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The increasing elderly population presents challenges in healthcare services, particularly related to decreased mobility and independence in daily activities. Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in maintaining and improving the mobility function of older adults through appropriate evaluation and intervention approaches. One simple, valid, and reliable measurement tool for assessing functional mobility is the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). This study aims to examine the role of physiotherapy in increasing independence in older adults through functional mobility assessment using the TUG. The method used was a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional approach in a group of older adults. Measurements were conducted using the TUG to assess mobility, balance, and fall risk. The assessment results were then used as the basis for planning physiotherapy interventions, which included muscle strength training, balance training, and functional exercises. The results showed that older adults with better TUG scores had higher levels of independence in daily activities. Targeted physiotherapy interventions based on TUG results have proven effective in improving mobility and reducing fall risk. Therefore, using the TUG as an initial assessment tool is crucial in determining appropriate rehabilitation strategies. In conclusion, physiotherapy plays a significant role in increasing the independence of older adults through an approach based on functional mobility assessment using the TUG. Routine implementation of this assessment is expected to support optimal quality of life for older adults.

Stroke often causes hemiparesis, which impairs hand motor skills and independence in daily activities. Mirror therapy is a rehabilitation intervention that stimulates motor function through visual feedback, while patient motivation plays a crucial role in exercise adherence. This study aims to analyze the effect of mirror therapy and patient motivation on hand motor skills in patients with hemiparesis.The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest approach in 30 hemiparesis patients undergoing rehabilitation at the Ciherang Community Health Center. Mirror therapy intervention was administered for 20–30 minutes, three times per week for four weeks. Hand motor skills were measured using Manual Muscle Testing on a scale of 0–5, while patient motivation was assessed using a questionnaire.The results showed a significant increase in hand motor skills after mirror therapy (p < 0.05) and higher patient motivation was associated with greater motor score improvement (p < 0.05). Mirror therapy and patient motivation have been shown to have a positive effect on hand motor skills in hemiparesis patients, so this combined intervention can be considered as part of a stroke rehabilitation program.

This study examines the directing approach in portraying the process of character formation through a video feature titled “Ballet: Repetitive Steps, a Formed Self.” The research is grounded in the phenomenon of instant culture in contemporary digital society, which tends to prioritize rapid outcomes over gradual processes. The objective of this study is to explore how directing strategies can construct repetitive ballet training as a meaningful visual narrative that reflects discipline, consistency, and perseverance. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method with a practice-based approach, where data are collected through observation, documentation, and the creative production process. The findings indicate that directing elements, including shot composition, rhythm, and audio-visual integration, play a significant role in transforming repetitive movements into a dynamic and progressive narrative. Repetition is not merely presented as a technical exercise but as a symbolic process of character development. The study also reveals that visual storytelling can effectively communicate reflective meanings and engage audiences emotionally. The implication of this research suggests that audiovisual works, particularly video features, can serve as a medium to challenge instant-oriented perspectives by emphasizing the value of process in personal development.

This study examines the effects of word of mouth, peer influence, and promotion on exercise decisions at gymnasiums in Bandar Lampung City, with hedonic motivation as a mediating variable. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior and consumer behavior perspectives, the research employed a quantitative causal-associative design. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 100 active members of four gymnasiums and analyzed using Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS . The results indicate that word of mouth, peer influence, and promotion have positive and significant effects on hedonic motivation and on exercise decisions. Hedonic motivation also exerts a positive and significant effect on exercise decisions, suggesting that pleasurable and emotionally rewarding fitness experiences reinforce consumers' intention to engage in regular gym- based exercise. Mediation analysis further reveals that hedonic motivation significantly channels the effects of peer influence and promotion on exercise decisions, while the indirect effect of word of mouth is also significant, although its negative coefficient warrants careful interpretation. These findings demonstrate that exercise decisions are shaped not only by utilitarian health considerations but also by social influence, promotional exposure, and affective consumption experiences. The study provides practical insights for gym managers in designing service and marketing strategies that strengthen customer engagement and sustained participation.

