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Complementary foods, or MP-ASI (food for babies), play a crucial role in providing essential nutrients for infants and children to meet their growing nutritional needs. The knowledge and attitude of mothers are pivotal factors influencing children's nutrition, as a lack of understanding regarding complementary feeding often leads to malnutrition. One of the primary causes of malnutrition in infants is the improper timing of introducing complementary foods, either too early (before six months of age) or too late. This study aims to analyze the relationship between mothers' knowledge and attitudes regarding the provision of complementary feeding for infants aged 6-12 months at the Ribang Health Center, Muara Uya District, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan. The study utilized univariate, bivariate, and chi-square tests to analyze the data. A total of 20 respondents were surveyed, with results indicating that 8 respondents (46.7%) had sufficient knowledge and a good attitude, while 14 respondents (70%) demonstrated a good attitude. The chi-square test revealed a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05) at α = 0.05, supporting the hypothesis that maternal knowledge is significantly related to the provision of complementary feeding. However, the bivariate analysis showed a p-value of 0.163, indicating no significant effect between maternal attitudes and the provision of complementary feeding. In conclusion, while there is a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and complementary feeding, the study found no significant association between maternal attitudes and the timing of complementary feeding based on statistical analysis. This study highlights the importance of improving maternal knowledge in the provision of complementary feeding to ensure proper infant nutrition

Complementary feeding is an important stage in infant growth and development. Lack of maternal knowledge regarding the appropriate timing and type of complementary feeding can have a negative impact on infant nutritional status, including the risk of malnutrition and stunting. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between breastfeeding mothers' knowledge and infants' complementary feeding practices. This study used a cross-sectional design with a sample size of 25 mothers selected using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through a questionnaire that measured mothers' knowledge level about complementary feeding and their feeding practices. Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank test using SPSS version 22, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that the majority of mothers were 20-35 years old (48%) and had primary education (68%). A total of 44% of mothers had a low level of knowledge about complementary feeding, and 55% of mothers gave complementary feeding before the baby was 6 months old. Spearman correlation analysis showed a weak association between mothers' knowledge level and complementary feeding practices (p = 0.078; r = 0.359). Although not statistically significant, the direction of the association suggests that the better the mothers' knowledge, the more likely they are to provide complementary foods as recommended. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of educational interventions to improve mothers' understanding of complementary feeding to reduce inappropriate feeding practices. Community-based education programs can be an effective strategy to increase maternal awareness and ensure appropriate complementary feeding for infants.

The integration of autonomous systems in traffic management has become increasingly important as urban populations and vehicle numbers continue to rise, leading to significant congestion. Traditional traffic signal control systems, which rely on fixed timing, are no longer sufficient to handle the dynamic and complex nature of urban traffic. To address these challenges, the proposed explainable Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework aims to optimize traffic signal control by dynamically adjusting traffic signals based on real-time data. This approach enhances traffic flow efficiency, reduces congestion, and improves overall system performance. The framework leverages Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, which enables real-time data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, and other road users, extending the perception range of autonomous vehicles and providing valuable insights for traffic signal optimization. Additionally, the integration of smart infrastructure, such as smart intersections, plays a crucial role in enabling adaptive traffic management and facilitating better coordination across multiple intersections. One of the key advantages of the proposed system is its transparency, achieved through the implementation of explainable AI (XAI) techniques. These mechanisms provide clear insights into the decision-making processes, ensuring that traffic management authorities and system users can understand the rationale behind the system’s decisions. Although challenges such as data accuracy, scalability, and cybersecurity risks remain, the proposed DRL framework shows great promise in revolutionizing traffic management systems. Future research directions include enhancing data collection methods, improving the scalability of the system for larger cities, and further developing explainability features to improve trust and adoption in real-world applications.

