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Phishing is a form of cybercrime that has experienced a significant increase in frequency within Indonesia. This fraudulent practice aims to deceive victims into surrendering personal data or sensitive financial information by impersonating trusted institutions. Such crimes result in substantial losses for both individuals and the business sector, particularly concerning personal data protection and digital transaction security. This research aims to analyze the legal regulations and the role of supervisory institutions in addressing phishing threats in Indonesia using a normative legal research method. The legal analysis encompasses the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), specifically Article 28, paragraph (1), and the Personal Data Protection Law (UU No. 27 of 2022), which serves as the primary foundation for privacy rights. Furthermore, this study examines the Consumer Protection Law and the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) as enforcement instruments. The strategic roles of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia (BI) are also discussed in the context of risk mitigation within the financial sector. The findings indicate that law enforcement effectiveness is still hindered by low digital literacy, limited forensic technology infrastructure, and jurisdictional challenges in tracking cross-border perpetrators. Consequently, a synergy between regulatory strengthening, international collaboration, and massive public education is required to comprehensively suppress these cybercriminal activities.

 Sexual violence against women and children is still a serious problem in Indonesia. Girls are among the most vulnerable groups because of their young age, emotional dependence, and the imbalance of power with perpetrators who are generally older or close to the victim. Cases of violence often occur in various environments, such as within the family, early marriage, or social relationships such as dating or friendships with older men. This situation often places girls in a weak position, making it difficult for them to resist or report the violence they experience. This research aims to examine forms of sexual violence against girls in relationships with large age differences and examine legal protection based on Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence. The research uses qualitative methods through literature study by reviewing books, scientific journals, regulations, and data from the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. The results of the study show that unequal age relations often give rise to power inequalities that trigger domination, control and various forms of violence, such as sexual coercion, physical violence, psychological manipulation and domestic exploitation. The TPKS Law plays an important role as a basis for legal protection and fulfillment of rights for victims

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence based on Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. Sexual violence against children constitutes a serious violation of human rights and has long-term impacts on the physical, psychological, and social development of victims. Normatively, the law regulates various forms of protection, including prevention, handling, rehabilitation, and the imposition of stricter sanctions against perpetrators. However, in practice, several obstacles remain in the implementation of such legal protection. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources analyzed qualitatively through legal interpretation techniques. The analysis evaluates the conformity between the legal norms stipulated in the legislation and their implementation in practice. The results indicate that, normatively, Law Number 35 of 2014 provides a relatively comprehensive legal framework for protecting child victims of sexual violence. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is hindered by challenges such as law enforcement issues, limited facilities and infrastructure, lack of inter-agency coordination, and social stigma toward victims. Therefore, strengthening policy implementation and enhancing synergy among stakeholders are necessary to ensure optimal legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence.  

This study aims to analyze the registration of Deeds of Mortgage (APHT) that exceed the 7 (seven) day time limit in Badung Regency and the legal consequences that arise from this. The research uses empirical legal methods with a legislative, analytical, case, and legal sociology approach. Data was obtained through interviews with PPAT and the Badung Regency Land Office (BPN) as well as a study of secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that delays in APHT registration still occur both through the manual (offline) and electronic (HT-el) systems. The contributing factors include negligence or workload of PPAT, incomplete documents from the parties, administrative obstacles at the Land Office, and technical disruptions to the electronic system. Legally, delays do not invalidate APHT, but they delay the creation of mortgage rights because these rights only have legal force from the date of recording in the Land Registry. As a result, creditors do not obtain preferential rights and full legal protection before registration is carried out. PPATs who are late may be subject to administrative sanctions in accordance with official regulations. Based on the theories of utility, legal protection, and legal certainty, delays in APHT registration reduce the effectiveness of creditor protection and create potential legal uncertainty. Therefore, it is necessary to improve supervision and guidance for PPATs, as well as optimize the HT-el system to ensure legal certainty and protection in the practice of registering Mortgage Rights.

The principle of good faith constitutes a fundamental element within Indonesia’s trademark law system, particularly in processes ranging from trademark registration to the cancellation of registered marks. This study examines the role of the good faith principle as a primary legal foundation for trademark annulment, using the dispute over the Minyak Kutus Kutus trademark as a case study. The conflict emerged when the trademark was registered by an individual who was not the original creator, leading to legal disputes and judicial examination. This research adopts a normative juridical method by analyzing various legal sources, including statutory regulations, court decisions, and relevant legal doctrines. The findings indicate that the principle of good faith is not merely an ethical norm but also functions as an important legal instrument to protect the legitimate rights of original trademark owners from attempts of unlawful control through bad-faith registration. Furthermore, the court’s decision in the Kutus Kutus case demonstrates the crucial role of enforcing the good faith principle in maintaining legal certainty while ensuring protection for fair and honest business actors in Indonesia’s trademark system.

