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Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone density, resulting in brittle, porous, and easily broken bones. This condition is more common in the elderly, especially women over 60 years of age, due to hormonal changes, the aging process, and lifestyle factors. Common clinical manifestations experienced by sufferers include back pain that can interfere with daily activities and reduce quality of life. Osteoporosis treatment does not only rely on pharmacological therapy, but can also be done through non-pharmacological therapies such as progressive muscle relaxation techniques that aim to reduce muscle tension and pain perception. This study aims to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on pain reduction in elderly osteoporosis sufferers in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa District, North Sumatra Province. The research method used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test post-test control group design. The study involved 28 elderly respondents who met the inclusion criteria, divided into two groups: an experimental group that received progressive muscle relaxation intervention and a control group that did not receive intervention. The intervention was carried out in a structured manner according to standard procedures throughout the study period. Pain levels were measured using a numeric pain scale before and after treatment. Data analysis showed a significant reduction in pain levels in the experimental group compared to the control group, with a p-value of 0.040. These results indicate that progressive muscle relaxation techniques are effective as a non-pharmacological method for reducing pain in elderly people with osteoporosis. The findings of this study are expected to provide input for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, in developing simple, safe, and affordable interventions to improve the quality of life of elderly people with osteoporosis, as well as encourage the routine implementation of this therapy in primary and community healthcare settings.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is abdominal pain, cramps and back pain experienced by women at the beginning of menstruation for 48-72 hours. This condition is most often experienced by women in their late teens to young adults (15-25 years) due to optimization of uterine function so that prostaglandin secretion increases. In Indonesia, the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea reaches 54.89%, with a significant impact on adolescent activities. One of the effective non-pharmacological methods to overcome primary dysmenorrhea is abdominal effleurage massage, which is performed directly on the site of pain so that endogenous analgesics (endorphins) are released and pain transmission to the cerebral cortex is inhibited. Purposes: To analyze the effect of abdominal effleurage massage on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Research method: This study used a quantitative method with a pre-experimental one group pretest posttest design method. The population of this study was 45 adolescents. The sample was taken using a simple random sampling technique of 21 female students who experienced primary dysmenorrhea. Data collection was carried out using the NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) pain scale observation sheet. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: Based on the analysis test using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, a significance value of 0.00 (p <0.05) was obtained, which means Ha was accepted. In other words, abdominal effleurage massage has an effect on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Conclusion: There is an effect of abdominal effleurage massage on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents.

Gastritis usually occurs in people with irregular eating patterns and consuming foods that stimulate stomach acid production. Inflammation of the gastric mucosa or lining can be caused by various factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soursop leaf decoction on reducing gastritis pain. This research used a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The sample size was 15 people, using accidental sampling. This study was conducted from June 12 to 18, 2025. Data were obtained through observation sheets using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and data analysis used the paired t-test. The results showed that before the soursop leaf decoction, the average pain score for respondents was 0.074, while after the decoction, the pain score decreased to 0.151, a decrease of 0.007 with a P-value of 0.001 (<0.05). Conclusion: The soursop leaf decoction is effective in reducing gastritis pain. Respondents are encouraged to regularly consume the soursop leaf decoction when experiencing pain, and it can serve as a reference for future research using different variables.

Radius fracture and supracondylar joint stiffness are common post-traumatic complications that can reduce upper extremity function and limit daily activities. These problems are generally accompanied by pain, decreased range of motion (LGS), and muscle strength, thus disrupting the patient's functional independence. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of multimodal physiotherapy interventions in improving the clinical condition of patients with post-ORIF radius fractures and supracondylar joint stiffness. This study is a case study of a 47-year-old male patient treated at Panembahan Senopati Bantul Regional Hospital. Physiotherapy interventions were carried out twice, with modalities consisting of infrared therapy, muscle release techniques, assisted active exercises, strengthening exercises, and hold-relax techniques. Clinical evaluation was carried out using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for muscle strength, goniometer for LGS, and Mayo Elbow Score for joint function. The results of the study showed a decrease in pain levels, an increase in LGS and muscle strength, and an improvement in daily activity function. The synthesis of these findings indicates that multimodal physiotherapy interventions have a positive clinical impact on postoperative joint stiffness and musculoskeletal disorders. In conclusion, a combination of various physiotherapy techniques is effective in addressing pain, mobility limitations, and functional impairment in patients with post-ORIF radius fractures and supracondylar joint stiffness, and underscores the importance of a comprehensive and individualized rehabilitation approach.