This study aims to identify the factors that influence the first antenatal visit (K1) among pregnant women. The study employed a descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach, utilizing a total sampling technique. A total of 49 respondents, all of whom made the K1 visit, were included in the study. The variables examined in this research included maternal age, parity, and gestational age at the time of the K1 visit. Secondary data obtained from medical records were used for analysis. The results revealed that the majority of pregnant women who made the K1 visit were in the non-risk age group (20–35 years), accounting for 84% of the respondents. Regarding parity, most participants were multiparous, making up 53% of the total sample. In terms of gestational age, 43% of respondents made their K1 visit during the first trimester of pregnancy (0–12 weeks). The study found that the first antenatal visit was predominantly conducted by pregnant women in the non-risk age group (20–35 years) and the multiparous group. Additionally, the K1 visits were most frequently made when the gestational age was in the first trimester, reflecting early engagement with antenatal care. These findings highlight the importance of maternal age, parity, and gestational age in influencing the timing of the first antenatal visit, which plays a critical role in ensuring early and adequate prenatal care for pregnant women. These insights can be used to improve strategies for encouraging timely K1 visits, particularly for pregnant women who may be at risk of delayed prenatal care.

Complementary feeding is an important stage in infant growth and development. Lack of maternal knowledge regarding the appropriate timing and type of complementary feeding can have a negative impact on infant nutritional status, including the risk of malnutrition and stunting. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between breastfeeding mothers' knowledge and infants' complementary feeding practices. This study used a cross-sectional design with a sample size of 25 mothers selected using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through a questionnaire that measured mothers' knowledge level about complementary feeding and their feeding practices. Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank test using SPSS version 22, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that the majority of mothers were 20-35 years old (48%) and had primary education (68%). A total of 44% of mothers had a low level of knowledge about complementary feeding, and 55% of mothers gave complementary feeding before the baby was 6 months old. Spearman correlation analysis showed a weak association between mothers' knowledge level and complementary feeding practices (p = 0.078; r = 0.359). Although not statistically significant, the direction of the association suggests that the better the mothers' knowledge, the more likely they are to provide complementary foods as recommended. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of educational interventions to improve mothers' understanding of complementary feeding to reduce inappropriate feeding practices. Community-based education programs can be an effective strategy to increase maternal awareness and ensure appropriate complementary feeding for infants.

This study aims to analyze snack consumption habits among employees of the Department of Transportation of Serang Regency, specifically in the Control and Operational Division. Using a descriptive quantitative method and an online questionnaire distributed to 36 respondents, the research explores snack consumption patterns, timing, stockpiling behavior, purchasing locations, and factors influencing purchase decisions. The findings reveal that most respondents are young to middle-aged and tend to consume snacks in relaxed or social contexts. Minimarkets and local stalls are the main purchasing points, with taste being the most important factor in choosing snacks. Most respondents are also highly open to trying new snack brands. These findings highlight the importance of product and marketing strategies that focus on individual preferences and consumption moments.

Zakat fitrah adalah salah satu kewajiban utama dalam ajaran Islam yang memiliki aspek spiritual dan sosial. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis zakat fitrah dari sudut pandang fiqih Islam, dengan menitikberatkan pada tiga pokok bahasan: kewajiban, waktu pelaksanaan, dan mekanisme penyalurannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif melalui metode studi pustaka, yang merujuk pada literatur klasik (kutub al-turats) maupun kontemporer dalam fiqih Islam dari berbagai mazhab. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa zakat fitrah merupakan kewajiban individu (fardhu ‘ain) yang wajib ditunaikan oleh setiap Muslim yang mampu, sebagai bentuk pembersihan diri serta solidaritas sosial. Waktu pelaksanaannya telah ditentukan secara khusus, dimulai sejak awal bulan Ramadhan hingga sebelum salat Idulfitri, dengan waktu terbaiknya adalah malam hingga pagi hari sebelum salat dilaksanakan. Dalam distribusinya, mayoritas ulama berpendapat bahwa zakat fitrah harus disalurkan kepada pihak yang berhak (mustahik), terutama fakir dan miskin, dalam bentuk bahan makanan pokok sesuai kebiasaan masyarakat setempat, meskipun sebagian ulama memperbolehkan dalam bentuk uang. Studi ini menekankan pentingnya pemahaman fiqih yang mendalam agar zakat fitrah dapat berfungsi secara optimal sebagai sarana keadilan sosial dan penyucian jiwa dalam kehidupan masyarakat.

