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This paper examines euthanasia from ethical, theological, legal, and human rights perspectives, focusing specifically on the Christian faith. Euthanasia, defined as the intentional termination of life to avoid physical suffering, raises significant moral and legal dilemmas. This study applies a qualitative method through literature review to explore expert opinions, Indonesian legal provisions, and theological foundations based on the Bible. The findings indicate that euthanasia contradicts the core principles of Christian ethics, Indonesian positive law, and human rights values that uphold the right to life. From a Christian worldview, life is a divine gift and should not be ended by human will. Suffering is understood as part of a spiritual journey that carries redemptive meaning. Furthermore, euthanasia presents complex implications not only for the individual undergoing the act but also for families, religious communities, and healthcare professionals. In Christian ethics, life and death are matters of divine sovereignty, and human agency in ending life is considered a violation of God's authority. The legal stance in Indonesia, as reflected in national laws and regulations, clearly prohibits any form of euthanasia, emphasizing the protection of human life as a constitutional right. From a human rights viewpoint, although autonomy is important, it must be balanced with the principle of preserving life. This study suggests that interdisciplinary dialogue involving theology, law, bioethics, and pastoral care is urgently needed to build awareness and offer compassionate responses to end-of-life issues. Churches, educators, and policymakers are encouraged to develop ethical guidelines and pastoral counseling approaches rooted in biblical truth and legal integrity. A wise and faithful response to the problem of euthanasia requires not only empathy but also a clear commitment to uphold the sanctity of life.

Consumer protection in e-commerce transactions in Indonesia faces significant challenges due to the lack of specific regulations that clearly define the responsibilities of digital platforms. Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) serves as the primary legal framework, but it has not adequately addressed the complexities of digital transactions, leading to legal uncertainty in resolving disputes and safeguarding consumer rights. This gap in the law leaves consumers vulnerable, as their rights are not clearly protected in the digital environment. One of the main issues is the low level of consumer legal literacy in Indonesia, which exacerbates the problem. Many consumers are unaware of their rights or how to enforce them, making it difficult for them to seek redress in case of problems with e-commerce transactions. This lack of understanding creates an environment where consumers are often left without proper recourse when facing issues such as faulty products, delayed deliveries, or breaches of personal data security. This study aims to identify the barriers to consumer protection in e-commerce and propose solutions to address these challenges. The study suggests that more comprehensive and adaptive regulations are needed to define the responsibilities of e-commerce platforms clearly. These regulations should include effective complaint mechanisms, stronger consumer data protection policies, and a framework for resolving disputes quickly and transparently. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for stricter supervision and more robust law enforcement to ensure that digital trading platforms comply with consumer protection laws. The findings highlight the importance of creating a safe, fair, and trusted digital trading ecosystem in Indonesia, where consumers feel secure and are empowered to demand their rights. By implementing these recommendations, Indonesia can improve consumer protection in the digital economy, ultimately fostering a more sustainable and transparent e-commerce environment.  

Revision of the Law on Sexual Violence (UU TPKS) has become a strategic urgency in efforts to eliminate gender bias inherent in the current legal construction, especially related to the subjectivity of men as perpetrators and the objectivity of women as victims. The current TPKS Law, although it has provided an important legal basis for the protection of victims of sexual violence, still contains a gender paradigm that limits the understanding that perpetrators of sexual violence are only men and victims are only women, thus ignoring the complexity of social reality and the diversity of victims and perpetrators23. This approach not only reinforces patriarchal stereotypes, but also hinders fair and inclusive law enforcement. Therefore, the revision of the TPKS Law must be directed at eliminating rigid gender constructions, adopting a more neutral and inclusive perspective, and strengthening responsive legal protection for all victims without exception. This revision must also emphasize the role of the state in fulfilling victims' rights and integrating independent monitoring mechanisms to ensure effective and equitable implementation. Thus, the revision of the TPKS Law is not merely a normative update, but rather a transformation of the legal paradigm that prioritizes gender equality, respect for human rights, and substantive justice for the entire community

