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 Tax avoidance is a legal strategy used by companies to minimize their tax burden by exploiting loopholes in tax regulations without violating the law. Although not illegal, this practice may reduce a company’s tax contribution to the state and pose reputational risks. This study aims to analyze the influence of profitability (ROA), leverage (DER), and capital intensity (FAT) on tax avoidance, measured using the Current Effective Tax Rate (CETR), in property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. This research adopts a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis processed using SPSS. The sample was selected using purposive sampling. The results show that all three independent variables have a significant effect on tax avoidance, supported by significance values below the critical threshold and t-values exceeding the t-table, leading to the acceptance of H1, H2, and H3.

This study aims to examine the influence of profitability, Sustainable Financial Performance, and firm size on tax avoidance in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2022–2024 period. The research uses a quantitative approach, relying on secondary data obtained from the annual financial reports of banking companies. The analysis method applied is multiple linear regression to assess the effect of the independent variables profitability, Sustainable Financial Performance, and firm size on the dependent variable, tax avoidance. The findings reveal that profitability, Sustainable Financial Performance, and firm size have a simultaneous and significant impact on tax avoidance. Partially, each variable also exerts a significant influence, suggesting that financial performance, capital structure, and company scale play key roles in determining tax avoidance behavior. The results are expected to enrich tax accounting literature and serve as practical input for banking management in formulating legal and efficient tax strategies.

The study try to investigate how corporate governance practices affect tax avoidance in manufacturing companies (listed on IDX, 2021-2023). The five independent variables are foreign ownership, audit committee, audit quality, independent board of commissioners, and institutional ownership, which are analyzed to obtain findings on their influence on tax avoidance, proxied by the Effective Tax Rate (ETR). The findings of the study show tax avoidance is not significantly affected by these five independent variables, either individually or collectively. These findings indicate that tax avoidance in manufacturing companies is not directly affected by the corporate governance mechanisms measured through these variables. This research provides implications for regulators and companies in evaluating the effectiveness of implementing various principles of good corporate governance in the oversight of tax policies.

Tax is the main source of state revenue that plays a crucial role in financing development at the national level. However, many taxpayers try to reduce their tax obligations by engaging in tax avoidance or tax evasion. This study aims to explain the definition of tax avoidance and tax evasion, identify the factors that encourage tax avoidance, and examine the legal basis and sanctions applied to those involved in tax avoidance in Indonesia. In this analysis, it is stated that although tax avoidance occurs legally by exploiting loopholes in the law, this action still has a negative impact on state revenue and causes injustice in the tax system. The Indonesian government has issued various regulations, such as Law Number 28 of 2007 and PP No. 55 of 2022, to prevent these practices. Strict law enforcement and comprehensive tax education need to be carried out continuously so that taxpayer awareness and compliance in fulfilling tax obligations increase.  

This study aims to analyze the effect of sales growth, liquidity, and leverage on tax avoidance in food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the period 2021-2023. Using a sample of 10 companies, this research collected financial data and annual reports to evaluate the relationship between these variables. The results of analysis indicate that sales growth and leverage have a significant effect on tax avoidance. Furthermore, the simultaneoustest results how that three variables collectively have a significant effect on tax avoidance. This study provides insights for stakeholders in understanding the dynamics of taxation within this industry and highlights the importance of considering other financial factors that may influence tax avoidance

This research is a literature study that aims to identify and analyze the elements that influence tax avoidance practices in trading sector companies. Tax avoidance is a strategy taken by companies to minimize the tax burden that must be paid. Although legal, it often raises ethical debates and has an impact on the country's foreign exchange earnings. The research method used in this study is a literature review of various scientific journals and relevant publications that discuss the determinants of tax avoidance, especially in the trade sector. This research takes data from various sources that have been indexed by SINTA. Researchers searched for all relevant data until it was classified into nine relevant sources and discussed in this study. The following factors that affect tax avoidance include leverage on tax avoidance, profitability on tax avoidance, and company size on tax avoidance. The results of the study indicate that leverage, profitability, and company size affect the practice of tax avoidance. This study provides insight for stakeholders, such as the government and investors, in understanding the characteristics of companies that tend to practice tax avoidance, as well as a basis for formulating more effective tax policies.