Regular physical activity is known to play an important role in maintaining overall health, including improving immune system function and mental health. Lack of physical activity remains a public health issue, making it important to understand the impact of physical activity on the immune system and mental health. This study aimed to review the effect of regular physical activity on the immune system and mental health using a literature review method. The literature sources were obtained from publications within the last five years using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The articles were then screened and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in nine relevant articles for analysis. The selection results indicate that regular physical activity can increase the mobilization and activity of immune cells such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, and also modify the adaptive immune system through changes in T cells and B cells. In addition, physical activity also improves mental health through neurobiological mechanisms such as increased endorphin, dopamine, and serotonin levels, which can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as improve sleep quality and psychological well-being. Therefore, regular physical activity has a positive effect on the immune system and mental health and can be used as a promotive and preventive strategy to maintain overall health.

This community service program addresses the growing ethical challenges of design practices in social media, particularly among children and adolescents. Social media platforms are not merely communication tools but persuasive digital products that influence behavior, emotions, and information consumption. This program aimed to enhance ethical design literacy among members of the Children’s forum in Tangerang Regency through an interactive workshop combining theoretical education, case studies, and practical design exercises. The methodology involved participatory training sessions, including lectures on design ethics, identification of dark patterns, privacy-by-design practices, and hands-on content creation using social media platforms. The results indicate increased participant awareness of ethical principles such as transparency, visual honesty, respect for copyright, and privacy protection. Participants demonstrated improved ability to identify unethical design elements and to produce simple yet responsible visual content. The program contributes to strengthening digital ethics awareness among young social media users and highlights the importance of collaborative, community-based approaches in fostering responsible digital culture.

The implementation of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) begins at an early age, particularly among school children, who learn extensively from their surrounding environment through the School Health Program (UKS). Although the family is the primary unit in shaping PHBS habits, parents’ busy schedules often lead children to interact more with teachers and peers at school. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the UKS program on students’ PHBS at SD Lambaro Angan, Darussalam District, Aceh Besar Regency in 2024. This research employed a cross-sectional design with a population of 321 students and a sample of 76 respondents. Data collection was conducted on March 4, 2024. The results indicate that the UKS program has a significant effect on students’ PHBS, including habits such as washing hands with running water and soap, purchasing healthy snacks at the school canteen, disposing of waste properly, participating in physical exercise, not smoking at school, eliminating mosquito larvae, and using school sanitation facilities (p < 0.05). However, no significant effect was found on activities such as weighing body weight and measuring height. In conclusion, the UKS program is effective in improving students’ PHBS. These findings are expected to provide input for schools to optimize the implementation of UKS and enhance PHBS promotion so that students can apply clean and healthy living behaviors in their daily lives.

Childbirth is a series of natural processes that trigger various changes in the mother's body so that she can deliver her baby through the birth canal. Perineal stiffness can actually be anticipated and prevented early in pregnancy, one way is through physical exercises such as pregnancy yoga. Pregnancy yoga has many benefits, especially in alleviating complaints during pregnancy, reducing anxiety, improving sleep quality, and preparing the physical condition before childbirth by strengthening and increasing the elasticity of the pelvic floor muscles, so that the birth process becomes easier. This study aims to analyze the effect of prenatal gentle yoga on the incidence of perineal tears in mothers who will give birth in the work area of ​​the Tiley Health Center on Morotai Island. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a posttest control design. The sample used in the study consisted of mothers giving birth who met certain inclusion criteria, with a total of 36 pregnant women. The instruments used in this study were the Kegel Exercise SOP observation sheet and the assessment of the level of perineal tears. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney statistical test. The results showed a distribution of respondents regarding Kegel exercises: 18 respondents (50%) performed Kegel exercises and 18 respondents (50%) did not. The highest rates of perineal rupture were grade I and grade II, with 13 respondents (36.1%) each. The resulting p-value was 0.0001 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of Kegel exercises on the rate of perineal rupture in primiparous women.

The provision of legal aid represents the state’s responsibility to ensure access to justice and legal protection, particularly for impoverished and vulnerable groups. Within the framework of regional governance, this responsibility is carried out by local governments through regional apparatuses with authority in legal affairs, including the Legal Bureau of Central Java Province. This article examines the position and authority of the Central Java Provincial Legal Bureau in the administration of legal aid and analyzes the urgency of its dual role as both facilitator and regulator. This study aims to analyze the legal basis of such authority and the implications of the dual role in the implementation of regional legal aid. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the Legal Bureau of Central Java Province possesses administrative authority derived from the delegation of authority by the governor, enabling it to perform both facilitative and regulatory functions in legal aid administration. However, the absence of explicit regulatory boundaries between these roles potentially leads to overlapping authority. Nevertheless, as long as these roles are exercised in accordance with their legal basis and the principles of good governance, the dual role may function as an effective administrative instrument to ensure the effective delivery of legal aid and the protection of citizens’ rights.   Keywords : legal aid, authority, dual role.