This study aims to analyze the implementation of compensation for flight delays at Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan International Airport, Balikpapan. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection techniques through direct observation, in-depth interviews with airline staff, and documentation during On the Job Training (OJT) activities. The main focus of the study is to evaluate the extent to which passenger rights have been fulfilled by airlines in accordance with applicable regulations, specifically the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number PM 89 of 2015 concerning Handling Flight Delays. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of compensation by several airlines is still not optimal. There are discrepancies between regulatory provisions and implementation in the field, such as late delivery of information, disproportionate compensation, and uneven service among airlines. Passengers often do not receive clarity regarding their rights, and complaint mechanisms are still limited. Factors causing delays include technical problems, bad weather, inefficient operational management, and limited number and capacity of human resources on duty. This study emphasizes the need to improve the internal and external communication systems of airlines so that information related to delays and compensation can be conveyed transparently and in a timely manner. In addition, airlines need to conduct regular evaluations of standard operating procedures (SOPs), strengthen customer service training for staff, and foster synergy between work units to improve responsiveness to unforeseen situations. Regulators and airport authorities need stricter oversight and the implementation of strict administrative sanctions for violations of passenger rights. These findings provide important contributions to the formulation of public policy in the air transportation sector and provide input for improving services that are more humane, accountable, and oriented toward customer satisfaction.

In a criminal justice system that upholds the principle of justice, the protection of suspects' rights is a crucial and fundamental component. Investigators play a crucial role in ensuring suspects' rights are protected during the investigation process, including the right to legal counsel, the right to access information, and the right to be free from arbitrary prosecution. The aim of this study is to explore the role of investigators in guaranteeing these rights and highlight challenges in their implementation. The study revealed that many suspects did not receive legal assistance from the beginning of the examination, lacked understanding of their rights, and faced investigations that often violated due process of law. This problem is exacerbated by limited human resources, inadequate internal oversight, and lack of ongoing training for investigators. These factors contribute to the failure to enforce the rights of suspects as a whole, which impacts the fairness and integrity of the legal process. In an effort to realize a fast, simple, and inexpensive judicial process, as promised in Law Number 48 of 2009, this study emphasizes the need for reforms to strengthen the investigation process. The reforms include improvements in the aspects of supervision and more in-depth training of investigators on human rights, so that they can better understand and implement the protection of the rights of suspects. In addition, the use of technology in investigations, such as digital-based information systems to manage evidence and legal processes, can increase transparency and accuracy in every stage of investigation. Strengthening internal supervision mechanisms is also very important to minimize abuse of authority by investigators. On the other hand, it is important to periodically evaluate the application of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in investigations, in order to ensure compliance with applicable laws and provide justice for suspects.

Bullying is a recurring issue and has become a widespread concern, particularly among children and adolescents in school environments. Schools, which should ideally be safe spaces for learning, building friendships, and experiencing personal growth, often turn into places of fear and psychological distress for some students. This is largely due to the frequent violation of human rights (HR) that often goes unaddressed or is underestimated. Bullying can take many forms, including verbal, psychological, physical abuse, and increasingly, cyberbullying. Each of these forms can cause serious harm not only to the victims—who may suffer from emotional and mental trauma—but also to the perpetrators, who may experience long-term psychological consequences and develop deviant or aggressive behavior patterns. In Indonesia, bullying remains a significant issue and a major concern in the education sector. Nearly every school has faced incidents of bullying in one form or another. Cyberbullying, in particular, is harder to monitor and control since it often occurs outside the school’s jurisdiction and is carried out through social media platforms. Efforts to tackle bullying must go beyond merely protecting and supporting the victims. A comprehensive approach is necessary, one that also focuses on preventive education. Students, teachers, and parents must be consistently educated on the negative impacts of bullying, the importance of empathy, and a deeper understanding of human rights. Moreover, strict and clear sanctions must be imposed on perpetrators as a form of legal enforcement and deterrence. With a holistic strategy that involves all elements of the school and the wider community, it is hoped that educational institutions can truly become safe, inclusive, and supportive environments. Such conditions are essential for fostering not only academic growth but also the psychological well-being and character development of the nation's children.

