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This study aims to design and develop an electrical installation panel by applying engineering safety principles in the water spray booth of a vehicle body painting system. Field observations indicate that electrical panels in painting rooms often do not meet safety standards, which can lead to short circuits and potential fire hazards. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using a simplified Borg and Gall model consisting of nine stages, starting from problem identification to effectiveness testing. Expert validation results obtained a score of 87.5% (highly valid), practicality testing yielded 90% (very practical), and effectiveness tests showed an average current of 4.1 A, with both the MCB and emergency stop functioning optimally. The developed panel product is declared feasible to be used as a practical learning media for automotive electrical systems. Based on the test results, the panel product was declared suitable for use and can be used as a learning medium in automotive electrical practice, helping to increase understanding of the application of safety in electrical installations in the automotive industry.  

Constructivism learning theory places learners as active subjects in constructing knowledge through learning experiences, social interactions, and reflection on their surroundings. This approach views learning not as a passive process of receiving information, but as an active process of constructing meaning based on the prior knowledge possessed by learners. This paper aims to comprehensively examine the development and definition of constructivist learning theory, its main principles and characteristics, and its implications in the learning process, particularly in the context of primary education. The writing method used is a literature study by analyzing various literature sources in the form of textbooks, scientific journal articles, and other relevant references related to constructivism theory. The results of the study show that constructivist learning emphasizes learner-centered learning, where knowledge is not transferred directly by the teacher but is constructed through a process of assimilation and accommodation. In this approach, teachers act as facilitators who design a conducive learning environment so that students are able to build understanding independently and through social interaction. The application of constructivist learning has been proven to encourage the development of critical thinking, problem solving, cooperation, and meaningful learning. Therefore, constructivist learning theory is relevant to be applied in modern learning as an effort to improve the quality of the learning process and outcomes of students.

The evaluation of Indonesian language instruction at the junior secondary level remains predominantly oriented toward lower-order thinking skills, thereby constraining the advancement of students’Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). This situation necessitates the development of comprehensive assessment tools that are coherently aligned with the Merdeka Curriculum. The present study introduces a model for constructing HOTS-oriented assessment instruments targeting procedural text writing in Phase D. The development process was systematically organized through several stages: translating learning outcomes into measurable indicators, preparing assessment blueprints, creating item cards, formulating scoring rubrics for attitudes, knowledge, and skills, and finally analyzing and interpreting the assessment data. These instruments were specifically designed to capture students’ analytical, evaluative, and creative abilities in producing procedural texts that are logical, coherent, and effective. Findings demonstrate that the instruments provide an objective and holistic representation of students’ competency attainment. In summary, the proposed HOTS-based assessment model for procedural text writing is practical, methodical, and contextually relevant, serving as a valuable framework for evaluating Indonesian language learning in accordance with the Merdeka Curriculum principles.

The paradigm of Islamic education requires the integration of Western learning theories with an Islamic perspective to create a holistic approach to education. With the rapid development of psychological theories in education, such as behaviorism, cognition, humanism, and constructivism, it is essential to examine their relevance within the context of Islamic education. This article aims to analyze the integration of these theories in Islamic learning, with a focus on their connection to key Islamic concepts such as reward-punishment (pahala-dosa), reflection (tafakkur), self-actualization, mutual assistance (ta'awun), and consultation (syura). This study uses a literature review method with a qualitative approach. Articles were gathered through Google Scholar and Publish or Perish with keywords "Behaviorism in Islamic Education" AND "Cognitive Learning in Islam" AND "Humanistic Approach in Islamic Education" AND "Constructivism in Islamic Education." Of the initial 40 articles obtained, a screening process resulted in 5 articles that met the publication criteria (2020–2025), relevance to the topic, and open access. The review results show that integrating these theories into Islamic education can enrich the learning process by linking moral, social, and spiritual elements that are essential in Islamic teachings. This literature synthesis reveals the importance of integrating psychological theories with the principles of Islamic education to create a more comprehensive and holistic educational system. Further research should develop empirical methodologies and more detailed and practical application models in Islamic education practice.