Considering the current data-driven policies, economic disparities across metropolitan areas are an important factor to consider. This study focuses on a comparative analysis between the K-MEANS and DBSCAN algorithms in the process of clustering residents in Pulo Brayan Darat 1 Village, taking into account the economic conditions of each individual. Through this study, it is hoped that the more optimal algorithm for categorizing the community based on their economic well-being can be identified. A survey was used to collect data, including questions about income, number of children, and type of employment. The timing of implementation, interpretation of clustering findings, and the Silhouette Index were all used in the evaluation process. It is clear from the findings that DBSCAN can identify outliers and adapt better to irregular data patterns, while K-MEANS is faster and creates more organized clusters. This research offers lessons for policymakers in developing focused community welfare development programmers, which also aids in selecting an appropriate clustering system for socio-economic data.

Article 25 Income Tax (PPh 25) is a tax payment system by taxpayers in the form of monthly installments aimed at alleviating the tax burden at the end of the tax year. This provision applies to both Individual Taxpayers and Entities, and is calculated based on the amount of tax owed in the previous year, reduced by tax credits. PPh 25 plays an important role in maintaining the smooth flow of state revenue and supporting sustainable tax compliance. This paper comprehensively discusses the legal basis, calculation mechanisms, payment timing, and penalties for late payment of PPh 25. This research also examines the effectiveness of PPh 25 in encouraging voluntary compliance and its contribution to state revenue.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in supporting regional economic development. However, inefficient inventory management remains a significant challenge in operational effectiveness. This study aims to analyze raw material inventory control at Kebab & Burger Foursist MSME in Tarakan City using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Reorder Point (ROP) methods. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, utilizing annual sales data, ordering costs, and storage costs of main raw materials. The results indicate that the implementation of EOQ and ROP effectively determines the optimal purchase quantity and reorder timing, thereby minimizing total inventory costs and reducing the risk of stockouts or overstocking. The use of POM-QM for Windows software enhances the accuracy of the analysis. The implications of this study offer practical solutions for MSME actors in managing raw material procurement more efficiently and systematically.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease characterized by increased blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance. Many studies have examined the synergistic effect of nutraceutical supplementation to increase the effectiveness of drug therapy, one of which is resveratrol. However, studies that identify the effect of resveratrol on reducing HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus still have many inconsistencies in the reported results. The significance of these effects is based on the dose and timing of the particular intervention. Therefore, a literature review of several studies was carried out to assess the impact of resveratrol in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus through the HbA1c parameter and to explain the appropriate dose and duration of intervention. Articles included in the inclusion criteria are available in English and published within the last 10 years (2014-2024) in electronic databases such as PubMed-Medline, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. A literature review was conducted on experimental studies with type 2 diabetes patient subjects. The results of the literature review show that the recommended dose and duration that have the greatest significance in reducing HbA1c are at a dose of 200–500 mg/day for 6 months or >500 mg/day within 3 months. These results provide evidence that the adjusted dose and duration of resveratrol supplementation are very beneficial for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Psychological tests are important tools used to uncover various aspects of an individual's personality according to the needs of psychological assessment. One widely used form of psychological testing is the personality test, which is generally divided into two main types: objective and projective. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of both types of tests in uncovering aspects of an individual's personality by comparing their respective advantages and disadvantages. The research method used was a qualitative method with a literature review approach, namely through a review of various scientific articles, research journals, and relevant literature sources discussing the use of objective and projective personality tests. The results show that each type of test has distinct characteristics and functions. Objective tests are considered more reliable, efficient, and easy to interpret, while projective tests provide a more in-depth picture of an individual's personality dynamics but require more subjective interpretation. Furthermore, this study also analyzes the ideal conditions and timing for use of both types of tests and presents case studies of the application of each test in the context of psychological assessment.