Article 26 Income Tax (PPh Article 26) is a tax imposed on income received by foreign taxpayers from sources within Indonesia. This tax applies to foreign entities or individuals who do not reside, are not domiciled, and do not have a permanent establishment in Indonesia. Types of taxable income include interest, dividends, royalties, rent, and service fees. The standard tax rate is 20% of the gross income, but it can be reduced if a Double Tax Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) exists between Indonesia and the taxpayer’s country. The Indonesian income payer is responsible for withholding the tax. After withholding, the tax must be paid to the government by the 10th of the following month and reported to the tax authority by the 20th. To apply DTAA rates, the foreign taxpayer must submit a Certificate of Domicile (CoD). This mechanism ensures that Indonesia maintains its right to tax income derived within its territory. By understanding the procedures for withholding, paying, and reporting Article 26 tax, taxpayers can fulfill their tax obligations correctly and avoid administrative penalties.

Income Tax Article 26 (PPh 26) is a type of tax imposed on income received by foreign taxpayers from Indonesia, including royalties, interest, dividends, prizes, as well as technical and managerial services. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Article 26 in cross-border transactions, the level of compliance by foreign taxpayers, and the effectiveness of tax withholding and payment by withholding agents. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review and analysis of tax regulations. The results show that although the regulations concerning PPh 26 are relatively clear, there are still obstacles in its implementation, such as a lack of understanding by tax withholders, difficulties in validating foreign tax documents, and suboptimal utilization of tax treaties (Double Tax Avoidance Agreements). This research recommends enhanced education and training for withholding agents, stronger integration of digital reporting systems, and stricter supervision by tax authorities in order to maximize state revenue potential from Article 26 income tax.

The purpose of this study is to determine the trends and developments in corporate tax avoidance studies using a mixed method approach. This method includes a quantitative approach in bibliographic analysis and literature review. Data were collected through searching national and international journals indexed in Emerald, Springer, and Scopus by referring to relevant publications. Data analysis includes: (1) mapping trends and developments in corporate tax avoidance research with Vosviewer software based on bibliographic studies; and (2) identifying trends and issues in corporate tax avoidance through literature review. The results of the Vosviewer analysis found five large groups with 40 main topics after selection. All topics are explained comprehensively through a literature review. This study provides a comprehensive picture of themes that are often studied in previous literature, thus becoming a reference for further research.

Article 26 of the Indonesian Income Tax Law (PPh Pasal 26) is a significant fiscal regulation that imposes withholding tax on income derived from Indonesian sources and received by foreign taxpayers who do not have a permanent establishment (PE) in Indonesia. The implementation of this regulation plays a crucial role in securing state revenue from cross-border transactions while also addressing the issue of double taxation through Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs). Income subject to PPh 26 includes dividends, interest, royalties, rent, service fees, rewards, pensions, and insurance premiums. The standard withholding tax rate is 20% of the gross or estimated net income, although lower rates may apply depending on applicable tax treaties. The calculation method varies depending on the type of income and the existence of a DTAA. This article also highlights the importance of determining the beneficial owner in applying tax treaty benefits, as well as the challenges faced by companies and tax authorities in enforcement. A case study is presented to illustrate how PPh 26 is calculated on insurance and reinsurance transactions involving foreign entities. Understanding the mechanism, rates, and legal context of PPh 26 is essential for taxpayers and practitioners to ensure compliance and mitigate potential tax disputes.

The practice of tax avoidance is often used by companies to legally reduce tax obligations, which can harm the state. Companies with high profitability and large size may indicate the use of more complex effective tax planning strategies. This study aims to examine the influence of profitability and company size on tax avoidance. This research is explanatory in nature. The research sample consists of 19 manufacturing companies in the food and beverage subsector listed on the IDX for the period 2020–2023, obtained through purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques include descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, goodness-of-fit tests (F-test and coefficient of determination), and hypothesis testing (t-test). The results show that profitability has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, while company size has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance

This study aims to examine the effect of financial performance on tax avoidance in start-up and established technology sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2021–2023 period. Financial performance in this study is proxied by Return on Assets (ROA) and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), while tax avoidance is proxied by Effective Tax Rate (ETR). This study uses a quantitative method with a comparative approach. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Data analysis was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test and multiple linear regression using the SPSS application. The results of the study indicate that the financial performance of established companies is better than start-up companies, but there is no difference in tax avoidance in established and start-up companies. The results of this study prove that financial performance does not have a significant effect on tax avoidance. This study is expected to contribute to investors, academics, and policy makers in understanding the relationship between financial performance and tax avoidance in start-up and established companies.

