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Rahmawati Rahmawati; Qiqi Asmara

Jurnal Media Administrasi 2024 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang, Indonesia

To improve service quality, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia issued a Decree of the Director General of the Religious Courts Number 1403.b/DJA/SK/OT.01.3/8/2018 Concerning Guidelines for One-Stop Services in the Religious Courts Environment. With this policy, the Depok Religious Court implemented the One-Stop Integrated Service. In implementing the One Stop Integrated Service at the Depok Religious Court, several obstacles were found in its implementation. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the implementation of the One Stop Service policy at the Depok Religious Court. The theory of this research uses the theory of policy implementation in the George Edward III model. By using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Retrieval of data using interviews, observation and documentation. Meanwhile, to test the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. The results of the research from 4 indicators that regarding communication it is necessary to carry out more socialization because many people do not know about the mechanism in the procedure for handling service cases that exist at PTSP. Resources, in terms of quantity the number of officers at PTSP is still small while the number of cases at the Depok Religious Court is quite a lot. In terms of quality, there is a need for training because there are still officers who are less responsive, and the existing facilities and infrastructure at PTSP have not been integrated all in one door due to limited land. Disposition, the executors have a commitment to carry out this policy by delivering tasks that are good enough in accordance with the contents of the instructions in the policy. Bureaucratic Structure, the officers have carried out the policy in accordance with the applicable SOP. Suggestions from this study are that socialization must be increased and there is a need for land expansion to support infrastructure facilities and additional staff on duty at PTSP so as to maximize service time.

Tiara Iga Mandera; Suraji Suraji

Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

This study aims to determine the validity of the agreement between Gopay Later according to the Indonesian Civil Code. This research is a normative juridical legal study with a legislative approach. Based on this research, it is found that the electronic agreement of Gopay Later between consumers and PT. Multifinance Anak Bangsa (Gojek) can be considered valid according to Indonesian contract law and does not contradict the Indonesian Civil Code.

Muhammad Nur Hadi Rasyid; Khairuddin Khairuddin; Jasmienti Jasmienti; Charles Charles

This research aims to understand and analyze the strengthening of Minang cultural values "Sumbang Duo Baleh" through the Annisa Forum at MAN 2 Bukittinggi. The research used a qualitative descriptive approach with the main informants namely the Annisa Forum supervisor and supporting informants such as curriculum representatives and Annisa Forum students. Data was collected through observation, interviews and documentation, then analyzed using data reduction techniques, data presentation and data withdrawal, as well as using triangulation to ensure the validity of the data. The research results show that the Annisa Forum has succeeded in strengthening Minang cultural values, especially in the aspects of Sumbang Kato, Sumbang Bagaua, and Sumbang Kurenah. Supporting factors in its implementation include support from the government, community, parents, school environment and peers, while the inhibiting factor is the lack of motivation from the students themselves.

Achmad Rijal Hidayat; Tri Rijanto

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Teknik 2024 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study aims to determine the level of feasibility assessed from the aspects of validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the PLC-based Logo Softcomfort Job Sheet. Development utilized the Research and Development (R&D) research method. This study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design and was conducted on 34 students of XII TITL 1 class. The research employed a validation instrument for the job sheet, with practicality assessed through student responses, and the effectiveness measured through the cognitive pre-test and posttest scores of students. The results indicate that the job sheet's validity yielded a rating of 94.19, categorized as "very valid." The practicality of the PLC job sheet resulted in a rating of 91.35, categorized as "very practical." Regarding the effectiveness of the PLC job sheet on cognitive learning outcomes, it resulted in a calculated t-value of 18.738, with a critical t-value (df = 66, α = 0.05) of 1.997, obtaining a significance value of 0.000. Based on these findings, the PLC job sheet based on Softcomfort can be considered valid, practical, and effective for use in IML learning at SMK Negeri 1 Pungging.    

Miftahul Jannah; Moh. Amin Tohari

Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hukum 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

This research discusses the causes of domestic violence (KDRT) against women. The aim of this research is to find out the impact of the causes of domestic violence that occur in RT 003 RW 011 Pondok Pinang. This research is qualitative research in collecting data using observation, interviews and documentation methods. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Triangulation is used to explain the validity of the data obtained. The findings of this research show what women go through in terms of social function from the physical and mental levels they have gone through. The results of the research reveal that the causes of domestic violence against women occur due to economic difficulties, excessive emotions and disobedience, while several impacts are experienced by the victim, such as psychological impacts such as post-traumatic stress, shame and anxiety for the partner, first. both physical impacts such as bruises and bruises.