The drama Woman Talking has many feminist values can be found, especially about gender equality, women’s freedom, and moving away from patriarchy. The values shown in this film are already being practiced today, where women and men are seen as equals in terms of rights and opportunities. These important ideas inspire writers to explore them more deeply, aiming to raise awareness among men so they do not look down on women. This study aims to examine the representation of feminism in Women Talking, a drama directed by Sarah Polley. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research analyzes the film’s narrative and dialogue to explore how the women fight for bodily autonomy, voice, and the freedom to choose their own paths. The results indicate that Women Talking has five of six types of feminism theory, which the liberal feminism is the largest one with 39%, and then radical feminism 32%, traditional marxist feminism 16%, socialist feminism 12%, and the last is postmodern feminism 6%. This drama has no dialog that talking about critical race feminisim. The findings show that Women Talking is not only a space for the expression of voices long silenced, but also a quiet yet powerful form of collective resistance against systemic oppression.

Indonesia's digital transformation has accelerated dramatically, creating unprecedented opportunities alongside significant cybersecurity challenges. This article examines the current state (das sein) and normative expectations (das sollen) of Indonesia's cybersecurity and data protection legal framework through a comprehensive normative legal analysis. The study reveals critical gaps in existing legislation, particularly the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE). It evaluates the potential impact of emerging regulatory frameworks, including the Draft Law on Personal Data Protection (RUU PDP). Using normative legal research methodology, this analysis draws from statutory regulations, policy documents, and comparative legal studies to assess Indonesia's legal preparedness for evolving cyber threats. The findings indicate that while foundational legal instruments exist, significant normative reforms are required to address sophisticated cybercrime, protect individual privacy rights, and maintain national digital security. The research concludes with actionable recommendations for legislative enhancement, institutional strengthening, and public-private collaboration to establish a robust, adaptive cybersecurity legal regime that meets international standards while addressing Indonesia's unique socio-legal context.

Freedom of religion is a fundamental and internationally recognized human right, serving as an important foundation in creating a just society. This article explores religious freedom through the perspective of the encyclical Pacem in Terris issued by Pope John XXIII in 1963. In the document, the Pope affirms the right of every individual to worship God according to his conscience, both in private and in public. Although this freedom is guaranteed by the Indonesian constitution, its implementation often faces serious challenges such as intolerance and discrimination against minority groups. This article aims to examine the concept of religious freedom in the context of Pacem in Terris , focusing on articles 14, 35 and 36 of the encyclical, and its relevance to the current socio-political situation. Through an in-depth textual analysis of the encyclical and related literature, this article shows that the teachings of Pope John XXIII can serve as a guideline for strengthening tolerance and mutual respect among religious communities in Indonesia. Thus, this study is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of religious freedom as part of human rights and the role of the state in ensuring its implementation.

This study analyzes the application of the principles of gharar (uncertainty) and ‘adl (justice) in the subsidized LPG supply chain at Pangkalan Fawaid, Gondanglegi District, using the Maqashid Syariah approach. The primary focus of this research is to identify issues related to the distribution of subsidized LPG that involve Islamic economic principles, particularly concerning uncertainty and injustice that may disadvantage the public, especially low-income households. The main issues identified include the uncertainty of distribution schedules, price fluctuations, limited supply, and a lack of transparency in information, leading to unequal access for low-income households. The research employs a qualitative-empirical method with data collection techniques such as in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. Five key informants were selected through purposive sampling to provide comprehensive insights into the issues surrounding subsidized LPG distribution. The data analysis used the interactive model by Miles & Huberman, with triangulation validation to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the findings. The results indicate the presence of gharar in several aspects, such as price uncertainty, quotas, and distribution schedules. Price uncertainty causes subsidized LPG prices to often exceed the Highest Retail Price (HET), while uneven distribution leads to injustice in access for households in need. Violations of the ‘adl principle are evident from the unequal and uneven distribution, which leads to access disparities among low-income households. Based on these findings, it is crucial to digitalize the LPG distribution system to make it more transparent, enhance supervision of distribution practices, and strengthen consumer literacy so they better understand their rights and obligations in accordance with Islamic economic principles. With these measures, uncertainty and injustice in subsidized LPG distribution can be minimized, leading to a more equitable and transparent distribution system.

