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Vita Setiawati; Albertus Purwaka; Lazarus Linarto; Alifiah Nurachmana; Muh Muslim +1 more

Bhinneka: Jurnal Bintang Pendidikan dan Bahasa 2023 Universitas Palan

The aim of this research is to describe (1) the type of comparative language style found in the lyrics of the album Selamat Birthday dan Kalah Berbet by Nadin Amizah, (2) The function of the comparative language style found in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Lose Bet by Nadin Amizah. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data source in this research is the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Lose Betting by Nadin Amizah. The data in this research is in the form of types and functions of comparative language styles contained in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Losing Bets by Nadin Amizah with the form of data in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences contained in lines and verses in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Losing Bets by Nadin Amizah which deals with the types and functions of comparative language styles. Data collection techniques were carried out using library techniques, listening, taking notes and entering them into data cards. Data analysis uses qualitative content analysis techniques. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Losing Bets by Nadin Amizah, there are types and functions of comparative language styles used by the author in the album's song lyrics. The types of comparative language styles found in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Lose Betting by Nadin Amizah are in the form of similes, metaphors, personification, depersonification, allegory, antithesis, pleonasm, periphrasis, prolepsis or anticipation, and correction or epanorthosis., while the function of language style The comparisons contained in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Losing Betting by Nadin Amizah are in the form of information function, expressive function, aesthetic function, directive function and phatic function.

Cindy Dayinta Puspitasari; Ari Susanti

Jurnal Bintang Manajemen (JUBIMA) 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study aims to determine the analysis of the influence of lifestyle, OCR and E-WOM on the decisions of OVO application users. This research method is associative research where the research method is a quantitative approach. This study uses a questionnaire to share basic data. In this study, the population is all the people of Solo Raya and the research sample is 100 respondents, and the sampling method uses Purposive Sampling and uses the roscoe formula, the analytical method is assisted by SPSS version 25. The data analysis method uses Instrument Tests, Classical Assumptions tests, and Multiple Regression Tests. secondary data obtained from books that reveal user decisions, the internet and previous research journals. The results of this study conclude that simultaneously (F test) shows if there is a significant effect between lifestyle, OCR, and E-WOM on user decisions..

Edhita Putri Daryanti; Fiqi Widyawati; Young Ari Kusworo; Afifah Noer

Jurnal Mahasiswa Ilmu Kesehatan 2023 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

Pasca pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan masyarakat semakin meningkatkan kesadaran diri akan pentingnya menjaga kesehatan. Masyaraka Indonesia masih menerapkan pola hidup yang ekonomis termasuk dalam kebutuhan menjaga maupun mengobati kesehatan. Swamedikasi masih dilakukan sebagai upaya mengobati gejala sakit yang diderita karena dianggap hemat, praktis dan ekonomis. Swamedikasi juga dapat dipengaruhi kondisi masyarakat Indonesia yang telah menerapkan gaya hidup halal. Swamedikasi dapat menjadi  beresiko jika tidak tepat dan dosis yang tidak tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh pengetahuan obat, label halal terhadap keputusan pembelian obat bebas dan obat bebas terbatas untuk swamedikasi. Jumlah responden yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi adalah sebanyak 80 orang, dengan teknik wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara label obat dan harga obat terhadap keputusan pembelian. Besaran R-sq = 45,40% menunjukkan keputusan pembelian obat dipengaruhi oleh label dan harga obat dan 54,60% dipengaruhi faktor lain diluar variabel yang diukur. Pada Uji T parsial diperoleh bahwa terdapat pengaruh label obat dengan keputusan pembelian obat dan terdapat pengaruh harga obat terhadap keputusan pembelian obat untuk swamedikasi obat bebas dan obat bebas di wilayah Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta.

Immanuel Frizth R; Achmad Hidir

Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Pekanbaru is one of the rapidly growing urban areas in the modernization era. The shift in lifestyle in the modernization era does not only affect women but also men's lifestyles. Some of the lifestyles of men that have changed in the current era of modernization are the way they look fashionable, smell good, clean, which is usually only owned by women. Men with this lifestyle are known as Metrosexuals. This research was conducted at a beauty clinic in Pekanbaru. The purpose of this research is to find out the metrosexual lifestyle from the frontstage and backstage sides. There were 5 subjects in this study, namely men who did facial treatments. The author uses accidental sampling method. Data instruments are observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. From the results of this study it can be concluded that the lifestyle of metrosexuals varies according to their preferences in using time and their preferences.