Arabic grammar (nahwu) instruction has long been dominated by rule-based approaches that emphasize memorization and formal analysis, often resulting in rigid learning structures and limited responsiveness to learners’ cognitive diversity. While such approaches play an important role in preserving grammatical accuracy, they frequently overlook individual learning trajectories, cognitive readiness, and adaptive instructional needs. In the era of artificial intelligence (AI), language education is increasingly shaped by adaptive learning systems that personalize content, pacing, and instructional strategies based on learners’ profiles. This study aims to reconceptualize Arabic grammar instruction by proposing a conceptual framework that integrates traditional nahwu principles with adaptive learning systems informed by AI. Using a qualitative conceptual analysis, this paper synthesizes classical Arabic grammar pedagogy, contemporary theories of adaptive learning, and recent developments in AI-supported language instruction. The proposed framework highlights key components, including learner profiling, cognitive-level alignment, hierarchical nahwu content structuring, and AI-assisted scaffolding mechanisms. The findings suggest that adaptive learning systems offer significant pedagogical potential to transform nahwu instruction from a static, rule-centered model into a flexible, learner-centered process. This reconceptualization is expected to enhance grammatical comprehension, reduce cognitive overload, and promote learner autonomy in Arabic language education, particularly in Islamic higher education contexts. The study concludes by discussing pedagogical implications and directions for future empirical research on AI-assisted Arabic grammar learning.

This article examines various guidance and counseling (BK) management models relevant to the context of modern education in Indonesia. The models discussed include POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling) management, comprehensive BK services, school-based BK management, specialized service management, and the use of digitalization in BK services. This review was compiled using a literature review method, drawing on various credible national sources, such as scientific journals, reference books, and education policy documents. The purpose of this research is to provide an in-depth understanding of the characteristics, principles, and implementation of each BK management model in educational practice. The results indicate that each model has its own advantages and limitations, both in terms of service planning, resource management, and the effectiveness of service delivery to students. Therefore, the selection and implementation of a BK management model must be tailored to the needs of the school, the availability of professional staff, infrastructure, and student characteristics. The integration of a systematic, data-driven, and adaptive management approach to developments in information technology is a key factor in improving the quality and effectiveness of BK services. This article is expected to provide theoretical and practical contributions to school counselors, educators, and education policymakers.  

This study examines the role of officially appointed amil zakat in enhancing transparency and accountability in zakat governance in Mojopuro Village, Wonogiri Regency. Prior to this initiative, Mojopuro had no Zakat Collection Unit (UPZ), resulting in zakat practices that were traditional, undocumented, and lacking institutional oversight. Through a series of mentoring activities and seminars conducted from 8–18 September 2025, capacity-building efforts were directed toward prospective amil zakat, village officials, and religious leaders, focusing on zakat regulations, principles of transparency, and both vertical and horizontal accountability. The implementation methods included material delivery, group discussions, and consultative sessions, which ultimately led to the formal appointment of official amil zakat by the Wonogiri Regency BAZNAS. The findings demonstrate that the presence of official amil significantly improved the structural management of zakat, enhanced participants’ understanding of transparency and accountability, and strengthened coordination among amil, village administrators, and religious figures. These results indicate that village-based institutional mentoring can foster a transformative shift from traditional zakat practices toward professional, transparent, and accountable governance. This study thus offers a community-based empowerment model that can be replicated in other villages to improve zakat distribution effectiveness and build public trust in formal zakat institutions.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP Nasional 2023) has brought significant changes to the national penal system, particularly in the regulation of sanctions imposed on children who commit criminal offenses. Children as offenders constitute a special legal subject who require a sentencing approach oriented toward protection, guidance, and rehabilitation. This study aims to analyze the regulation and concept of sentencing for children under the perspective of the KUHP Nasional 2023 and to assess its conformity with the principles of child protection and the objectives of the juvenile justice system in Indonesia. This research employs a juridical descriptive method using statutory and conceptual approaches through a literature review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that the KUHP Nasional 2023 normatively accommodates a more humane sentencing approach by emphasizing the objectives of punishment and providing non-custodial sanctions and rehabilitative measures. However, these provisions remain general and have not been explicitly integrated with restorative justice principles as stipulated in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Act. Therefore, regulatory harmonization and consistent implementation are necessary to ensure that sentencing for children truly reflects the best interests of the child and the rehabilitative goals of the juvenile justice system.