Fracture is a condition in which the bone structure is severed or damaged due to external pressure on the bone. Fractures can be caused by direct impact, sudden twisting movements, or even by extreme muscle contractions. The WHO states that the prevalence rate of fractures increased from 2020 by approximately 13 million (2.7%). The Ministry of Health in 2023 stated that in Indonesia around 8 million people had fractures. To determine the results of the application of religious music therapy on pain in fracture patients in Flamboyant Ward 5 of Dr Moewardi Surakarta Hospital. The application uses a case study method with a research sample of 2 respondents, the research instrument uses NRS. The intervention group reduced pain from a scale of 6 to 4, and in the control group reduced pain from a scale of 5 to 4. From this study it can be concluded that religious music therapy is more effective to reduce pain.

Knee stiffness is one of the most common complications experienced by patients with tibial fractures. It can weaken and limit accessory joint movement, inhibit muscle activation, impair gait pattern, and reduce the overall physiological range of motion. Surgical procedures may also affect functional capacity and decrease quality of life due to limitations in the patient's activities of daily living (ADL).This case report aims to explore the management and effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions in a case of knee stiffness. A single-subject research design was used to observe a patient, Mr. JP, aged 53 years, who complained of stiffness, pain, and muscle weakness in the left knee (genu sinistra) following trauma. The study was conducted in February 2025. Physiotherapy sessions were carried out every three days, for a total of four sessions. Interventions included Infrared therapy, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), and exercise therapy in the form of passive forced exercises, hold-relax techniques, and active resisted exercises.Progress was observed from session T1 to T4, assessed through various parameters: pain levels measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), muscle strength evaluated using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), range of motion (ROM) assessed with a goniometer, and functional ability measured using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire. The physiotherapy intervention using Infrared, TENS, and therapeutic exercises (passive forced, hold-relax, and active resisted) showed improvements in reducing pain, increasing muscle strength, enhancing joint ROM, and improving ADL performance in a patient with post-tibial fracture knee stiffness.

Pulmonary contusion is a common complication of blunt chest trauma that leads to parenchymal damage, edema, and bleeding, resulting in impaired respiratory function. Thoracotomy procedures to manage rib fractures are often accompanied by complaints of chest pain and dyspnea. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of physiotherapy interventions, specifically breathing exercises and early mobilization, in reducing pain and shortness of breath in a patient diagnosed with pulmonary contusion post-thoracotomy. A case report method was employed with six sessions of breathing exercises and assisted active mobilization over a seven-day period. Assessment was conducted using pain scores, Borg dyspnea scale, and thoracic expansion measurements. Results indicated a reduction in pain and dyspnea scores as well as improved thoracic expansion in the fracture area. Physiotherapy interventions were shown to be effective in promoting respiratory recovery and reducing postoperative complications.

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain that is often found in the population aged 40-60 years, especially women with prolonged standing activities and high body mass index. This case report discusses physiotherapy management in a 41-year-old female patient with plantar fasciitis dextra who underwent therapy at Panembahan Senopati Hospital. The physiotherapy interventions provided included ultrasound, gastrocnemius muscle massage, stretching (Towel Stretch), and exercises (Calf Raise and Towel Toe Curl) for three sessions in three weeks. Evaluation was performed using Wong Baker Scale, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), Goniometer, and Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI). The results showed a decrease in tenderness and pain during movement, increased plantar fascia flexibility, and an increase in FADI score from 63.28% to 77.88%, indicating improved function. Physiotherapy interventions proved to be effective in managing plantar fasciitis symptoms conservatively and improving the patient's quality of life.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a condition that causes pain, tingling or weakness in the hands and fingers. CTS is caused by the depressed median nerve inside the carpal tunnel due to connective tissue. The implementation of therapy has an effect on reducing symptoms caused by CTS, including the implementation of Ultrasound, Tens and Exercise therapy. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Ultrasound, Tens and Exercise therapy in the treatment of CTS. The method used in this study was a case study in a 54-year-old female patient diagnosed with CTS. Evaluation using NRS (Numerical Rating Scale) for pain, goniometer for LGS (Joint Range of Motion) and WHDI (Wrist Hand Disability Index) for functional activities. Therapy was carried out twice a week, patients showed a decrease in palm pain and tingling in the fingertips accompanied by an increase in LGS. The combination of Ultrasound, Tens and Exercise therapy is effective in reducing the symptoms of CTS so that it can be the right choice for this case.