Af Sari, Winda; Indiworo, Hawik Ervina; Violinda, Qristin

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Ekonomi 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The purpose of this research is to find out what factors in financial performance influence the growth of profitability at Bank Danamon and to find out whether company size at Bank Danamon can affect the growth of profitability at Bank Danamon. In conducting this research, the researcher was guided by previous studies and the research method used in this method was quantitative research and for the validity of the data, the researcher took samples from the official Danamon bank financial reports that had been published and had been processed by the researcher. The results of the analysis in this study show that the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Loans (NPL), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), and company size have a significant positive influence on bank Danamon TBK's profitability, while Net Interest Margin (NIM) and BOPO have no effect on the profitability of bank Danamon Tbk.

Rosita, Ida; Prabowo, Heri; Indiworo, Hawik Ervina; Sutrisno, Sutrisno

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Ekonomi 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

There are various e-commerce sites, one of which is Shopee, which utilizes financial technology or what is known as financial technology (Fintech) in the form of Shopeepay. Many factors can influence interest in using fintech including perceived ease, trust, effectiveness and features of use. This study aims to determine the effect of perceptions of convenience, trust, effectiveness and usage features on interest in using Shopeepay fintech. This research method is descriptive quantitative, the population in this study are regular UPGRIS management students class of 2018 and class of 2019 who are willing to fill out a research questionnaire with a total of 100 respondents, the sampling technique used is accidental sampling. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out through validity and reliability tests, multiple regression analysis and hypothesis testing. Based on the data analysis conducted, it was found that perceived convenience has a positive and significant influence on the intention to use Fintech Shopeepay with a significant value of 0.001, trust has a positive and significant influence on the intention to use Fintech Shopeepay with a significant value of 0.048, effectiveness has a positive and significant influence on the intention to use fintech Shopeepay with a significant value of 0.000, features of use have a positive and significant influence on interest in using fintech Shopeepay with a significant value of 0.043. This means that the influence of perceptions of convenience, trust, effectiveness and features of use has an effect on interest in using Shopeepay fintech.

Febrina Asadiya; Almisar Hamid

RISOMA : Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan 2024 Asosiasi Ilmuwan Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Humaniora Indonesia

This research discusses community empowerment through the Bersami Waste Bank (BSB) program. The aim of this research is to find out the process of community empowerment through the Bersami Waste Bank program in Pisangan Village, the supporting and inhibiting factors in carrying out empowerment and the Bersami Waste Bank's efforts to improve family welfare for its customers. This research is qualitative research in collecting data using observation, interviews and documentation methods. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Triangulation is used to explain the validity of the data obtained. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the community empowerment carried out by the Bersami Waste Bank is in accordance with the stages of community community empowerment. The research results revealed that community empowerment through the Bersami Waste Bank was carried out through four stages, namely the awareness stage, understanding stage, utilization stage and use stage. Bersami Waste Bank can empower its community so that customers gain benefits from waste management in the form of money from savings and skills after training in waste recycling to sell from recycled waste. This is an effort by the Bersami Waste Bank to improve family welfare for its customers.

Luthfi Wahyu Priambudi; Moh. Saleh Udin; Heru Sutapa

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research aims to determine the influence of the variables product quality (X1), price (X2) and service quality (X3) on customer satisfaction (Y) at the Sicepat Express Delivery Service, Nganjuk District Branch. This type of research is quantitative research. The data collection techniques used are primary data and secondary data. The sample selection used the accidental sampling method, the number of samples in the research was 175 respondents at the Sicepat Express Delivery Service, Nganjuk District Branch. This research data was obtained through questionnaires, interviews and literature studies. The data analysis technique was carried out by describing the research data and analysis used, namely Validity Test, Reliability Test, Classical Assumption Test, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, T Test, F Test and Coefficient of Determination Test. The results of the research obtained the multiple linear regression equation Y = 3.185 + 0.278 0.000 < 0.05. The F test results obtained Fcount results with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. From the results of the analysis it can be concluded that product quality (X1), price (X2) and service quality (X3) simultaneously and significantly influence customer satisfaction.    