This study aims to answer the following questions: First, what are the concepts of the rule of law and democracy, and how are they related? Second, what is the concept of human rights and how does it relate to the rule of law and democracy in Indonesia? The method used in this study is normative legal research, focusing on the study of legislation and scientific literature on the rule of law, democracy, and human rights. The approaches used include a legislative approach to examine the provisions of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and related regulations; a conceptual approach to examine the theory of the rule of law, the theory of democracy, and the theory of human rights; and a historical approach to trace the development of these three concepts in the Indonesian context. The research data was obtained from primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that the concepts of the rule of law and democracy are two interrelated and inseparable principles. Both in the traditions of the rechstaat and the rule of law, respect for human rights is placed as a key pillar, which is now understood more broadly to include issues of freedom, social justice, and protection from arbitrariness. The relationship between human rights, democracy, and the rule of law affirms that the law must be the highest authority, with the constitution as its highest foundation. The supremacy of law is an important element in the practice of democracy because the constitution functions as a social contract that regulates power and guarantees the protection of human rights.

The development of electronic commerce through marketplace platforms presents new challenges in civil law enforcement, particularly concerning the platform's liability for the circulation of counterfeit goods. This study aims to analyze Shopee's legal responsibility as a provider of electronic transaction services regarding the sale of counterfeit goods, based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code concerning Unlawful Acts and its relation to consumer protection principles as regulated in the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The research uses a normative juridical method with a legislative approach and literature study, including provisions in the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions and Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions. The research findings indicate that although Shopee does not act as a direct seller, the platform still has a legal obligation to provide a reliable, secure, and responsible electronic system. Negligence in verifying sellers and monitoring products has the potential to fulfill the elements of unlawful acts, particularly the elements of fault and causal relationship with consumer losses. This study emphasizes that Shopee qualifies as a business actor in the context of consumer protection, thereby bearing both preventive and repressive responsibilities to ensure transaction security and prevent the circulation of counterfeit goods on its platform.

This article discusses the concept of fitnah in Islam, focusing on its definition, forms, risks, and social impacts. Fitnah, referring to false accusations, deceit, and the spreading of misleading information, can pose a serious threat to individual integrity and social balance. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach with a literature review from classical Islamic texts, Quranic verses, the teachings of the Prophet, and the latest scholarly articles from trusted sources. The findings indicate that fitnah is a significant moral and social violation that can lead to various issues, such as conflicts, defamation, social division, and the loss of trust within society. The study also emphasizes the importance of Islamic ethical principles in preventing and addressing fitnah, especially in the digital age, where information can spread rapidly and widely. The study concludes that preventing fitnah requires an increase in public literacy, more ethical communication, and adherence to Islamic values that emphasize honesty and caution in disseminating information. These efforts are expected to reduce the negative impact of fitnah in social life and foster a more harmonious society.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in Fiqh subjects and how its application affects the improvement of students' understanding. Using the library research method, this study reviews various recent literature in the form of scientific articles, accredited journals, academic books, and relevant policy documents. The results of the study show that the Merdeka Curriculum is conceptually aligned with the principles of Islamic education, especially in terms of character development, freedom of learning, and student-centered learning. However, the implementation of this curriculum in Fiqh learning still faces a number of challenges, such as teachers' limited understanding of the new curriculum approach, a lack of project-based contextual teaching materials, and difficulties in conducting authentic assessments on aspects of worship and morals. Technical challenges such as the availability of facilities and access to technology also hamper the effectiveness of learning. This study emphasizes the need for continuous teacher training, the development of open-access learning resources, and improved infrastructure support in order to strengthen the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. Overall, this curriculum has significant potential to improve students' understanding of Fiqh if it is supported by appropriate and collaborative implementation strategies.