Andi Andriyana

Maslahah : Jurnal Manajemen dan Ekonomi Syariah 2023 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

Starting from the existence of several problems faced, namely there is a decrease in the quality of work as evidenced by the overall table of the national fluid index from 2020-2022. There is a decrease in the quantity of work based on the overall table of the National Achievement Index from 2020-2022. Improper timeliness in service time for participants has become an indicator of the decline in the overall value of the National Index of achievements from 2020-2022. Work effectiveness has decreased due to the fact that there are still vacant positions in the organizational structure, forcing employees to handle other work. Lack of employee independence, so that performance does not develop if there is no supervisor. The culture of BPJS Kesehatan is dynamic so that during the transition period employees experience difficulties. There are vacant positions in the organizational structure, so some employees do double jobs to keep the program running. Leaders do not understand the potential of each employee and tend to always rely on employees who have done this side job. The method used is descriptive quantitative. the results of research on Organizational Culture have a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance. This means that if the organizational culture increases, the employee's performance also increases. Job Satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance. This means that if job satisfaction increases, employee performance also increases. Leadership style has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. This means that if the leadership style increases, the employee's performance also increases. Organizational culture, job satisfaction and leadership style have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. This means that if organizational culture, job satisfaction and leadership style increase, employee performance also increases.

Syuryatman Desri; Nadra Nadila Hutasuhut

Concept: Journal of Social Humanities and Education 2023 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi Yappi Makassar

This study aims to find out how the leadership style applied by the leaders of CV. Mutiara uses observation techniques, literature studies and interviews with CV leaders. Pearl. This kind of research is qualitative in nature. The results of the research show that the leader of CV. Mutiara applies a democratic and participative leadership style. Leader CV. Mutiara wants to improve staff performance with every employee in CV. Mutiara is valued for her potential and the company often organizes events or activities intended to raise performance standards among its employees.

Asiah, Nur

Jurnal Faidatuna 2023 STAI Denpasar Bali

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gaya mengajar guru pendidikan agama Islam di SMK Negeri 4 Kota Serang, untuk mengetahui hasil belajar siswa di SMK Negeri 4 Kota Serang, untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara gaya mengajar guru dengan hasil belajar siswa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif korelasional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan angket (quesioner) dan tes (pilihan gana). Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis korelasi antara variabel X dengan variabel Y yang menunjukkan bahwa indeks koefisien korelasi (rxy) = 0,660 setelah dikonsultasikan dengan tabel interpretasi “r” product moment diketahui bahwa angket “r” antara (0,40- 0,70) yang interpretasinya ialah antara variabel X dengan ariabel Y terdapat korelasi yang sedang, selanjutnya nilai 0,660 dikonsultasikan pada rtabel dengan N= 36 dan taraf signifikan 5% (0,05) sehingga didapat nilai rtabel sebesar 0,329 atau dapat dinyatakan bahwa rhitung> rtabel. Adapun konstribusi  variabel X terhadap variabel Y dengan menggunakan koefisien determinasi (CD) ialah 43,56% sedangkan sisanya sebesar 56,44% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut.

Jety Oktavia; Anis Umi K; Rika Pristian F.A

Konstanta : Jurnal Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Mathematics is one of the subjects taught at all levels from basic education to higher education, which has a significant role in preparing students to have the ability to think logically, analytically, systematically, critically and creatively, as well as have the ability to work together. One of the activities in learning mathematics at school is through problem solving. Problem solving aims to see students' understanding of a material. Mathematical problem solving ability is a very important part of learning mathematics. However, in reality, the problem-solving ability of junior high school students' mathematics is still very low. From these problems, then one of the lessons that can improve the ability to solve mathematical problems is Problem Solving learning. One of the factors that influence differences in problem solving ability is learning style. Learning styles have a close relationship and influence on the learning process in order to achieve learning goals. With students knowing their learning style, learning Problem Solving can be done easily. The subjects of this study were students of class VIII A MTs Plus Sunan Drajat Kedungsantren Bojonegoro. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Problem Solving learning on mathematics learning outcomes when viewed from students' learning styles. The type of research used is quantitative research with the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The results showed that testing the data on mathematics learning outcomes with the Paired Sample T-Test stated that the t_count value was -9.726. The t_count value is negative, because the pretest average value is lower than the posttest average value. In this case, the t_count value can be positive so that it becomes 9.726. Meanwhile, the value of t_table with α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom (dk=n-1) with 24 students is 1.714. Then it can be seen that t_count > t_table, then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, meaning that there is a significant difference. So it can be concluded that the application of the Problem Solving learning model is quite effectively carried out in the teaching and learning process for class VIII A students of MTs Plus Sunan Drajat Kedungsantren on the material of geometric shapes on the flat sides of cubes and blocks.  