Industrial development in Indonesia has significantly contributed to national economic growth; however, it also poses potential risks of environmental pollution when corporate waste management is not conducted properly. Environmental pollution resulting from corporate waste activities may cause harm to surrounding communities, including health problems, ecosystem degradation, as well as material and immaterial losses. In this context, the class action mechanism serves as a relevant legal instrument to collectively advocate for the rights of affected communities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the class action mechanism in environmental pollution cases based on Decision Number 29/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Skh and to evaluate its effectiveness in providing legal protection and restoring the rights of affected communities. This research employs normative legal research using statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that the class action mechanism in the aforementioned decision fulfilled the requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation as regulated under Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2002. Procedurally, the class action proved effective in enhancing access to justice, ensuring judicial efficiency, and strengthening the protection of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment. However, its substantive effectiveness remains dependent on the fulfillment of formal requirements, the quality of evidence presented, and the consistent application of environmental law principles by judges. Therefore, the class action mechanism constitutes an important instrument in environmental law enforcement, yet it requires consistent regulatory support and judicial practice to achieve optimal ecological justice.

This study aims to analyze legal protection for lenders in the terms and conditions clauses of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending platforms in Indonesia, particularly regarding the risk of default or breach of contract. The background of the study is based on the rapid growth of the P2P Lending fintech industry accompanied by an increase in the risk of default, as well as the potential imbalance in the lenders' bargaining position due to the use of standard clauses that are often detrimental. The results of this study reveal that of the 10 P2P Lending platforms that the author studied, none of the platforms can be said to have completely fulfilled all components of preventive and repressive protection as regulated by POJK No. 40 of 2024. This problem is exacerbated by the existence of exoneration clauses prohibited by POJK No. 22 of 2023 Article 46 paragraph (2), where platforms often unilaterally limit their responsibilities by transferring the risk of default entirely to lenders, thereby reducing consumer rights and violating the principle of consumer protection in Law No. 8 of 1999 Article 18 paragraph (1).

Consumers are divided into three categories: initial consumers, middle consumers, and end consumers. These three types of consumers certainly have the right to protection, but end consumers as users need to receive more attention to protection, especially in the buying and selling process. This study uses a sociolegal approach with a purposive sampling method to examine the selling process. In addition, this study also examines how protection for end consumers is implemented in LPG buying and selling activities in Balikpapan Tengah District. Thus, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of protection efforts and the impact of not implementing protection properly in Balikpapan Tengah District, a densely populated area. This study is expected to be a reference for the development of consumer protection efforts in the buying and selling of subsidized LPG, as well as providing insight into the consequences that can be received by end consumers and their handling in the future.

Divorce gives rise to various legal consequences relating to the status of the parties, marital property, and the rights and obligations toward children, thereby requiring a legal mechanism that ensures legal certainty, justice, and legal protection. In practice, the parties often express their intention to divorce in the form of a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed drawn up before a notary. This study aims to analyze the legal standing and evidentiary strength of a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed as evidence in divorce cases decided by default judgment (verstek). The research employs a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a case approach, focusing on the Decision of the Ngawi Religious Court Number 425/Pdt.G/2023, through a literature review of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed executed in the form of a notarial deed constitutes an authentic deed with perfect evidentiary value as written evidence in divorce proceedings. Although it cannot directly result in the dissolution of marriage, the deed is relevant to prove the existence of an agreement between the parties and the condition of a marital relationship that has irretrievably broken down. In cases decided by default judgment, the deed becomes an important basis for judicial consideration in granting the divorce petition. The implications of this study emphasize that a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed may be lawfully and proportionately used as evidence to support the proof of grounds for divorce and to realize legal certainty in judicial proceedings.

The advancement of information technology has rapidly transformed trading patterns in Indonesia, shifting from conventional transactions to online transactions through marketplace platforms. On one hand, this transformation provides convenience and efficiency for both businesses and consumers. On the other hand, it has also given rise to various legal issues, particularly regarding consumer protection. This article aims to examine how legal protection for consumers is implemented in electronic sales agreements on marketplaces, while also identifying the obstacles encountered during its implementation. The study employs a normative juridical approach, using conceptual analysis and legislative review, supplemented by empirical data obtained from interviews. As described, legal protection for consumers in electronic transactions in Indonesia remains suboptimal. Specifically, these challenges include biased law enforcement, low levels of consumer literacy, and ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms. In practice, marketplaces have incorporated consumer protection features such as escrow systems, refund mechanisms, and complaint centers; however, their implementation still suffers from limited transparency and effectiveness. Furthermore, existing regulations are slow to respond to the dynamics of cross-border transactions and ongoing digital innovations. Therefore, comprehensive regulatory reform, stronger enforcement, and enhanced legal and digital literacy among the public are necessary to ensure effective consumer protection.