This study examines the application of the retroactive principle in the issuance of State Administrative Decisions (KTUN) by regional administrative officials amid digitalization in public services. The research aims to examine the legal basis of retroactive application within administrative law and to identify appropriate mechanisms to ensure its benefit for public administration and society. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the research is supported by literature studies on legal documents and regulations. The findings indicate that, under Indonesian administrative law, the retroactive application of KTUN is legally permissible if it meets specific conditions outlined in the Law on Government Administration—primarily to prevent greater harm and/or to protect citizens’ rights. Retroactive KTUN may address discrepancies between the timing of decision issuance and actual administrative activities, especially in a digital governance environment. The study concludes that to ensure legal certainty and accountability, such application must be based on formal mechanisms, including the development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) and the issuance of regional head regulations as normative foundations. These measures are essential to institutionalize retroactive KTUN and ensure its use aligns with principles of legal certainty, public benefit, and good governance in regional government administration.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of subsidized fertilizer distribution to farmers in Gorontalo Regency. The allocation system follows a regulatory procedure starting from the Minister of Agriculture Regulation, followed by the Governor’s Decree, and finally by the Regent/Mayor’s Decree, which determines fertilizer allocation down to farmer groups. However, the implementation in the field faces several issues, including fertilizer shortages, prices exceeding the government-set retail price (HET), and misuse of distribution mechanisms. Using a normative-empirical legal research method, the study finds that the ineffectiveness of the subsidized fertilizer program is mainly due to inaccurate data collection and distribution, as well as the suboptimal use of the Farmer Card (Kartu Tani), often hampered by technical problems such as inactive cards. An evaluation based on the "six accuracy principles" (right quantity, timing, price, location, quality, and type) shows that the current distribution is not functioning effectively. The main inefficiencies are rooted in administrative shortcomings, delayed distribution, and inconsistencies between regulatory provisions and field implementation

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) is a common complication following surgery, including procedures involving spinal anesthesia, which can increase patient discomfort and length of hospital stay. Ondansetron is effective in preventing PONV, but its effectiveness may depend on the timing of administration. This study aimed to compare the incidence of PONV in patients who received ondansetron before and after spinal anesthesia at RSUD Wates. A comparative quantitative method was used with 40 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test, which showed a significant result of 0.003 (p < 0.05). In the group receiving ondansetron before spinal anesthesia, 5 respondents (25%) experienced mild nausea and 15 respondents (75%) reported no nausea or vomiting. In contrast, in the group receiving ondansetron after spinal anesthesia, 7 respondents (35%) reported no symptoms, 6 respondents (30%) experienced nausea only, and 7 respondents (35%) experienced vomiting or retching. It can be concluded that administering ondansetron before spinal anesthesia is more effective in preventing PONV.

Slope failure can occur even though slope design and reinforcement have been carried out. However, before it completely collapses, there are often signs from the slope. These signs should be carefully observed through slope monitoring or surveillance activities to provide advance warnings regarding the development of slope instability, allowing mitigation measures to be implemented to reduce or avoid the impacts of instability, as well as to predict the timing of landslides using Inverse Velocity. This study was conducted at the PIT of PT Fajar Sakti Prima in East Kalimantan Province. Observations were carried out over 39 days to obtain deformation behavior, velocity values for mitigation actions, and inverse velocity values to predict the timing of landslides. In this observation, the deformation behavior values at PM 01, PM 02, and PM 03 were initially linear, then exhibited progressive behavior on November 7-8, 2024. The predicted landslide timing from this observation was November 20-21, 2024. Based on velocity values correlated with the TARP, critical categories were obtained at 7.40 - 9.86 cm/day and very critical at >26.17 cm/day