Imelda Virgula Wisang; Cicilia Ayu Wulandari; Saidina Saidina

Jurnal Projemen UNIPA 2023 Universitas Nusa Nipa Maumere

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dampak budaya kerja dan kinerja kerja perangkat Desa Samparong, Kecamatan Alok, Kabupaten Sikka dengan menggukanakan  metode kualitatif. Kinerja kerja pemerintah Desa Samparong belum mencapai target yang diinginkan dilihat dari sub indikator dan indikator kinerja kerja. hal ini timbul karena Budaya kerja pemerintah Desa Samparong kurang maksimal dilihat dari sub indikator dan indikator dari Angaapan dasar tentang kerja kurang baik, sikap terhadap pekerjaan kurang baik, perilaku ketika bekerja kurang baik, lingkungan dan alat kerja kurang baik, serta etos kerja kurang baik. Hal ini terjadi karena gaya kepemimpinan kepala desa, budaya organisasi, motivasi dan evaluasi kinerja kerja belum maksimal dilakukan.

Sewang Sewang

Public Service And Governance Journal 2023 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

This study aims to analyze the effect of organizational culture and leadership style on the job satisfaction of Bappeda Jeneponto Regency employees. The location of this research is the Office of the Regional Development Planning Agency (Bappeda). The sample in this study used the census method (saturated sample) with a total of 32 respondents. Data collection was done through questionnaires with the analysis method was multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that organizational culture had a positive and significant effect on the job satisfaction of Jeneponto Regency Bappeda employees with a coefficient of determination of 0.377 and P (sig) = 0.000 < 0.05. This shows that the better the organizational culture and understanding by employees, the better job satisfaction will be. Leadership style has a positive and significant effect on the job satisfaction of Bappeda Jeneponto Regency employees with a determination coefficient value of 0.548 and P (sig) = 0.000 <0.05. This shows that the better the leadership style, the better job satisfaction will be. The variable that has a dominant effect on the job satisfaction of Bappeda Jeneponto Regency employees is leadership style.

Yusrina Ayu Setiani; Rheza Ray Farandy; Moch. Isa Anshori

Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Manajemen 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Leadership is a classic topic of discussion, but it is very interesting to study because it can be crucial for an organization or company. Organizations or companies involve human interaction, such as the relationship between leaders and subordinates, both of whom work together to complete planned tasks. One of the main responsibilities of a leader is to motivate employees and improve their performance so that they can achieve the goals of the organization they lead. The resources owned by the company will not produce optimal results if they are not supported by human resources who have optimal performance. The purpose of this study is to determine whether leadership style influences job satisfaction through employee motivation and performance. This research uses the type of library research, which is a series of activities related to library data collection methods. The results of this study indicate that leadership, motivation, and job satisfaction are important factors in determining the success and failure of employee performance achievement.

Tuffahul Humairoh; Nasim Nasim; Mochammad Isa Anshori

Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Manajemen 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

kepemimpinan transformasional adalah gaya kepemimpinan yang dilakukan pemimpin dengan memotivasi dan memberdayakan orang-orang yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya untuk bekerja sama mewujudkan visi perusahaan. Gaya pemimpin sangat berpengaruh antara pemimpin dan bawahannya akan mendukung semua aspek di dalamnya termasuk kinerja dan motivasi para karyawannya yang tentu saja akan memiliki dampak terhadap kinerja dari perusahaan secara menyeluruh. Penelitian menggunakan metode studi literatur dengan mengumpulkan bahan materi yang bersumber dari berbagai macam jurnal. Berdasarkan hasil literatur yang tersedia dapat disimpulkan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan transformasional memiliki peangaruh positif di beberapa aspek perusahaan gayakepemimpinan transformasional memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap kinerja karyawan.Gaya kepemimpinan transformasional ditandai dengan kemampuan pemimpin untuk memotivasi,menginspirasi, dan memberikan contoh yang baik kepada karyawan. Hal ini dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan diri, komitmen, dan keterlibatan karyawan dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi.  