Bankruptcy is a legal mechanism used to resolve a debtor's inability to fulfill debt obligations collectively, orderly, and fairly through a court decision. In the Indonesian bankruptcy system, the curator has a central role in managing and settling bankrupt assets to protect the interests of creditors while providing legal certainty for debtors. This study aims to analyze the regulation of the curator's authority in managing and settling bankrupt assets and to examine its implications for the protection of creditors’ and debtors’ rights from a business law perspective. The research method employed is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, conducted through a literature review of various relevant primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results indicate that the curator’s authority is expressly regulated in Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, which provides a legal basis for the curator to manage, secure, sell, and distribute bankrupt assets to creditors in accordance with legal provisions. However, in practice, several obstacles remain, such as difficulties in tracking assets, potential conflicts of interest, and a lack of transparency, which may affect the effectiveness of legal protection. Therefore, the professionalism of the curator and the supervision of the supervising judge are crucial factors in ensuring legal certainty, fairness, and efficiency in the bankruptcy process.

Forced labor of children by parents remains a serious issue in the protection of children's rights in Indonesia, especially when such practices are justified on the basis of family economic needs. This study aims to analyze the legal provisions protecting children by forced labor by parents and to examine the obstacles to law enforcement. The research method used is normative legal research by a literature review approach, through an examination of relevant laws, legal principles, and legal doctrines. The findings of the research intricate that, legal positive indonesia there are a good constitutional and juridical legal basis in context is 1945 Constitution of the Republic Indonesia, Child Protection Law, Manpower Law and Convention on The Rights of Children which that make forced child labor as an economic exploitation categorization is prohibited. But the success of legal protection continues to run up against both legal and sociological challenges, including the murky borderlines of forced labour within the family, the challenge of proving psychological coercion and poverty-nurtured cultural attitudes towards child labour. Therefore a comprehensive approach, including law enforcement and social policies based on the best child interest is necessary.

The rapid development of e-commerce in Indonesia makes transactions easier for consumers, but also presents various losses, such as fraud, goods that do not match the description, leaks of personal data, and problems with returning goods. In this context, Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE) exists as a legal basis which is expected to provide protection for consumers in online buying and selling transactions. This research aims to explore and analyze the effectiveness of the legal protection provided by the ITE Law for consumers, with a focus on protection for detrimental transactions, consumer personal data, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms. The research method used is a normative approach with a literature study of statutory regulations and related legal literature. The research results show that the ITE Law provides quite comprehensive legal protection, including the obligation of electronic system operators to ensure the security of transactions and personal data, as well as regulating sanctions for perpetrators of fraud. However, even though regulations already exist, implementation and consumer understanding of their rights is still a major challenge.

This study examines the juridical aspects of guardianship applications by parents to obtain permission to sell a minor’s inherited land and analyzes the judicial considerations in Decision Number 199/Pdt.P/2025/PN Blt. The research employs an empirical juridical method with a sociological legal approach. Primary data were collected through interviews and case documents at the Blitar District Court, while secondary data consist of statutes, doctrine, and related literature. Qualitative-descriptive analysis was applied to interpret the findings. The study reveals that the guardianship application process involves both administrative and judicial stages. Judges scrutinize material evidence and the probity of sale objectives, weighing important principles such as utility, legal certainty, fairness, and justice. Guardians are granted limited authority to sell a minor’s property only if it can be proven to be in the child's best interest and legal protections are assured. Recommendations include strengthening post-decision monitoring, enhancing legal outreach, improving procedural transparency, and ensuring comprehensive implementation.

The reform of family law in Indonesia represents an essential response to social developments and the growing demand for constitutional protection of citizens’ rights. Family law, primarily governed by Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage, has long been criticized for not fully reflecting substantive justice, particularly for vulnerable groups such as children born outside marriage, persons with mental disabilities, and couples facing complex marital relations. In this context, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Konstitusi) plays a crucial role as the guardian of the Constitution by promoting progressive reforms through its landmark decisions. This study examines the implications of five significant Constitutional Court rulings: Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 concerning the legal recognition of children born out of wedlock; Decision No. 93/PUU-XX/2022 addressing guardianship and the rights of persons with mental disabilities; Decision No. 69/PUU-XIII/2015 allowing post-nuptial agreements; and Decisions No. 68/PUU-XII/2014 and No. 24/PUU-XX/2022 regarding interfaith marriage. These rulings demonstrate a paradigm shift from a rigid legalistic approach toward a constitutional framework grounded in human rights, equality, and substantive justice. Furthermore, notaries hold a strategic position as public officials authorized to draft authentic deeds, serving as a bridge between constitutional values and legal practice. Notaries are not merely administrative actors but are responsible for ensuring that legal documents align with positive law and provide legal certainty and protection for individuals. Therefore, the reform of Indonesian family law should not remain solely at the normative level of Constitutional Court rulings but must be effectively implemented in daily legal practice.