Non-hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease (CVD) results from blood flow obstruction in the brain due to thrombus or embolus formation, often leading to balance disorders that affect standing and walking. This loss of motor function increases the risk of falls and fractures, which are major complications. Additionally, reduced physical activity can lead to depression. Active exercise has been shown to improve motor function in CVD patients, with nurses playing a key role in supporting these exercises. One effective intervention is the bridging exercise (BE), used for lumbopelvic stabilization, which enhances muscle strength and coordination. BE is particularly beneficial for improving balance in post-CVD patients with hemiplegia. This case study examines the effects of evidence-based bridging exercise (EBP) on balance in three hospitalized non-hemorrhagic CVD patients. Over eight 15-minute sessions, balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). All patients showed significant balance improvement, with an average BBS score increase of 40 points. These results highlight the effectiveness of non-pharmacological bridging exercises in enhancing balance in CVD patients and recommend BE as a routine therapy to continue at home after discharge.

Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in sports activities and often results in pain, limited range of motion, muscle weakness, and decreased functional ability. Appropriate physiotherapy management is essential to accelerate recovery and restore ankle function. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of combining electrotherapy modalities and exercise therapy in the rehabilitation of bilateral grade II ankle sprain caused by sports injury. The research used a case study approach with physiotherapy interventions conducted through several treatment sessions. The interventions consisted of electrotherapy modalities combined with therapeutic exercises designed to reduce pain, improve joint mobility, and increase muscle strength and functional stability of the ankle. Clinical evaluation was carried out through observation of pain levels, range of motion, and functional ability during the therapy period. The findings indicated a gradual improvement in the patient’s condition, including decreased pain, increased ankle range of motion, improved muscle strength, and better functional performance during daily activities. These results suggest that the integration of electrotherapy and exercise therapy can provide a comprehensive rehabilitation approach for ankle sprain injuries. The combined intervention not only supports pain reduction but also enhances joint stability and functional recovery, enabling patients to return safely to their physical activities and reducing the risk of recurrent injury.

This research discusses the authority of judges in declaring a lawsuit inadmissible (Niet Ontvankelijke Verklaard/NO) in civil cases based on Decision Number 82/Pdt.G/2025/PN Kwg. The issues examined in this study relate to the application of formal requirements of a lawsuit and the authority of judges in rendering an NO decision due to errors in determining legal subjects (error in persona). This study aims to analyze the application of civil procedural law regarding the formal requirements of a lawsuit and to examine the authority of judges in declaring a lawsuit inadmissible. The research method used is normative juridical with statutory and case approaches. The legal materials used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials obtained through library research and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that the formal requirements of a lawsuit hold a very important position in civil procedural law. Errors in determining legal subjects, particularly involving a party who has passed away without involving the heirs, result in a formally defective lawsuit and cause it to be declared inadmissible (Niet Ontvankelijke Verklaard). In Decision Number 82/Pdt.G/2025/PN Kwg, the judges exercised their authority in accordance with civil procedural law to maintain legal certainty and orderly judicial proceedings. However, the application of such authority is considered to be overly formalistic because it did not provide an opportunity to amend the lawsuit, thereby giving less attention to substantive justice for the plaintiff.

Academic anxiety is one of the problems commonly experienced by students due to the pressure of assignments, demands for achievement, and concerns about learning outcomes. This article aims to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based counseling in reducing students' academic anxiety and to explain the strategic role of guidance counselors in its application in schools. This study uses a literature review method with a literature review approach. Data were obtained from various national journals relevant to the topics of academic anxiety and mindfulness, then analyzed descriptively and qualitatively through a process of collecting, classifying, and synthesizing the results of previous studies. The results of the study show that mindfulness-based counseling is effective in helping students reduce their levels of academic anxiety through conscious breathing exercises, focusing attention, and accepting learning experiences without negative judgment. In addition, guidance counselors play an important role as facilitators, program developers, role models for mindfulness practices, mental health advocates, and liaisons between schools and parents in supporting the success of interventions. By applying the right methods, mindfulness-based counseling can be an effective alternative service in helping students overcome academic anxiety when implemented systematically and continuously  by guidance counselors in schools.