Ontology is the philosophical foundation that determines the way reality is understood in the development of science. Differences in ontological assumptions will have implications for the way science is constructed, developed, and interpreted. This article aims to philosophically analyze the ontology of science in Western and Islamic perspectives by highlighting its fundamental similarities and differences. This study uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies with descriptive-analytical and comparative methods. The results show that the ontology of Western science tends to emphasize empirical and rational reality as the main object of science, while the ontology of Islamic science is based on the principle of monotheism which looks at reality holistically, including physical and metaphysical dimensions. Although paradigmatically different, the two perspectives have a common point in the recognition of the order of nature and the role of reason in understanding reality. This article affirms the importance of ontological dialogue between the West and Islam in formulating a scientific paradigm that is not only technically advanced, but also philosophically and ethically meaningful.

Contemporary developments in science, technology, and socio-cultural dynamics have given rise to various new fiqh issues (masailul al-fiqhiyyah al-mu‘ashirah) that were not explicitly discussed in classical Islamic jurisprudence. These contemporary fiqh issues demand contextual ijtihad that is responsive to current realities while remaining grounded in Islamic legal principles. This study aims to analyze contemporary fiqh issues and examine their implications for the moral formation of students in Islamic education. This research employs a qualitative library research approach by analyzing classical fiqh literature, contemporary fiqh studies, and relevant educational theories. The findings indicate that contemporary fiqh issues such as digital ethics, biomedical technology, and socio-economic practices carry significant moral dimensions that directly influence students’ attitudes and behavior. Integrating contemporary fiqh discourse into Islamic education encourages critical thinking, moral reasoning, and ethical awareness among learners. Therefore, contemporary fiqh learning not only functions as a legal reference but also as a strategic instrument for strengthening students’ moral character in accordance with Islamic values. The study implies that Islamic education institutions should contextualize fiqh instruction to address contemporary moral challenges faced by students.

Islamic entrepreneurship education integrates ethical, moral, and spiritual values with practical business practices. This study examines the perspective of the Prophet Muhammad’s hadith on entrepreneurship, emphasizing principles such as honesty, independence, creativity, risk-taking, and social responsibility. Using a qualitative approach, primary hadith sources and scholarly interpretations are analyzed to identify both values and practical implementations of entrepreneurship education in Islam. Findings reveal that the Prophet emphasized self-reliance, productive work, and ethical business conduct, providing practical guidance such as utilizing available resources, step-by-step mentoring, and progressive skill development. Additionally, Islamic entrepreneurship education prioritizes character formation, integrity, and social contribution alongside economic gain. Practical examples from hadith illustrate methods for instilling entrepreneurial values, including prohibitions against unethical transactions, encouragement to work with one’s own hands, and support for independent income generation. The study shows that integrating moral guidance from hadith with business training produces competent, responsible, and ethically grounded entrepreneurs. This framework offers a comprehensive model for modern entrepreneurship education, balancing profitability, ethical conduct, and societal welfare. The research contributes to understanding how Islamic values can form the foundation of sustainable and morally conscious business practices, providing educators and practitioners with actionable insights for cultivating entrepreneurship aligned with Islamic teachings.

Digital transformation has significantly reshaped human resource management (HRM) through the adoption of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS), artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, e-learning platforms, and remote work technologies. Although these innovations improve efficiency and decision-making, they also generate ethical challenges related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, and employee monitoring. This article examines the role of professional ethics in HRM within the context of digital transformation, highlighting both emerging challenges and potential opportunities. This study employs a conceptual research approach supported by a comprehensive literature review of scholarly works on HRM, professional ethics, and digitalization. The analysis focuses on core ethical principles such as integrity, fairness, responsibility, professionalism, and confidentiality, and evaluates their implementation in digital HR practices. The findings indicate that unethical use of digital technologies may lead to discrimination, reduced employee trust, and violations of individual rights, particularly through biased AI-based recruitment systems and opaque performance evaluation mechanisms. However, digital transformation also offers opportunities to strengthen ethical HR governance. The use of ethical data management, algorithmic audits, digital transparency, and e-learning-based ethics training can enhance accountability and fairness in HR processes. The study concludes that integrating professional ethics with digital HRM is essential for developing human-centered, sustainable, and trustworthy organizations in the digital era.