The Cash on Delivery (COD) system is one of the payment methods frequently used in online buying and selling transactions, where consumers pay for ordered products upon receipt of the goods. Although it provides convenience, this system often causes problems, especially related to transaction cancellations by consumers after the delivery process has been carried out by business actors. This research examines how the regulation and allocation of risk for goods return in the COD system according to the Civil Code and the forms of legal protection provided to business actors against the risk of goods return in the COD system according to Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The method used in this research is normative, supplemented by literature study results such as legislation. The results show that the Civil Code recognizes the concept of risk as a legal consequence related to the possibility of losses on the object of the agreement, and legal protection for business actors is divided into preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection.

Copyright infringement in the music sector continues to be a significant issue in Indonesia, particularly when musical works are commercially used by business operators. Copyright law provides legal protection for creative works, including songs or music, by granting exclusive rights to control use and derive benefits from such creations. This research examines the legal analysis of copyright holders in compensation for royalty payments. The method used in this research is normative, supplemented by literature studies, including relevant regulations and previous research on song or music copyright. The research findings indicate that royalty payment is a legal obligation for every user of songs in commercial activities, and creators are entitled to such compensation. However, in the Mie Gacoan case in Bali, it is evident that the implementation of these provisions remains constrained due to weak legal understanding, supervision, and compliance, necessitating strengthened law enforcement and optimization of the role of collective management institutions.

This study aims to analyze the investigation process involving children as perpetrators of trafficking in persons at the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) of Bukittinggi Police Resort and to assess the forms of legal protection provided at each stage of the examination. This research applies an empirical juridical approach by combining literature review and field research through interviews with investigators and related parties. The findings indicate that the investigation process has been conducted in accordance with Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, while upholding the principle of the best interests of the child. Legal protection is implemented through legal assistance, closed hearings, limited detention periods, and coordination with relevant institutions to support the child’s recovery and rehabilitation. However, several obstacles remain, including the limited number of investigators, restricted investigation timeframes, and difficulties in presenting witnesses. This study concludes that legal protection for children involved as perpetrators of trafficking in persons has been carried out in line with normative regulations, yet it requires strengthened institutional capacity and inter-agency coordination to ensure more effective implementation.

This study is motivated by the increasing complexity of financing coordination between the National Health Insurance (BPJS Kesehatan) and supplementary health insurance providers under the Coordination of Benefits (KAPJ) scheme, which creates potential claim disputes and administrative risks for hospitals. Although Minister of Health Decree No. HK.01.07/MENKES/1117/2025 regulates payment allocation and membership verification mechanisms, it does not explicitly recognize pre-admission confirmation as a preventive legal protection instrument. This research aims to analyze the normative position of pre-admission confirmation within the KAPJ framework, conceptualize it as a preventive legal protection mechanism, and formulate a proportional implementation model. The study employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches through literature review of relevant regulations and scholarly works. The findings indicate that pre-admission confirmation possesses implicit normative legitimacy through membership verification obligations and system integration requirements, and functions as a risk allocation mechanism that clarifies payment responsibilities prior to service delivery. Its implementation enhances legal certainty, reduces fraud potential, and minimizes claim disputes, provided that access to emergency medical services remains guaranteed.

This research examines Islamic legal protection for victims of social engineering crimes within the context of cybercrime. Social engineering is a form of digital crime that exploits psychological manipulation and trust to obtain personal data, system access, or financial benefits. Such crimes cause not only material losses but also immaterial harm, including psychological trauma, violations of privacy, dignity, and personal security. However, positive legal frameworks tend to prioritize offender punishment, while victim protection and recovery remain insufficiently addressed. This study adopts a qualitative approach with a normative-juridical research design, complemented by limited empirical insights. Data were collected through library research on Islamic legal sources—namely the Qur’an, Hadith, and fiqh jināyah—alongside statutory regulations on cybercrime and selected interviews with legal scholars and practitioners. The analysis employs a descriptive-analytical method grounded in the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah framework, particularly the principles of ḥifẓ al-māl (protection of property), ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ (protection of dignity), and ḥifẓ al-nafs (protection of life and psychological security). The findings demonstrate that Islamic law provides a robust normative foundation for protecting victims of social engineering crimes. Such protection extends beyond retributive punishment through ta‘zīr and emphasizes restorative justice by prioritizing victims’ rights restoration, offender accountability, and public welfare. Islamic law is both adaptive and relevant in addressing contemporary cybercrime challenges and may serve as a humanistic, just, and responsive model for victim protection in the digital era.