The elderly often experience a decline in physical function that can interfere with the ability to carry out daily activities. This condition is more common in the elderly who have had a stroke, which is always accompanied by a decrease in muscle strength. Inactivity of the joint over a long period of time can lead to contracture. One of the nursing interventions that can be done to prevent this condition while increasing muscle strength is  passive Range of Motion (ROM) exercises. The purpose of this case study is to apply nursing measures to the elderly with a decrease in muscle strength that is already research-based. This scientific paper uses a case study design  with passive ROM training interventions. The number of respondents in this study was three patients. The intervention was carried out for three days on each respondent, with a frequency of twice a day for 20 minutes in the Stroke Nursing Room of Charitas Hospital Palembang. The results of the application showed an increase in muscle strength based on Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) scores in all respondents. Mr. P experienced an increase in the muscle strength of the left hand and leg from 2 to 4, Mrs. L from 2 to 3 in the right hand and foot, and Mr. A from 0 to 4 in the right hand and foot. This application is expected to add information about the use of passive ROM in stroke seniors who have decreased muscle strength.

This study aims to analyze the role of Islamic Religious Counselors as street-level bureaucrats in implementing Islamic Community Guidance policies in Batang Regency. The study used a mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, beginning with the collection and analysis of quantitative data and then deepening with qualitative data. Quantitative data were obtained from 53 respondents using a questionnaire that was tested for validity and reliability. In contrast, qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation with religious counselors, Ministry of Religious Affairs officials, the KUA (Office of Religious Affairs), and the community. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically using Michael Lipsky's street-level bureaucracy theory as an analytical framework. The study's results indicate that the role of Islamic Religious Extension Workers as street-level bureaucrats is positively and strongly associated with the successful implementation of the Islamic Community Guidance policy (r = 0.826; p < 0.01). Qualitative findings revealed that extension workers exercise discretion in the form of community assistance, adjustments to extension methods, strategic flexibility, and responsiveness to socio-religious issues at the local level. This study confirms that the effectiveness of Islamic Community Guidance policies is not determined solely by formal policy design but is highly dependent on the capacity, flexibility, and discretion of Islamic Religious Counselors, the implementing actors at the field level. These findings provide theoretical contributions to the development of street-level bureaucracy studies in the context of religious policy, as well as practical implications for formulating more contextual and responsive policies.

Achilles tendon rupture is a common lower extremity injury that significantly affects functional mobility and gait performance. Post-operative patients frequently experience pain, edema, limited range of motion (ROM), muscle weakness, and impaired ambulation. Physiotherapy rehabilitation plays a crucial role in restoring tissue integrity and functional capacity. This case study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of combined electrotherapy modalities and therapeutic exercises in a post-operative left Achilles tendon rupture patient. The intervention included ultrasound therapy, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), infrared therapy, dry needling combined with Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS), and progressive therapeutic exercises such as isometric training and calf raises. Clinical outcomes were evaluated through ROM measurement, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), edema observation, and gait analysis across four therapy sessions. Results demonstrated gradual improvement in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion ROM, reduction of edema, increased gastrocnemius-soleus muscle strength, and restoration of independent ambulation without assistive devices. The multimodal physiotherapy approach appears to support tendon healing, enhance neuromuscular activation, and accelerate functional recovery during the subacute post-operative phase.

An earthquake occurs when energy is suddenly released within the earth’s layers, potentially causing loss of life and environmental damage. One factor contributing to the high impact of earthquakes is the lack of student understanding and inadequate education on disaster preparedness. This study aimed to assess earthquake disaster management education at the Nur Adia Junior High School Education Foundation, Tanjung Selamat, Deli Serdang. A quantitative pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest and posttest was applied, involving 63 eighth-grade students. Data were collected through questionnaires to measure students’ knowledge before and after the educational intervention on earthquake disaster management. The results indicated that before the education, 69.8% of students rarely received information about earthquake causes, 61.9% had never participated in school earthquake evacuation simulations, and 55.5% had never practiced evacuation drills. After the educational intervention, knowledge improved, with 66.6% of students reporting that the program significantly increased their understanding of earthquakes. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (Sig. 2-tailed = 0.000 < 0.05), confirming the effectiveness of the intervention. The study concluded that education on earthquake disaster management can enhance students’ knowledge and preparedness. It is recommended that schools implement regular educational programs and disaster simulation exercises to cultivate students’ readiness and promote a culture of disaster preparedness within the school environment.