Background: Bell's Palsy is a condition of facial muscle weakness due to inflammation or damage to the VII cranial nerve (facial nerve), which is classified as a primary acute idiopathic lower motor neuron (LMN) type. This condition is characterized by unilateral facial paralysis and pain in the mastoid area, which can affect the patient's quality of life. Method: This study design used a case report method which observed one patient with a case of Bell Palsy Right. Physiotherapy intervention was carried out during four meetings at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, with therapy modalities including Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), massage, and mirror exercise. Evaluation was carried out using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for facial muscle strength, and the Ugo Fisch scale for functional ability. Results: This study shows that physiotherapy treatment during 4 meetings resulted in decreased pain, increased muscle strength, and increased functional ability with Bell palsy. Conclusion: Physiotherapy interventions in the form of TENS, massage, and mirror exercise are effective in reducing pain, increasing muscle strength, and improving functional abilities in patients with Bell's Palsy Right.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a peripheral neuropathy disease that occurs due to compression or pressure on the median nerve which causes narrowing of the carpal tunnel. Common symptoms of CTS are pain, numbness, and paresthesia which usually spread to the fingers, especially the thumb, index finger, and middle finger. To determine the effectiveness of non-operative therapy in cases of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome using modalities of tools and exercise therapy in the form of nerve gliding exercise, free exercise with resistance, hand grip, and manual therapy techniques. Case report study is used as a research method by taking samples from 1 patient with a case of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). The measuring instruments used are Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for the pain scale, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) to measure muscle strength, Goniometer to measure Range Of Motion (ROM), and Wrist Hand Disability Index (WHDI) to measure functional activity ability. After the implementation of the 3rd therapy there were changes, namely decreased pain, increased muscle strength, increased ROM and increased functional activity.  This case study shows that there is effectiveness in providing exercise therapy, manual therapy and electrotherapy in cases of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS).

Appendicitis ranks highest among emergency cases in the abdomen if not treated immediately will cause severe infection until the intestinal lumen can rupture. Pain will appear as a nursing problem for patients who have undergone appendectomy surgery because it is an act of removing the infected appendix through surgery. Pain can be minimized, one of which is with autogenic relaxation training. Activities start from measuring vital signs, pain scale, assessing anxious expressions, then autogenic relaxation training. Education is carried out to assess the knowledge of the community with a history of post-appendectomy surgery about autogenic relaxation and is carried out in collaboration with local village officials. The method used in this activity is counseling about autogenic relaxation training from a team of nursing lecturers and nursing students as many as 36 respondents. The results obtained from respondents before being given education were 36 people who stated that they did not know about autogenic relaxation training and the pain scale felt was above 6 after appendectomy surgery. The output of the PkM that has been implemented is expected to increase knowledge about autogenic relaxation training after autogenic relaxation training is implemented in the community.