This study examines the relationship between corporate financial disclosure and investment decisions by shareholders and investors in capital markets. Using a comprehensive dataset of 486 publicly listed companies from multiple stock exchanges over a five-year period (2018-2022), we investigate how the quality, scope, and timing of financial disclosures influence investment behaviors, pricing efficiency, and capital allocation. Through multiple regression analysis, structural equation modeling, and panel data techniques, we find that higher disclosure quality is significantly associated with increased trading volumes (β=0.42, p<0.01), lower bid-ask spreads (β=-0.38, p<0.01), and reduced stock price volatility (β=-0.31, p<0.01). Our analysis reveals that voluntary disclosures beyond regulatory requirements have a stronger impact on institutional investor decisions compared to retail investors. Additionally, the study documents that forward-looking financial information and segment reporting have particularly strong effects on investment decisions during periods of market uncertainty. The findings contribute to disclosure theory and provide empirical evidence for regulators considering disclosure policy reforms, corporate executives formulating communication strategies, and investors developing investment frameworks that incorporate disclosure quality assessment. The study addresses the causality challenge through instrumental variable estimation and difference-in-differences analysis of regulatory changes, enhancing the robustness of the identified relationships.

Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition of decreased or non-functioning thyroid gland that is present since newborns. This occurs due to anatomical abnormalities or metabolic disorders of thyroid hormone formation or iodine deficiency. Congenital Hypothyroidism Screening (CHS) is an important health program that aims to detect thyroid disorders early in newborns. Congenital Hypothyroidism Screening is a screening/screening test to sort out babies suffering from Congenital Hypothyroidism from babies who do not suffer. This study aims to determine the effect of health education on pregnant women's knowledge about congenital hypothyroidism screening (CHS). This study used a Pre-Experimental Design with a One Group Pre-test and Post-test Design. The sample consisted of 56 pregnant women with sampling using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection was carried out by questionnaire and analyzed using the Wilcoxon Test. The results of the study obtained that most of the respondents' knowledge before being given the intervention was in the sufficient category (42.9%). While most of the knowledge after being given the intervention was in the good category (78.6%). The Wilcoxon test yielded a p-value of 0.00 < 0.05, indicating an effect of health education on knowledge about congenital hypothyroidism (CHS) screening among pregnant women at the Pulisan Community Health Center. This study is expected to provide input to pregnant women, who should be more critical, especially regarding indicators of understanding, examination timing, and the impact of not undergoing CHS. They can frequently read the KIA book and leaflets provided during counseling sessions to gain better and more quality knowledge.

Cyanobacteria play an important role in the evolution of the earth and biosphere. Cyanobacteria play a role in the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans that began since the great oxidation event. These living things are the main producers in the ocean in the past and present and are the ancestors of Chloroplasts. The morphology commonly used is still difficult to read for microfossil interpretation which makes the identification of cyanobacteria in the early fossil record still ambiguous. This study was conducted to review classical and new cyanobacterial biosignatures. In addition, this study will also analyze the fossil record of cyanobacteria mentioned earlier and the challenges of molecular approaches to modern cyanobacteria. The suggestions we provide are new calibration points for molecular clocks and strategies to increase insight into the timing and patterns of cyanobacteria evolution and oxygenic photosynthesis.

Background: Hypertension is a common condition in primary health care, affecting approximately 25% of the adult population and more than 50% of those aged over 65 years. As the "silent killer of hypertension", it can cause stroke, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aims to detect early signs of stroke using the BE-FAST method in the elderly in Karangasem, Bali, and to spread the effectiveness of this method in reducing the risk of stroke. Method: This community-based education program uses the POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating and Controlling) approach. A total of 79 elderly participants were recruited and underwent health examinations, including blood pressure measurements and the BE-FAST screening test. The BE-FAST method assesses balance, eyes, face, arms, speech, and timing to identify early signs of stroke. Results: The results showed that 55.7% of participants had hypertension, and 67.1% had difficulty moving their legs and arms on one side of their body. Additionally, 36.7% had difficulty opening their eyes or experienced vision problems, and 32.9% experienced facial weakness or numbness. The BE-FAST method is effective in detecting early signs of stroke, with a sensitivity of 92%. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of early detection of stroke using the BE-FAST method in the elderly population. The research results show that this method is effective in identifying early signs of stroke and can be easily taught and applied in the community. Application of this method can reduce the risk of stroke and associated morbidity and mortality.