Dewi, Anita Sumelvia; Kharisma, Rezza Nur

Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen (EBISMEN) 2023 FEB Universitas Maritim Semarang

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui : (1) pengaruh  gaya  kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan, (2) pengaruh  etos kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan, (3) pengaruh  kompensasi non finansial terhadap kinerja karyawan, (4) pengaruh  lingkungan kerja fisik terhadap kinerja karyawan. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel pada penelitian adalah para karyawan Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Kediri sebanyak 78 responden. Teknik pada penelitian ini menggunakan Teknik sampel Jenuh. Teknik pengumpulan         data menggunakan kuesioner yang telah diujikan validitas dan realibilitasnya terlebih dahulu. Pada Teknik analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan regresi linier berganda. Hasil dari penelitian ini pada taraf signifikansi 0,05 yang menunjukan bahwa (1) terdapat pengaruh signifikan secara parsial gaya  kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan adalah 0,000 yang artinya < 0,05 dan nilai thitung > ttabel yaitu sebesar 4,391 > 1,993, (2) terdapat pengaruh signifikan secara parsial etos kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan adalah 0,006 yang artinya < 0,05 dan nilai thitung > ttabel yaitu sebesar 2,831 > 1.993, (3) terdapat pengaruh signifikan secara parsial kompensasi non finansial terhadap kinerja karyawan adalah 0,000  yang artinya < 0,05 dan nilai thitung > ttabel yaitu sebesar 5,075 > 1,993, (4) terdapat pengaruh signifikan secara parsial lingkungan kerja fisik terhadap kinerja karyawan adalah 0,000  yang artinya < 0,05 dan nilai thitung > ttabel yaitu sebesar 6,095 > 1,993, (5) terdapat pengaruh signifikan secara simultan gaya kepemimpinan, etos kerja, kompensasi non finansial dan lingkungan kerja fisik berpengaruh dan signifikan secara simultan terhadap kinerja karyawan adalah 0,000 yang artinya nilai Fhitung > Ftabel  yaitu sebesar 76,500 > 2.50. Perhitungan analisis regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan persamaan regresi diperoleh dengan nilai  Y = 8,218 + 0,347X1 + 0,193X2 + 0,240X3 + 0,421 X4.

Ngangga Saputra; Misnawati Misnawati; Siti Muslimah; Anwarsani Anwarsani; Siti Rahmawati +1 more

Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Budaya, dan Pengajarannya 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The purpose of this research is to describe the forms of language style in the Central Kalimantan folktales by the 10th-grade students of SMAN I Damang Batu and to investigate their implications for literature learning in high schools. The research technique used was qualitative descriptive research with content analysis. Based on the analysis conducted by the author, the research findings revealed the existence of language style in the Central Kalimantan folktales by the 10th-grade students of SMAN I Damang Batu, namely emotive language style with four quotes, connotative meaning with four quotes, hyperbole with four quotes, metaphor with five quotes, and personification with five quotes. Therefore, the dominant language style used in the Central Kalimantan folktales by the 10th-grade students of SMAN I Damang Batu is the metaphor and personification style.

Elyza Monic Novanda; Nugrahani Astuti; Andika Kuncoro Widagdo; Asrul Bahar

Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Bahasa dan Pendidikan 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Learning activities that were well-prepared can stimulate people have well-prepared in the learning process. Three kinds of learning styles are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. The learning style guides the teacher to appropriate methods to conduct the lessons. Based on the statement, the research aims to determine the influence of learning style and implemented in cognitive comprehension in egg dish. The subject to conduct this research were grade XI Culinary students at SMKN 2 Kota Mojokerto. The research design used ex post facto using the one-way ANOVA test. The researcher used questionnaire techniques, test methods, and documentation for collecting the data. The results showed that (1) the dominant learning style in the auditory learning style was 40.4% (19 students), while the visual learning style was 38.3% (18 students), and the kinesthetic learning style was 21.3% (10 students). (2) The average post-test score is 78.2. In the value range 71 – 85 with 21 out of 47 students. Based on the data analysis, the researcher found that learning style does not affect cognitive comprehension. It is shown in the sign one-way ANOVA value of 0.394 > 0.05, while the Fcount test is 0.952 <3.20 Ftable, so H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected.

Eny Machsusiyah Zin; Saidati Nor Wildana; Mochammad Isa Anshori

Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2023 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

In this age of globalization there is much competition between the work world and organizations for change to be more innovative and competitive. So some organizations must have great leaders who can motivate their subordinates and be able to oversee employee performance. This study has a purpose to explain a leader's transformational leadership style and work motivation. The research is qualitative. Data collection techniques include listening attentively and recording important information to do data analysis through data reduction, data display, and deduction through previous literature and study discoveries.    