This study discusses the practice of "capture marriage" (pakondong) still carried out in Ana Engge Village, Kodi District, West Sumba Regency, as part of the local tradition. Capture marriage is a practice where a man "captures" his prospective wife without the consent of the woman or her family. This practice has been ongoing for a long time and is considered part of local culture. However, when viewed from the perspective of national law, particularly Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage, this practice raises controversy. The law emphasizes that marriage must be conducted with the free consent of both parties, as stated in Article 6, Paragraph 1, which asserts that a marriage is only valid if both parties agree. This research uses an empirical juridical method, with interview techniques and literature studies, to examine the legality of capture marriage under positive law. The results show that capture marriage contradicts the basic principles of a valid marriage because it does not meet the requirement of free consent from both parties involved. Furthermore, capture marriage is also considered a violation of women's human rights, as women should have the right to choose their life partners without coercion or pressure. This practice also degrades women's dignity, as their rights as independent individuals to make their own choices should be respected. The conclusion of this study is that capture marriage cannot be justified under national law because it contradicts the principle of free and mutual consent. Therefore, efforts are needed from various parties, including the government, law enforcement, customary leaders, and society, to provide education on the importance of consent in marriage. Additionally, the modernization of customary law is crucial to align it with constitutional values and human rights, ensuring the protection of women's rights and promoting the development of a more just and equitable culture.

In the evolving dynamics of Indonesia's economy, unsecured loans or Kredit Tanpa Agunan (KTA) have rapidly grown as a popular financial solution. The ease of application and fund disbursement makes these products especially attractive to micro-entrepreneurs and lower-middle-income communities. However, behind the convenience lies a serious issue: a high rate of default or breach of contract (wanprestasi). This problem is exacerbated by the low level of legal literacy among the public, leading to a lack of understanding of their rights and obligations in financing agreements. Most individuals are also unaware that there is a faster, simpler, and low-cost legal mechanism available for resolving civil disputes—namely, the Small Claims Court procedure, as regulated by the Supreme Court Regulation (Perma) No. 4 of 2019. This mechanism can be utilized by the general public, especially clients of microfinance institutions and credit cooperatives, to resolve civil conflicts involving claims of up to IDR 500 million without going through complex litigation. To address this issue, this community engagement activity aimed to improve public legal understanding of the Small Claims Procedure through participatory-based training. The training involved 50 participants from microfinance institutions and savings and loan cooperatives. The methods used included legal counseling, mock court simulations, group discussions, and case studies to provide participants with practical knowledge of the procedures and benefits of filing small claims. The results of the activity indicated that 78% of participants reported a better understanding of the Small Claims mechanism after the training, and 65% stated they were more inclined to use it compared to conventional litigation routes. This training had a positive impact on raising legal awareness, potentially reducing default rates, and contributing to the development of a more inclusive, fair, and sustainable financial system.

The development of digital technology has brought about significant changes in people's transaction patterns, particularly with the increasing use of online platforms for buying and selling. This phenomenon provides convenience for consumers and merchants, but is also accompanied by a high rate of online fraud experienced by both consumers and merchants. This fraud can take the form of fraudulent transactions, goods not received, or identity fraud. Low public legal literacy regarding rights and obligations in digital transactions is one of the main causes of weak legal protection for fraud victims. Many consumers and merchants are unaware of their rights and the legal procedures to take when experiencing fraud. This community service activity aims to increase the legal understanding of the public, especially online merchants and consumers, regarding digital consumer protection and legal fraud handling mechanisms. The activity implementation methods included interactive legal counseling, distribution of closed-ended questionnaires, case study simulations, Q&A discussions on legal issues, and light consultations. A total of 60 respondents, consisting of 30 merchants and 30 consumers, participated in the closed-ended questionnaire. The results showed that the majority of participants did not fully understand their rights in digital transactions and were unaware of the legal procedures to take when experiencing fraud. Despite this, participant interest in legal education was very high, with over 75% stating they wanted further legal assistance. This activity is expected to provide the public with better insight into their rights and obligations in digital transactions, as well as raise awareness of the importance of legal protection in the digital age. This is expected to make the public more vigilant and protected from potential online fraud in the future. Furthermore, increased legal literacy is expected to create a safer and more trustworthy digital transaction ecosystem for all parties.