This study explores emotional instability and its impact on happiness, focusing on Positive Psychology, Neurobiology, and Stoicism. It aims to identify factors influencing instability of happiness, including stress, social support, and neurobiological dynamics. The research seeks to develop effective strategies to enhance emotional stability and long-term well-being, contributing to theories and practices for fostering enduring happiness in individuals and society. This study employs a qualitative approach, combining in-depth interviews and document analysis to explore emotional instability and strategies for lasting happiness. Nine participants from psychology, neurobiology, and Stoicism fields share personal experiences through narrative analysis, identifying patterns in happiness fluctuations. A comprehensive literature review enhances findings, ensuring validity, credibility, and a holistic understanding of factors influencing emotional well-being.Research reveals happiness is multifaceted, influenced by psychology, neurobiology, and philosophy. Factors like stress, personality, and social support impact emotional stability. Positive psychology emphasizes gratitude, mindfulness, and cognitive restructuring. Stoicism focuses on self-control, acceptance, and living virtuously. Neurobiology highlights the role of brain chemistry and lifestyle factors like diet and exercise. By integrating these perspectives, individuals can cultivate resilience, manage emotions, and enhance overall well-being.This research examines emotional instability and its impact on happiness, combining insights from Positive Psychology, Neurobiology, and Stoicism. Key factors include stress, neurochemical imbalances, and social support. Strategies such as emotional regulation, mindfulness, and resilience-building enhance stability. The study highlights the integration of ancient wisdom and modern science to foster enduring happiness and improve overall well-being.

The purpose of this research is to examine how guidance and counseling instructors may help children in junior high get over their anxiety about speaking out in class. Students' lack of confidence and engagement in class might be exacerbated by the widespread problem of their fear of asking questions. In order to delve further into the issue, this study used a descriptive technique based on qualitative research. Students and instructors of guidance and counseling participated in interviews and observations to compile the data. The results highlight the important role that counseling and guidance instructors play in assisting students in coping with anxiety. Counseling sessions with individuals, group guidance exercises, and making an attempt to establish a welcoming classroom setting all contribute to this goal. Teachers also use excellent communication tactics and motivating initiatives to help pupils feel more comfortable expressing themselves. A more favorable classroom environment may also be achieved via collaboration between topic teachers and counseling instructors. Ultimately, the research demonstrates that students' anxiety of asking questions may be successfully reduced via the use of suitable counseling and guiding interventions. Consequently, students' self-esteem, classroom engagement, and academic performance are all much improved when guidance and counseling instructors are present.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This condition causes shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and increased respiratory rate which impacts increased respiratory muscle work. One of the non-pharmacological interventions that can be applied in nursing practice is diaphragmatic breathing relaxation to help improve breathing patterns and increase respiratory muscle relaxation. Objective: To analyze the application of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation in improving respiratory muscle relaxation in asthma patients in the inpatient ward. Method: The study used a case study design with an Evidence Based Practice (EBP) approach. The research subjects were three asthma patients who experienced increased respiratory frequency. The intervention was carried out for three days in the form of structured diaphragmatic breathing exercises. Data were collected through nursing assessment, observation of respiratory frequency before and after the intervention, and evaluation of patient responses. Results: Before the intervention, all respondents experienced tachypnea with the use of accessory respiratory muscles. After three days of diaphragmatic breathing relaxation, the respiratory rates of all three respondents returned to normal (12–20 breaths/minute), respiratory muscle tension decreased, and the patients appeared more relaxed. Conclusion: Diaphragmatic breathing relaxation is effective in increasing respiratory muscle relaxation and stabilizing respiratory rate in asthmatic patients. This intervention can be used as part of non-pharmacological nursing care for patients with respiratory system disorders.