Ardila Susanti; Yuliana Yuliana

Jurnal Manajemen Pariwisata dan Perhotelan 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study aims to analyze the effect of price and service quality on guests' stay decisions at Pangeran Beach Hotel Padang. This type of research is quantitative research. The population of this study was guests staying at Pangeran Beach Padang with a sample of 93 consumers. The sampling technique uses non probability sampling. Data collection techniques are carried out using questionnaires (questionnaires) with Likert scales that have been tested for validity and reliability. Data from this study was processed using SPSS 25.00. The results of this study show that the price is included in the sufficient category with a percentage of 48.38%, the quality of service is in the sufficient category of 59.13%. The variable of overnight decision is in the sufficient category, which is 88.17%. Obtained R Square value of 0.021, meaning that the influence of the price variable (X1) on the decision variable to stay (Y) was 2.1% while 97.9% was influenced by other factors. The R Square value is 0.033, meaning that the influence of the service quality variable (X2) on the decision to stay (Y) is 3.3% while 96.7% is influenced by other factors. The effect of price (X1) and service quality (X2) affects the decision to stay (Y), the R Square value is 0.097, meaning that the influence of price variables (X1) and service quality (X2) on consumer satisfaction variables (Y) as much as 9.7% while 90.3% is influenced by other factors that were not studied in this study. And obtained the value of F calculate 1.242 with sig. 0.000 < 0.05.

Maulana Arief Farhan; Moh. Amin Tohari

Jurnal Riset Ilmu Hukum, Sosial dan Politik 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to determine the coaching pattern of the Special Development Institute for Class I Children in Tangerang, to find out the factors that influence changes in children's behavior in dealing with the law, to find out changes in children's behavior in dealing with the law at the Special Development Institute for Class I Children in Tangerang. Children in conflict with the law are children who are in conflict with the law, children who are victims of the law and children who are witnesses to criminal acts. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive approach. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. The number of informants was ten people, including five supervisors of the Class I Special Development Institute for Children in Tangerang and five informants from correctional students. Determining informants using purposive sampling and testing the validity of the data using data triangulation. From the results of this research, it was found that the factors that cause children to encounter the law include social factors, lack of parental supervision, and economic factors. The coaching pattern includes personality coaching. The results of this research include personality development which has a positive impact on changing the behavior of correctional students in institutions in the form of increasing religious skills and increasing knowledge in formal education.

Syaeful Bachri; Irma Bastaman; Nurdiana Mulyantini

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Era Digital 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The problems faced in this study include (1) How is the principle of bureaucratic neutrality in the regional elections in Banjar City, West Java in 2019? (2) How is the effectiveness of the performance of state civil servants in Banjar City, West Java in 2019? (3) How does bureaucratic neutrality in regional elections affect the effectiveness of state civil servant performance in Banjar City, West Java in 2019? This study aims to study, find out, and analyze (1) The principle of bureaucratic neutrality in regional elections in Banjar City, West Java in 2019. (2) The effectiveness of state civil servant performance in Banjar City, West Java in 2019? (3) the effect of the principle of bureaucratic neutrality in regional elections on the effectiveness of state civil servant performance in Banjar City, West Java in 2019. The method used in this study is an explanatory survey, while the technical data analysis, namely validity test, reliability test, descriptive statistics, Inductive Statistical Analysis (Inferential) with Simple Linear Regression (Simple Regression). The results of the study inform that (1) The principle of bureaucratic neutrality in the regional elections in Banjar City, West Java in 2019 has not been optimal, but after the study was conducted, it tends to be very high. The highest value is on the impartial indicator and the lowest value is on the not involved indicator. (2) The effectiveness of the performance of the State Civil Apparatus in Banjar City, West Java in 2019 has not been optimal, but after the study was conducted, it tends to be very high. The highest value is on the outcome measurement indicator and the lowest value is on the time measurement indicator. (3) The principle of bureaucratic neutrality in the regional elections has a positive effect on the effectiveness of the performance of the State Civil Apparatus in Banjar City, West Java in 2019.

Teti Susilawati; Nana Darna; Ading Rahman Sukmara

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Era Digital 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Employee performance at the P2KBP3A Service is not optimal, which can be seen from the delays in completing work and the work results achieved are not in accordance with the established standards. Then the performance of these employees is also influenced by the merit system which is not optimal, which is caused by the fact that ASN are still found not showing their professionalism in serving the community and an attitude of underestimating work arises because they realize that they have the abilities and expertise that are highly expected and are the mainstay of the leadership. Employee performance is also influenced by motivation which is not optimal, this is caused by the lack of dedication and loyalty of employees in working even though they have received a decent salary and the level of promotion for employees who excel is not optimal. This study aims to study, find out, and analyze (1) The effect of the merit system on the performance of employees at the P2KBP3A Service of Ciamis Regency. (2) The effect of motivation on the performance of employees at the P2KBP3A Service of Ciamis Regency. (3) The effect of the merit system and motivation on the performance of employees at the P2KBP3A Service of Ciamis Regency. This type of research is an explanatory survey, while the technical data analysis is validity test, reliability test, descriptive statistics, Inductive Statistical Analysis (Inferential) with Multiple Regression. The results of the study inform that (1) The merit system has a positive effect on employee performance at the P2KBP3A Office of Ciamis Regency. This means that if the merit system is improved, then employee performance at the P2KBP3A Office of Ciamis Regency will also increase. (2) Motivation has a positive effect on employee performance at the P2KBP3A Office of Ciamis Regency. This means that if motivation is improved, then employee performance at the P2KBP3A Office of Ciamis Regency will also increase. (3) The merit system and motivation have a positive effect on employee performance at the P2KBP3A Office of Ciamis Regency.