Eka Rachmawati; Ade Rizaldi Hidayatullah; Mochammad Isa Anshori

Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2023 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

Adaptive leadership style is very instrumental regarding the problems and challenges that occur, these problems are both from external and internal factors.This study aims to determine the leadership style of Adaptive Leadership of a leader. This research methodology uses qualitative research, and the research method used is the literature study method. The data sources used in this research are books, scientific journals, articles and related documents relevant to the topic of Adaptive Leadership style of a leader. Data Selection Data selection is carried out using certain criteria to determine which sources are relevant and can be used as the basis for analysis in this literature study research. The results showed that the leadership style of Adaptive Leadership has a significant effect on good emotional intelligence, organizational justice, character and plays an important role in career development so as to create a conducive organizational atmosphere.    

Budi Purnomo

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The formulation of the problem in this study is how much influence leadership style and Work Culture have on the performance of PT employees. Nijes Bayu Lestari.  The purpose of this study is to find out how much influence  work culture and work career have on the performance of  PT employees. Nijes Bayu Lestari. Based on the results of the study, it was found that for the effect of variables X1 (Style of Leadership) and X2 (Work Culture) on Y (Employee Performance) need to be analyzed by the author because Employee Performance is work achieved by a person or group of work or activities that have been done. Performance can only be obtained if a person or group is doing work or activities. Therefore, without doing something, neither individuals nor groups will be possible. By identifying Work Motivation and Employee Ability, it will have an impact on employee performance. Based on the above thoughts according to the researcher hypothesis which states that Leadership Style  and Work Culture  have a strong influence on Employee Performance di PT Nijes Bayu Lestari. The magnitude of the influence of both independent variables with dependent variables also shows the reality of how to implement and improve optimal Employee Performance, this fact has been answered with Leadership Style  and  Good Work Culture. Practically, the two variables run together, meaning that in the process of Leadership Style  and Work Culture can be variables or factors that determine whether employee performance is good or bad. If the Leadership Style is good / and Buya Work is good, then by itself Employee Performance will increase.

Hikmatul Magfiroh; Triana Olivia Tahol; Siti Anisah; Mochammad Isa Anshori

Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2023 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi adanya perubahan akibat berkembangnya teknologi, hal tersebut berpengaruh kepada perkembangan ilmu kepemimpinan. Maka untuk mengatasi perubahan yang tidak pasti diperlukan gaya kepemimpinan yang cocok, dikemukanlah gaya kepemimpinan adaptif. Hal ini karena kemampuan pemimpin dan pengikut dilatih berinovasi, sehingga penerapannya membuat semua anggota organisasi lebih siap dalam mengatasi perubahan yang ada. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui bagaimana kepemimpinan adaptif bisa mempengaruhi pengikut, mengatasi berbagai masalah yang dihadapi, serta membuat organisasi bertahan dalam perkembangan zaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi literatur dengan data sekunder, baik cetak maupun digital yang relevan dengan penelitian. Analisis data yang digunakan ialah deksriptif argumentatif, hal ini melibatkan argumen penulis namun berdasarkan temuan-temuan sebelumnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan adaptif mengarahkan orang lain untuk mengatasi masalah yang dihadapi tanpa ada paksaan dari manajer tingkat atas, gaya kepemimpinan yang fleksibel membuat para karyawan mudah beradaptasi dengan cepatnya perubahan yang terjadi di era digital sekarang.

Prasetyo Yuli Kurniawan; Setiawan Setiawan; Evi Rahmawati

Jurnal Motivasi Pendidikan dan Bahasa 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Campur kode berarti menggunakan dua bahasa atau lebih dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Kode mengacu pada bahasa berdasarkan ragam daerah, dialek sosial (siolek), ragam dan gaya, serta ragam pemakaian dan pencatatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan fenomena campur kode dalam komunikasi pada masyarakat desa Kedungbokor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber bahan penelitian adalah para pedagang pasar tradisional desa Kedungbokor yang melakukan transaksi jual beli dan komunikasi masyarakat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Pedagang pasar tradisional yang digunakan sebagai sumber data diidentifikasi terlebih dahulu. Pedagang pasar diobservasi dan diwawancarai oleh peneliti dengan menggunakan kuesioner.