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a chronic neuropathic pain complication following herpes zoster infection. PHN often leads to persistent pain and facial muscle dysfunction, affecting patients' quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the physiotherapy management using electrical stimulation and facial exercises in a case of facial PHN. A case report design was used to observe a 36-year-old male patient presenting with facial pain and muscle weakness after herpes zoster infection. The physiotherapy intervention, consisting of electrical stimulation and facial exercises, was conducted over three sessions within two weeks. Assessment tools included NPRS, MMT, and Ugo Fisch Scale. There was a significant reduction in pain from NPRS 5/10 to 0, and improvement in frontal muscle strength from MMT 0 to 3. The Ugo Fisch score increased from 62 to 66, indicating functional improvement of facial muscles, though not yet optimal. Electrical stimulation and facial exercises were effective in reducing pain and improving facial muscle function in a PHN patient. Further research with larger samples is needed to validate these findings.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems that affect the quality of life and productivity of individuals. LBP lasting more than 12 weeks is categorized as chronic LBP and often has no specific cause. Core stability exercise (CSE) is one of the effective rehabilitation methods in managing pain and disability in chronic LBP patients. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CSE in reducing pain in patients with chronic LBP based on a literature review. Methods: This study used the literature review method by reviewing various relevant studies related to CSE and chronic LBP. Data sources were obtained from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PEDro. Articles used had inclusion criteria in the form of randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies published in the last 10 years (2014-2024), in English, and involving patients with non-specific chronic LBP. Article quality assessment was conducted using the PEDro scale. Results: From the analysis of eight articles that met the inclusion criteria, it was found that CSE has significant effectiveness in reducing pain in patients with chronic LBP. The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score showed a greater reduction in the group undergoing CSE compared to the control group or other therapeutic methods. Moreover, the combination of CSE with adjunctive therapies such as pain neuroscience education (PNE), interferential therapy (IFC), and myofascial release technique (MRT) showed better results in reducing pain and improving postural stability and physical function. Conclusion: CSE can be an effective rehabilitation method to reduce pain and improve core muscle stability in patients with chronic LBP. Combination with other therapies may provide more optimal results.

This study aims to examine the effect of appliying the Recovery Ice Bath on reducing fatigue in female outdoor hockey athletes of Universitas Negeri Surabaya. The research employes a pre-experimental method with a One Group Pretest- Posttest Desing. A total of 12 female athletes from Universitas Negeri Surabaya were selected as the study sample. Data were collected through RPE (Rate of Percevied Exertion) quistionnaires, Vas (Visual Analogue Scale) questionnaires,and heart rate meassurements. The analysis of pretest and posttest heart rate values yielded a significant result (0,000 <0,05). Indicating a statistically significant effect of the Recovery Ice Bath. Similarly, the RPE and VAS questionnaire results showed significant values (0,002<0,05 for RPE and VAS), suggesting a substantial impact of the Recovery Ice Bath on reducing fatigue levels and pain in female outdoor hockey athletes at Universitas Negeri Surabaya.  In conclusion, the application of the Recovery Ice Bath significantly influences fatigue reduction in outdoor hockey athletes.athletes who underwent ice baths experienced a faster decline in physical fatigue and muscle soreness. Moreover, ice baths proved effective in accelerating muscle recovery, as evidenced by the reduced Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) after engaging in intense physical activity.

Cesarean section (Sectio Caesarea) is a surgical procedure performed by making an incision in the anterior wall of the uterus to assist the childbirth process. This study aims to examine the application of Benson relaxation technique in reducing the intensity of pain scale in post-cesarean section mothers at Bengkalis Regional General Hospital (RSUD Bengkalis). This research is a quantitative study using a quasi-experimental design. The study was conducted from November to December 2024, involving a sample of 15 respondents. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis, with the Chi-Square test applied. All respondents were post-cesarean section mothers. The findings showed that before the intervention, all 15 respondents (100%) experienced severe pain. After receiving the Benson relaxation intervention for 10–15 minutes, a decrease in pain scale was reported. The data indicated that the majority of respondents (86.7% or 13 respondents) experienced a reduction from severe to moderate pain. The statistical test results yielded a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant effect of Benson relaxation therapy on pain reduction in post-cesarean section patients in the Mawar Ward of RSUD Bengkalis. It is recommended that RSUD Bengkalis consider adopting this technique as an innovation in health services, particularly in nursing care, to help reduce pain in post-cesarean section mothers.