Delik Iskandar; Enas Enas; Apri Budianto

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Era Digital 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The problems faced in this study include (1) How does work discipline affect the work ethic of PT Panjunan Tasikmalaya employees? (2) How does commitment affect the work ethic of PT Panjunan Tasikmalaya employees? (3) How do work discipline and commitment affect the work ethic of PT Panjunan Tasikmalaya employees? This study aims to study, find out, and analyze (1) The effect of work discipline on the work ethic of PT Panjunan Tasikmalaya employees. (2) The effect of commitment on the work ethic of PT Panjunan Tasikmalaya employees. (3) The effect of work discipline and commitment on the work ethic of PT Panjunan Tasikmalaya employees. The method used in this study is an explanatory survey, while the technical data analysis, namely validity test, reliability test, descriptive statistics, Inductive Statistical Analysis (Inferential) with Multiple Regression (Multiple Regression). The results of the study inform that (1) Discipline at PT. Panjunan Tasikmalaya is very high. With the highest value on the responsibility indicator and the lowest value on the obedience indicator. Discipline has a positive effect on employee work ethic at PT. Panjunan Tasikmalaya. This means that if discipline is increased, then employee work ethic at PT. Panjunan Tasikmalaya will also increase. (2) Commitment at PT. Panjunan Tasikmalaya is high. With the highest value on the sense of belonging indicator (sense of belonging) and the lowest value on the sense of passion for work indicator. Commitment has a positive effect on employee work ethic at PT. Panjunan Tasikmalaya. This means that if commitment is increased, then employee work ethic at PT. Panjunan Tasikmalaya will also increase. (3) Employee work ethic at PT. Panjunan Tasikmalaya is very high. With the highest value on the indicator of interpersonal skills and the lowest value on the indicator of reliability.

Astuti Gita Riani; Nidia Wulansari

Jurnal Manajemen Pariwisata dan Perhotelan 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The research background is a complaints number from visitors and also the uniqueness and attractiveness of the Bathroom. The  research purposes is to analyze the influence of perceived value on satisfaction of customer   in the bathroom. This research type used is a quantitative method with an associative approach. The population of this study was 1,044 respondents. The research sample are 290 respondents. The way for collection of data is conducted through a questionnaire with a likert scale that has been done for validity and reliability. The research results shown that perceived value (X) had a positive impact on satisfaction of customer (Y) of 58.8%. The result of analysis linear regression obtained a counting F value of 18.724 with sig 0,000 < 0,05, this shown that the variable perceved value on client satisfaction was significantly influenced, and obtaining a count of t value of 20.283 with seg 0,000< 0,05..  

Izhagi Rizkidona; Nidia Wulansari

Jurnal Manajemen Pariwisata dan Perhotelan 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The subject of this study is the revisit intention at Halona X Van Geluk Coffee & Resto. Pre-research data indicates that the low desire of visitors to return to the place is caused by factors such as price, store atmosphere, and service quality. The aim of this research is to identify the reasons behind these findings. This quantitative descriptive research employs purposive sampling, involving 170 respondents who answered a questionnaire. The questionnaire's validity was tested using a Likert scale. The t-test results indicate that the variable of price (X1) has a significance level of 0.000, which is below 0.05, suggesting a significant influence of price on the revisit intention. Similarly, the store atmosphere variable (X2) also has a significance level of 0.000, below 0.05, indicating a significant influence of store atmosphere on the revisit intention

Leni Nuraeni

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The implementation of the Independent Curriculum in Indonesia has encouraged various innovations in learning methods, including in the Fiqh subject at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah level. The cooperative learning model is one approach that is considered effective in improving conceptual understanding, students' application skills, and supporting the strengthening of the Pancasila Student Profile. This study aims to examine the implementation of the cooperative learning model in the Fiqh subject at MTs Al Jihadiyah, with a focus on challenges, supporting factors, and its impact on student learning outcomes. The method used is a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection techniques include participatory observation, in-depth interviews with teachers and students, and analysis of learning documents. Data were analyzed thematically with triangulation techniques to ensure the validity of the findings. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the cooperative learning model is able to increase student active involvement and understanding of the Fiqh material. Some of the challenges faced include limited learning time and differences in student abilities. The supporting factors for the success of the implementation of this model include support from the school and training for teachers. Other positive impacts are seen in improving students' application skills in daily life and strengthening character according to the dimensions of the Pancasila Student Profile, especially in the aspects of collaboration and critical thinking.