Community service is one of the main pillars of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, which plays a strategic role in connecting theoretical knowledge with its real-life application in society. Through these activities, universities not only act as centers for scientific development but also as agents of social change that encourage improvements in the quality of life of the community. This community service article discusses legal counseling activities focused on preventing domestic violence (KDRT), which were carried out in Sidokumpul Village, Guntur District, Demak Regency. This activity aims to increase residents' understanding and legal awareness regarding rights and obligations within the family, as well as providing knowledge about legal procedures that can be taken in the event of domestic violence. The implementation method of the activity included interactive presentations that combined theory with case examples, group discussions to explore problems faced by residents, and the collection and analysis of supporting data regarding the level of legal understanding before and after the activity. This approach allows participants to be actively involved and gain insights relevant to their conditions. The results of the activity show a significant increase in community understanding regarding domestic violence. In addition, an initiative emerged from residents to form a "Legally Aware Family" group as a forum for education and advocacy at the village level. This demonstrates that legal counseling can foster critical awareness and encourage active community participation in preventing domestic violence. This article recommends the need for ongoing, regular legal counseling programs to foster a more legally aware community capable of protecting its rights and creating a harmonious family environment free from violence.

The determination of contentious heirs at the Banda Aceh Syar'iyah Court is a legal procedure carried out when not all heirs are involved in submitting an application for determination of heirs. However, in practice, this application is still rarely submitted and is poorly understood procedurally. This study aims to analyze the Application Procedure for the Determination of Contentious Heirs applied at the Banda Aceh Syar'iyah Court and the obstacles and obstacles faced in the implementation of the Application Procedure for the Determination of Contentious Heirs at the Banda Aceh Syar'iyah Court. This research uses a type of empirical juridical research, which is research that examines law not only as a written norm but also as real behavior in judicial practice. Data were obtained from field research, interviews, and literature. Data analysis uses qualitative methods. The results of the study show that the contentious procedure includes the stages of summoning the respondent, mediation, reading of the application, answers, replicas, duplicates, proof, conclusions, and decisions by the panel of judges, as well as opening up opportunities for legal remedies such as appeals, cassation, and review. The submission of an application for the determination of heirs in a contentious manner is often constrained because the defendant refuses to participate or his whereabouts are unknown, thus hindering the court process and the fulfillment of inheritance rights.

Digital transformation in land administration is a strategic step by the Indonesian government to realize a more efficient, transparent, and secure land registration system. One concrete form of this transformation is the implementation of electronic land certificates (e-certificates) regulated in the Ministerial Regulation of ATR/BPN No. 1 of 2021. This article aims to analyze the implementation of electronic land certificates as a legal innovation in the national land registration system and examine the challenges and solutions faced in its implementation. Using a normative juridical approach supported by literature studies and analysis of laws and regulations, this article finds that e-certificates have a strong legal basis and great potential in reducing agrarian conflicts, accelerating the registration process, and strengthening legal protection of land rights. However, its implementation is still faced with structural obstacles, such as limited information technology infrastructure, low digital literacy of the community, and resistance to system changes. Therefore, a strong policy commitment, an inclusive implementation strategy, and strengthening regulations and institutions are needed to ensure the success of the digitalization of the land system in Indonesia. Electronic land certificates are not only an administrative tool, but also a symbol of legal reform and equitable land governance in the digital era. Furthermore, enhancing public awareness and education regarding e-certificates is crucial to foster acceptance and understanding among stakeholders. Engaging various community groups in the digital transformation process can also facilitate smoother transitions and promote a culture of innovation in land administration. Ultimately, the successful implementation of e-certificates can serve as a model for other sectors undergoing digital transformation in Indonesia.

Protection of children's rights in the Indonesian legal sistem has received serious attention with the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice Sistem (UU SPPA). This law emphasizes that imposing sanctions on children is not the primary goal, but rather a means to achieve child welfare through a restorative justice approach. The SPPA Law regulates two channels for resolving cases: formal justice and diversion. Diversion is a process for resolving children's cases outside the court system, aiming to prevent children from experiencing formal justice processes that have the potential to have long-term negative impacts on their psychological and social development. This study focuses on the implementation of diversion efforts during the investigation stage within the jurisdiction of the Madiun City Police. The method used in this study is an empirical method, namely by examining the implementation of the law in social realities in the field through observation and interviews with relevant parties. The results of the study indicate that the Madiun City Police have implemented diversion efforts quite well and in accordance with the provisions of the SPPA Law. The implementation of diversion is carried out by considering the principles of restorative justice and involving various parties, including child perpetrators, victims, families, and the police. However, several obstacles to implementing diversion exist, including a lack of public understanding of the concept and benefits of diversion, and frequent debates between perpetrators and victims, particularly regarding compensation issues within diversion forums. Therefore, increased public outreach and legal education, as well as stronger coordination between the institutions involved, are needed to optimally achieve the primary goals of the juvenile criminal justice system.