Sectio Saesarea is a way of delivering a fetus by making an incision in the uterine wall through the front wall of the abdomen or vagina or SC is a hysterotomy to deliver a fetus in the uterus (Batara, 2022, p.1). SC is known as one of the procedures that can save both mother and baby. SC can effectively prevent death and disability in mothers and newborns. SC is performed on 3 indication factors, namely maternal, fetal and obstetric factors themselves. The problem that usually arises after SC is pain. Patients after sectio caesarea surgery will feel pain when the effects of anesthetic drugs have disappeared (Solehati & Kosasih, 2015). Postoperative pain after anesthesia is a common complication and will appear 1-3 hours (Saputra, at, al.2023). Pain appears due to the release of pain receptors due to the disconnection of tissue continuity due to the incision process during surgery. Post SC patients usually complain of pain in the abdominal incision area (Wahyuningsih et al., 2022). Pain in patients must be treated immediately so as not to interfere with the mother's activities. There are 2 pain management, namely pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Pharmacological therapy is carried out by administering drug therapy to reduce pain. Non-pharmacological therapy that can be done to reduce pain is one of them early mobilization. Early mobilization after cesarean section is a movement, position or activity carried out by the mother several hours after giving birth by cesarean section (Mawarni, 2018). Early mobilization techniques are very effective in relieving pain. Early mobilization is recommended for post-SC mothers, because it can increase the independence of post-SC patients, as well as support the wound healing process, and reduce pain (Dirgahayu, 2019). Early mobilization interventions can help patients reduce the pain scale felt postoperatively. Case studies using descriptive methods with a nursing process approach were carried out on 3 respondents of post op pregnant women using the One Group Pretest Posttest research design which was measured using the NRS instrument for 3 days. The results showed a decrease in the pain scale in respondents after being given early mobilization interventions. 

Pain and inflammation are two clinical conditions that often occur together, especially in musculoskeletal disorders. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used because they have dual effects as analgesics and anti-inflammatories. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of several types of NSAIDs in reducing pain intensity and inflammatory responses. This study used an experimental design with test animal subjects divided into several groups, each receiving treatment with different NSAIDs, namely ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium, and mefenamic acid. Pain assessment was carried out using the visual analog scale (VAS) method, while inflammation was measured by observing edema and inflammatory biomarker levels. The results showed that all three types of NSAIDs had a significant effect on reducing pain and inflammation compared to negative controls, but there were differences in effectiveness between drugs. Ibuprofen showed higher potential in relieving pain, while diclofenac was more effective in suppressing the inflammatory process.

Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common reproductive health problems experienced by adolescent girls, significantly affecting daily activities and academic performance. Non-pharmacological approaches such as abdominal stretching offer a safe, simple, and cost-effective alternative for reducing menstrual pain. This community service activity was conducted at SMPN 8 Lubuklinggau from April 11 to 17, 2022, aiming to enhance students’ knowledge and skills in managing dysmenorrhea through abdominal stretching exercises. The program included education, demonstration, independent practice, and pre- and post-test evaluations. The results showed that most participants experienced a reduction in menstrual pain intensity and improved understanding of dysmenorrhea management. The intervention proved to be effective and feasible to be integrated into regular school health programs. Additionally, the activity empowered adolescents to take a more active role in maintaining their reproductive health. Further research is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of abdominal stretching on a broader scale.

Intercondylar fractures of the femur are complex intra-articular injuries involving the medial and lateral condyles at the distal end of the femur bone, just above the knee joint. These injuries are commonly caused by high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or falls from significant heights. This study presents a case report of a 23-year-old unemployed female patient. The assessment tools used included the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for evaluating pain intensity, a goniometer for measuring the range of motion (ROM), Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for assessing muscle strength, and the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale for evaluating functional activity. After three physiotherapy sessions conducted over three weeks, the patient demonstrated a reduction in pain, an improvement in muscle strength, an increased joint range of motion, and enhanced functional activity. A rehabilitation program consisting of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), forced knee flexion with a quadriceps board, active knee flexion and extension exercises with a gym ball, stretching exercises, and active functional training was found to be effective in improving the patient's post-operative outcomes following malunion intercondylar femur fracture (right) post-ORIF.