Lia Marlina

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This study aims to examine the effect of social media use on student learning achievement in Fiqh subjects at MTsN 1 Pesawaran. The problem underlying this study is the tendency of students to spend more time on social media, thus ignoring their responsibilities in learning. This study uses a quantitative approach with a causal research type that aims to determine the cause and effect relationship between two variables. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The data obtained are then analyzed using descriptive analysis and statistical analysis which include validity tests, reliability tests, and hypothesis tests. Hypothesis testing is carried out using simple linear regression analysis. The results of the study indicate that the use of social media by students is in the good and controlled category. However, the results of the statistical analysis show that there is no significant influence between the use of social media on student learning achievement in Fiqh subjects at MTsN 1 Pesawaran. Thus, it can be concluded that social media is not the main factor influencing student learning achievement in the context of Fiqh subjects at the madrasah.

Ahmad Mahadi Rambe; Nursalamah Nursalamah; Asmul Fauzi; Fakhrurrozi Fakhrurrozi

JUREKSI (Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance) 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

Poverty is one of the fundamental issues that is the focus of government attention in any country. In general, poverty is defined as a condition of inability of income to meet basic needs so that it is less able to guarantee survival. This study is a quantitative descriptive study and aims to determine the Effect of Life Expectancy and Per Capita Expenditure on Poverty Levels in Padangsidimpuan City. The data collection procedure in this study is secondary data in the form of Life Expectancy data, Per Capita Expenditure and Poverty Level data for Padangsidimpuan City in 2017-2022. The tests carried out are Validity Test, Reliability Test, Normality Test and Statistical Test. The data analysis technique in this study is a simple linear regression test, namely the R2 test, F Test and T Test. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Effect of Life Expectancy on Poverty in Padangsidimpuan City. shows the results - t count for -0.029 and the value -t table with a significant value of 0.05 and df = (n-k), so that df = (13-3) = 10 so the t table value is 2.65 and it can be concluded that t count < t table, namely -0.029 < 2.65 so that H0 is accepted, then Life Expectancy has an effect on Poverty in Padangsidimpuan City. The Effect of Per Capita Expenditure on Poverty in Padangsidimpuan City. shows the results – t count for 0.304 and the value of -t table with a significant value of 0.05 and df = (n-k), so that df = (13-3) = 10 so the value of t table is 2.578 and it can be concluded that t count < t table is 0.034 < 2.65 so that H0 is accepted, then Per Capita Income does not affect Poverty in Padangsidimpuan City. – t count for -0.630, and the value of -t table with a significant value of 0.05 and df = (n-k), so that df = (13-3) = 10 so the value of t table is 2.65 and it can be concluded that t count < t table is -0.630 < 2.65 so that H0 is accepted, then Economic Growth has an effect on Open Unemployment in Padangsidimpuan City. The Effect of Minimum Wages on Open Unemployment in Padangsidimpuan City Padangsidimpuan. shows the results - t count for 2.578 and the value -ttable with a significant value of 0.05 and df = (n-k), so that df = (13-3) = 10 so the value of ttable is 2.578 and it can be concluded that tcount <ttable is 2.578> 2.65 so that H0 is accepted, then the Minimum Wage has an effect on Economic Growth    

Femilina Nazara; Olis Olis

Jurnal Silih Asah 2024 LPPM - STT Kadesi Bogor

This study aims to evaluate the influence of Hebrew 10:36-based drill methods on student activity in Cibojong SDN. The results of the hypothesis test showed a significant influence, with a correlation value (R) of 0.950. The validity and reliability test stated that the data used was valid and reliable. The normality test showed normal distribution in the data population, while the linearity test rejected H0 and concluded the influence of the drill method on student activity. The data analysis concluded that there was a significant positive correlation between the Drill method and student activity of 94%. The findings of the study are supported by researchers' observations of students at Cibojong SDN, emphasizing the importance of physical, psychological, and environmental support in improving student activity. In this context, research concludes that the method of drill based on Hebrews 10:36 has a significant positive influence on student activity in Cibojong SDN. The practical implications of this study suggest the need for a learning approach involving drill methods to enhance student participation and understanding. The study also validated the initial hypothesis with a confidence rate of 94%, confirming that the drill method is effective in improving student activity in accordance with the theory and observational findings.