This study aims to analyze the goods purchasing accounting system at PT Central Sandang Jayatama. A qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis included descriptive analysis of the purchasing accounting system and comparison between the company’s implementation and the elements of a purchasing accounting system, including related functions, procedures, documents, and accounting records. Conclusions and recommendations were drawn based on the analysis. The results indicate that the purchasing accounting system related to auxiliary materials availability supports smooth production processes and provides a significant contribution to management in managing auxiliary materials. However, several elements were not fully aligned with the principles of purchasing accounting systems, as reflected in an unclear organizational structure and overlapping duties between the purchasing and receiving functions. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen the internal control system in auxiliary material purchasing and redesign the organizational structure to separate purchasing and receiving functions. Improvements in this system are expected to enhance product quality, production efficiency, and company profitability. This study contributes

This study aims to examine the impact of green economy initiatives on Indonesia’s GDP growth, with a particular focus on public perceptions of sustainable economic practices. The research employs a descriptive quantitative approach, collecting primary data through an online survey administered to twenty respondents. The survey measured perceptions related to sustainable innovation, environmentally friendly resource management, and energy efficiency as key components of green economy implementation. The findings indicate that respondents hold a generally positive view of green economy practices, as reflected in a high average score of 4.24, suggesting strong agreement regarding their implementation and potential benefits. In addition, perceptions of economic development linked to green initiatives were also rated highly. These results imply that the public perceives a meaningful relationship between the adoption of green economy principles and long-term economic prosperity in Indonesia. Further analysis suggests that green practices can contribute to increased income levels, improved social welfare, and enhanced productivity, while simultaneously supporting environmental sustainability. From a practical perspective, the study highlights the importance of greater community participation, stronger policy commitment from the government, and increased green innovation by corporate entities. Theoretically, the results support existing economic and sustainability theories that emphasize the role of green economy strategies in fostering resilient, inclusive, and equitable economic growth. Overall, this study reinforces the relevance of green economy initiatives as a viable pathway toward sustainable national development.

Social loans are an important tool for developing local economies, especially in remote areas such as rural areas. The Indonesian Village City Savings and Loan Cooperative (KSU) is one of the business entities that provides loan capital to its members. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanism of social loan agreements in the Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian Village City and to determine the perspective of Islamic Economic Law on loan agreements in the Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian Village City. This research method uses a descriptive research type with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through observation and interviews with the Management and members of the Savings and Loan Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian City Village. The results of the study show that first, the loan application procedure involves several steps such as becoming a member, filling out forms, completing documents and the approval stage. The maximum loan provision is 80% of the savings balance with a loan tenor of 12 months and 18 months. The payment system is made in installments through salary deductions and is subject to a 5% interest. For borrowing members who are late, there are no sanctions or fines but there is a time dispensation. Second, the loan application and management mechanism at the Multipurpose Cooperative has met sharia principles through transparent and structured governance, such as deductions from salary installments and a guarantee policy provided in the form of the amount of member savings balances. However, social loans at the Multipurpose Cooperative contain an element of benefit (profit) of 5%, which according to some scholars can be classified as usury because of the addition of value to the principal loan, even though the benefit is returned to members through the Business Result Remainder (SHU).

Optimizing human resource (HR) performance through a business process reengineering (BPR) approach is a crucial strategy in a competitive and dynamic industrial environment. This study qualitatively examines through a literature review how BPRs radically redesign business processes to improve productivity, quality, time efficiency, and reduce operational costs, with a focus on HR aspects such as recruitment, training, performance appraisal, and career development. The BPR theory by Michael Hammer and James Champy emphasizes the principles of results-based workflow reorganization, the integration of information technology such as ERP and AI, and the empowerment of HR to eliminate task redundancy. In the Indonesian industrial context, the integration of BPR with digital transformation supports Industry 4.0, where HR acts as a catalyst for innovation through adaptive skills and cross-functional collaboration. The study results show that BPR implementation strategies including as-is process analysis, to-be design, change management, and continuous evaluation increase employee motivation, retention, and sustainable competitive advantage. Case studies such as PT Telkom Indonesia and PT Cahaya Mega Group demonstrate efficiency increases of up to 100%. This approach not only streamlines operations but also builds an organization resilient to market and technological disruption.