Tax aggressiveness refers to corporate actions aimed at reducing taxable income through tax planning strategies. This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the effect of profitability and liquidity on tax aggressiveness, with corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure as a moderating variable. This research is based on agency theory and focuses on manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2020 to 2022. The study sample consists of 87 companies, selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research employs Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) to analyze the data. The findings indicate that profitability significantly influences tax aggressiveness, while liquidity does not. Additionally, CSR does not moderate the relationship between profitability and tax aggressiveness, nor does it moderate the effect of liquidity on tax aggressiveness. The theoretical implication of this research supports and expands the understanding of agency theory in tax-related decision-making. The practical implication suggests that highly profitable companies should avoid engaging in tax aggressiveness, as it may damage their corporate image. Moreover, fair tax policy implementation and enhanced government supervision are necessary to minimize tax avoidance practices

This study aims to determine the effect of transfer pricing, thin capitalization, capital intensity and audit quality on tax avoidance. The population in this study are companies that have been listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) during the 2019-2023 period, totaling 54 companies. The sample in this study amounted to 19 multinational companies or 95 observation data determined by purposive sampling method. The data analysis used is multiple linear regression analysis with dummy variables with the SPSS 29 program. The results showed that transfer pricing partially had a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance, while thin capitalization, capital intensity and audit quality partially have no significant effect on tax avoidance. However, transfer pricing, thin capitalization, capital intensity and audit quality simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance.

This research aims to determine the effect of the level of website-based disclosure of company information on corporate tax avoidance behavior. The objects in this research are all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period June 2024. Data collection in this research uses content analysis methods and data processing using the SPSS application. The sampling technique in this research used purposive sampling with a final sample size of 399 companies. The research results show that the level of website-based disclosure of company information has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance behavior in public companies in Indonesia. 

This research aims to determine the effect of profitability, sales growth, deferred tax expense, and capital intensity on tax avoidance. The object of this study consists of manufacturing companies in the non-cyclicals sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the financial statements during the period from 2020 to 2023. The sampling technique in this study used purposive sampling method which resulted in a total sample of 67 companies. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS version 22.0 software. The results of this study indicate that profitability, sales growth, and capital intensity have a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance, meanwhile deferred tax expense has no a significant effect on tax avoidance.

This study aims to examine the influence of corporate risk, cost shifting, and company size on tax avoidance. The population in this study is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2022. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained 91 companies. This research is a quantitative study using secondary data from the Annual Reports of manufacturing companies. The model used in this research is panel data regression with the selected model being the Random Effect testing model. (RE). The research results show that Corporate Risk has a significantly negative impact on tax avoidance, Cost Shifting has a significant negative impact on tax avoidance, and Company Size has no impact on tax avoidance.

This study aims to test and analyze the effect of capital intensity, thin capitalization, and profitability on tax avoidance. The research method uses quantitative research. Types and sources of data in research with the audit reports of non-cyclical consumer issuers on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2023 period. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling method and obtained 170 observations. Data processing in this study using Eviews 13. It can be concluded that capital intensity has a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance, thin capitalization has a negative but insignificant effect on tax avoidance, and profitability has a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.

This research was conducted to test and analyze the influence of leverage, liquidity and profitability on tax avoidance, as well as the role of company size as a moderating variable. The research objects used in this research are industrial sector companies listed on the IDX in 2023, namely 63 companies. The sampling technique used in this research was purposive sampling, then data was obtained from 57 companies that passed the predetermined criteria.  The results show that leverage has a negative effect and profitability has a positive effect on tax avoidance, while liquidity has no effect. Company size weakens the influence of leverage on tax avoidance, but does not moderate the influence of liquidity and profitability.

The purpose of this study is to empirically prove that cash holding can be influenced by the profitability of net working capital cash conversion cycle firm size and leverage either directly or indirectly mediated by tax availability in basic and chemical industrial manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018 - 2021. The measurement of the intervening tax avoidance variable uses the cash effective tax rate application, with purposive sampling in this study. Based on the existing criteria, a sample of 31 manufacturing companies in the basic and chemical industry sectors were obtained that were "listed" on the IDX for the period 2018-2021. and Firm Size significantly affect Cash Holding without being mediated by Tax Avoidance while Leverage can significantly affect Cash Holding mediated by Tax Avoidance for manufacturing companies in the basic and chemical industry sectors listed on the IDX for the period 2018 – 2021.