verbal and non-verbal strategies can create a more interactive and engaging classroom atmosphere that supports student participation and understanding.

This literature study examines hydroponic solutions (urban agriculture), particularly through hydroponic methods, as a response to the issue of significant urban agricultural land shrinkage and land conversion. Data shows a drastic reduction in rice fields in Sukawati District, Bali, from 497.24 Ha in 1985 to only 211.42 Ha in 2016, accompanied by a change in the profession of residents from farmers to entrepreneurs. This land conversion not only reduces agricultural areas but also has the potential to eliminate farmers' livelihoods. The method used is a literature review (narrative review) to collect and analyze studies related to the use of hydroponics in maximizing limited land in urban areas. The results of the discussion focus on hydroponic training provided to housewives from the Family Welfare Movement (PKK) and the City Youth Organization (Karang Taruna). This training aims to empower and utilize the free time of housewives, covering materials from the basic concepts of hydroponics, seed preparation, planting, maintenance, to harvesting. Hydroponic practices have been responded to positively by residents, and the PKK/Karang Taruna group is prepared to become mentors for other members. The benefits of hydroponics were emphasized as a highly efficient cultivation method, capable of saving up to 70-90% of water, enabling year-round food production, and providing faster and higher plant growth and yields. The outcome of this activity was the establishment of a communal hydroponic garden and each member's plan to grow hydroponically independently, demonstrating the success of hydroponics as a real solution to improving food security and sustainability in dense urban environments.

Communication is a fundamental element in the development of entrepreneurship, particularly within edupreneurship, which integrates educational innovation with entrepreneurial values to address contemporary challenges in education. In an increasingly competitive and digitally driven educational landscape, edupreneurs are required not only to possess pedagogical competence but also strong communication skills to sustain and scale their initiatives. This study aims to analyze the role of effective communication in strengthening edupreneurship competencies. The research employs a literature review method by synthesizing and analyzing relevant theories and previous studies on communication, entrepreneurship, and edupreneurship. The findings indicate that effective communication plays a significant role in enhancing key edupreneurship competencies, including negotiation skills, leadership capacity, personal branding, and adaptability to digital transformation. Communication also functions as a strategic tool for building trust, expanding professional networks, fostering collaboration, and creating supportive learning ecosystems within educational enterprises. Moreover, effective communication enables edupreneurs to articulate value propositions clearly, manage stakeholders efficiently, and respond flexibly to dynamic changes in educational markets. The implications of this study emphasize that communication competence is not a complementary skill but a core requirement for sustainable edupreneurship development. Therefore, systematic communication training and the integration of communication-based learning strategies are strongly recommended within entrepreneurship education programs, particularly for prospective edupreneurs, to support long-term innovation, competitiveness, and sustainability in the education sector.

The purpose of this study is to analyze digital transformation in notary services, namely the validity of electronic deeds and the responsibilities of notaries in the era of e-government. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach based on an analysis of relevant regulations, scientific literature, and other legal sources. Data was obtained through literature study and analyzed qualitatively and descriptively to assess the legal certainty and responsibility of notaries in preparing electronic deeds in the era of digital transformation in notarial practice. The results show that digital transformation in the notary field is an impact of information technology developments and e-government policies that change the notary's work processes, including administration, deed preparation, identity verification, and document storage. However, digitization must still comply with the principles of authenticity, legality, data security, and legal certainty in accordance with the characteristics of the notary's position as a public official. This study also found that the implementation of cyber notary in Indonesia still faces normative, technical, and ethical obstacles, such as the absence of comprehensive regulations, limited digital infrastructure, and the risk of identity abuse. Therefore, regulatory harmonization, capacity building for notaries, technology standardization, and effective supervision are needed so that the digitization of notary services can be implemented safely while maintaining the integrity of the profession.

School leadership plays a strategic role in improving educational quality through effective management, the creation of a positive school culture, and the achievement of learning outcomes, while women’s participation in educational leadership continues to face structural and cultural challenges related to gender stereotypes. This study aims to analyze the leadership styles of female principals at SMK Negeri 1 Penawar Tama and SMK Negeri 1 Banjar Margo, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and examine the strategies implemented to improve school quality. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with principals, teachers, and students as research subjects. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, passive participatory observation, and documentation, and were analyzed using interactive qualitative analysis techniques involving data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing, with validity ensured through triangulation and member checks. The results indicate that female principals apply a combination of democratic-participatory, transformational, visionary, humanistic-communicative, and professional exemplary leadership styles. These leadership practices are reflected in inclusive decision-making, open communication, moral exemplarity, and strategic programs oriented toward student competence and institutional development. Supporting factors include strong personal commitment, high discipline, a conducive school climate, and stakeholder support, while inhibiting factors consist of limited infrastructure, policy changes, internal differences of opinion, and gender-based social pressures. The study concludes that, despite existing obstacles, female principals are able to implement adaptive and participatory leadership strategies that foster a positive work climate, enhance school community involvement, and contribute significantly to improving the quality and sustainability of vocational education.