Digital transformation in government bureaucracy has become a strategic step to improve efficiency, accountability, and transparency, including in the management of regional legal products. In the Regional Secretariat of Tegal Regency, the process of submitting legal products is still done manually, which causes inefficiencies, delays, and a lack of document traceability. To address these issues, a web-based legal product submission application has been developed with document tracking features. This research uses the Waterfall system development method, and implements a FIFO (First In First Out) queuing system in the submission process, along with Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for managing user access rights. The goal of this system is to create a faster, more transparent, and digitally documented application process. The implementation results show that the application is able to systematically and integratively manage the flow of submissions, corrections, verification, and the ratification of legal products. Features such as a Login page with CAPTCHA, analysis dashboards, tracking, and monthly reports enhance the monitoring and security functions of the system. This application can be an effective solution in supporting the digitization of regional legal bureaucracy, as well as providing ease and efficiency for regional officials in preparing and submitting drafts of legal products digitally.

In the rapidly evolving digital era, data breaches have emerged as a serious threat, particularly in the e-commerce sector which handles vast amounts of customers’ personal data. The protection of personal data has therefore become a crucial issue, requiring effective regulation to ensure digital privacy. In response to this growing concern, Indonesia enacted the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP) in 2022 as a significant step toward strengthening digital privacy and security. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the 2022 PDP Law in addressing customer data breach incidents on e-commerce platforms in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach and case study method, this research analyzes several high-profile data breach cases involving major e-commerce companies in the country. The findings indicate that, although the PDP Law has established a clear legal framework regarding the obligations of reporting and managing data breaches, its implementation still faces multiple challenges. Some companies have not fully complied with the legal timeframes for notifying users, and there is a general lack of transparency in how data breach incidents are managed. These shortcomings reveal a gap between the regulatory framework and practical enforcement in the field. Furthermore, the study highlights the limited public awareness and the insufficient preparedness of some companies in responding to data security incidents in accordance with the law. As a result, the rights of consumers to be informed and protected are not always upheld effectively. This research recommends stronger supervision by relevant authorities to ensure stricter enforcement of the PDP Law. It also underscores the need for ongoing education and intensive training for e-commerce companies to enhance their capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to data breaches in compliance with the legal standards. By reinforcing regulatory implementation and organizational readiness, Indonesia can better safeguard digital consumer rights in the growing e-commerce landscape.

The palm oil industry is a vital component of Indonesia's economy, significantly contributing to foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities, particularly in rural and plantation-based regions where economic alternatives are limited. However, the sector is increasingly challenged by global sustainability concerns, particularly the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which poses a threat to Indonesia’s palm oil exports due to its strict environmental standards and traceability requirements. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review to explore the role of innovation and legal protection in strengthening the sustainability and global competitiveness of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. Specifically, it investigates how the development of superior plant varieties and the application of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) under the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework contribute to long-term industry resilience. The findings indicate that superior varieties such as DxP Topaz, DxP PTPN V, and Lonsum DxP have been instrumental in boosting productivity, reducing the need for land expansion, enhancing oil yield per hectare, and improving overall resource efficiency. Moreover, legal protection through PVP not only secures exclusive rights for breeders but also incentivizes further agricultural innovation and prevents the unauthorized use and duplication of valuable genetic resources. In light of international regulatory pressures, strengthening the national PVP system, promoting the registration of local superior varieties, and integrating legal instruments with research and development are essential. These efforts can safeguard Indonesia’s genetic sovereignty and support sustainable practices in compliance with international environmental standards. Ultimately, aligning agricultural innovation with a robust legal framework is key to maintaining the industry’s market access, environmental credibility, and long-term sustainability.