The prevalence of correct handwashing behavior with soap in Aceh Province is 36%. School-age children are the time to instill PHBS values ​​and have the potential to be agents of change to promote PHBS both in the school environment, family, and society. The impact of lazy handwashing with soap can cause various diseases such as diarrhea, flu, hepatitis A, and impetigo (a contagious infection that usually occurs in children who rarely wash their hands, this disease is characterized by red skin which then develops into small blisters). The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of mini posters as a health promotion media on handwashing behavior with soap in elementary school students. The research method is one group pretest posttest design. The sampling technique is total sampling, while the number of samples in this study was 80 students from grades 5 and 6 of elementary school. The results of the study obtained before the intervention of mini posters washing hands with soap behavior of elementary school students 77.5% of students did not wash their hands with soap after urinating and defecating. After the intervention of mini posters washing hands with soap behavior of elementary school students 87.5% did wash their hands with soap. There is an effect of mini poster intervention on increasing handwashing behavior in elementary school students with a p value of 0.000 < 0.05. The results show that mini posters are a reference for the effectiveness of health promotion in preventing infectious diseases in elementary school children by implementing a handwashing program with soap in the school environment

During gravidity, back pain is a significant issue, especially due to changes in posture along with increasing physical load in the third trimester. Muscle relaxation and stretching exercises for pregnant women can help reduce back pain, one of which is the butterfly exercise. That study aims until determine the impact to the butterfly activity on gravidity in their third trimester at TPMB Amilia Intarti Klampisrejo, Pasuruan Regency. A quantitative method was used with a quasi-experimental approach employing a one-group pre-test also post-test design. The study involved 32 third-trimester gravidity as respondents. Data were collected using purposive sampling, before-and-after measurements, and assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). The intervention be carried out over a period of four weeks. The findings show that the butterfly pregnancy exercise effectively reduces back pain in third-trimester gravid. Therefore, the butterfly exercise can serve as an alternative method to help alleviate back pain and enhance comfort during pregnancy.  

This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using a case study design to explore the psychological impacts of traffic accidents on victims. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and direct observation, then analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The findings indicate that the main trauma-related symptoms include intense negative thoughts or emotions, such as sudden fear, nausea, and mood changes characterized by increased sadness and irritability. Additionally, sleep disturbances were observed, including vivid nightmares, flashbacks when attempting to sleep, and physical reactions such as heart palpitations. Avoidance behaviors were also noted, such as avoiding the accident location, rarely leaving the house, and avoiding conversations related to the accident. Traffic accidents are sudden, unexpected events that can cause not only physical injuries but also profound psychological impacts, including fear, excessive anxiety, nightmares, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). If left untreated, these psychological disorders may interfere with daily functioning and significantly reduce the quality of life of the victims, making early intervention crucial for recovery.

Reboan Agung at the Ahlus Shafa Wal Wafa Islamic Boarding School is a recitation tradition that is carried out regularly every Wednesday and Thursday evenings. This activity began in 2002 from a simple recitation led by KH. Mohammad Nizam As-Shofa, who at that time was only followed by a few people, especially his family members. Over time, this study developed into a large spiritual community and served as an important place to instill the values of Sufism and Islamic spirituality to the students and their congregation. This research aims to analyze the role of Majlis Reboan Agung in supporting the spirituality of the congregation within the Ahlus Shafa Wal Wafa Islamic Boarding School Foundation. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. The research results show that Majlis Reboan Agung has a very important role in supporting the spirituality of the congregation. Many congregants felt calm, motivated, and experienced positive changes such as increased patience, sincerity, surrender, enthusiasm, and determination in facing life's trials. They apply these values in their daily lives, which have an impact on ego control, self-understanding, and better relationships with other people. These findings show that Reboan Agung functions as an effective means for cultivating spirituality, not only increasing religious knowledge, but also forming character, strengthening ukhuwah, and growing the congregation's commitment to consistently practicing Islamic teachings.

This study aims to analyze the role of internet technology in enhancing the competitiveness of ebusiness in Indonesia, particularly in the sector of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Based on theoretical reviews, internet technology, e-business, technology adoption (TAM), and the concept of competitiveness serve as the main foundations for understanding the ongoing digital transformation. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a purposive sampling technique, involving five informants consisting of digital SME owners, online store managers, and users of service platforms. Data were collected through interviews and observations, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the internet plays a crucial role as an essential infrastructure that enhances marketing effectiveness, expands market reach, and improves operational efficiency. Marketplaces, social media, and delivery-service platforms contribute significantly to sales growth and service quality. However, challenges such as low digital literacy, platform commission fees, changes in social media algorithms, and uneven infrastructure development still limit optimal utilization. From a policy perspective, the study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure and improving national digital literacy. This research emphasizes that the success of e-business depends on technology access, human resource competence, and support through public policy. It can be concluded that internet technology serves as a vital foundation for e-business competitiveness in the digital era.