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This study examines thee regulations governing the post-notification obligation for share acquisitions from the perspective of competition law in Indonesia, as well as efforts to optimise it as an effective supervisory instrument. Indonesia adopts a post-notification system as stipulated in Law No. 5 of 1999 and its implementing regulations, which require business entities to report acquisition transactions to the KPPU after the transaction has taken effect. Although this system provides flexibility for business entities, in practice there are a number of weaknesses, including its reactive nature, low levels of compliance, and limitations in the effectiveness of oversight in preventing anti-competitive effects. This study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches, as well as an analysis of KPPU decisions. The research findings indicate that the post-notification system is not yet optimal in maintaining healthy business competition. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen oversight mechanisms, improve business compliance, and update legal policies to be more adaptive, including the possibility of limited integration of pre-notification elements. It is hoped that these optimisations will enhance the effectiveness of acquisition control and prevent monopolistic practices and unhealthy business competition in Indonesia.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is essential for infant growth and immunity during the first six months of life. Despite its benefits, many primiparous mothers face challenges in maintaining EBF due to lack of experience, stress, and insufficient support. Husband support has been identified as a crucial social factor that can influence a mother’s confidence and success in breastfeeding. This study aimed to examine the relationship between husband support and the success of exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers in the Kalibaru Public Health Center area. A cross-sectional correlational design was employed, with 90 primiparous mothers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires measuring husband support, including emotional, informational, and instrumental dimensions, and exclusive breastfeeding practice, following the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. Descriptive statistics summarized participants’ demographic characteristics and levels of support, while inferential analysis using the Chi-square test and Pearson correlation determined the association between husband support and EBF success. The results indicated that higher levels of husband support were significantly associated with successful exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers (p < 0.05). Among the types of support, emotional and informational support were particularly influential in enhancing maternal confidence and overcoming breastfeeding challenges. These findings suggest that encouraging husband involvement through prenatal education, counseling, and family-based interventions can improve EBF rates. In conclusion, husband support plays a vital role in the successful practice of exclusive breastfeeding among first-time mothers. Health programs should actively involve fathers to provide emotional, informational, and practical support, thereby promoting optimal breastfeeding outcomes and infant health in the community.

The campus atmosphere significantly affects students' motivation for learning, influencing their academic experiences, mental health, and social relationships. This study explores how the campus environment impacts students' learning motivation through a literature review approach. The campus atmosphere is a multifaceted concept that includes physical, educational, and social aspects. A conducive physical environment, with well-maintained facilities and adequate learning spaces, enhances students' comfort and focus. The educational environment, particularly the interaction between lecturers and students, teaching methods, and institutional support, plays a key role in students' motivation and involvement. Additionally, the social environment, which includes friendships and a sense of belonging to the campus community, fosters intrinsic motivation and positive learning attitudes. Using a literature review approach, this study analyzes academic sources such as peer-reviewed journals, theses, and scholarly articles on the campus environment and student motivation. The findings indicate that a supportive campus atmosphere enhances students' motivation to learn, while a negative atmosphere can lead to decreased motivation and poor academic involvement. Universities should focus on creating and maintaining a supportive campus atmosphere to improve students' learning motivation and academic success.

Mental health is an essential aspect of human life that is deeply connected to one’s spiritual and faith condition. In the Islamic creed (ʿaqīdah) perspective, mental well-being is not merely defined by emotional stability or positive thinking but by one’s ability to maintain faith, surrender to Allah, and face life’s trials with patience and gratitude. Islam teaches that the source of inner peace (ṭuma’ninah) lies in closeness to Allah through remembrance (dhikr), prayer, and belief in divine destiny (qadha and qadar). Hence, a strong foundation of faith is crucial in maintaining a balanced psychological state for Muslims. In addition to patience and gratitude, the concept of ikhtiar (effort) also plays a vital role in overcoming anxiety. A Muslim is taught to make sincere efforts while trusting in Allah’s will, thereby achieving harmony between physical endeavor and spiritual strength. By internalizing the values of patience, gratitude, and effort, individuals can develop strong mental resilience, manage stress wisely, and find meaningful purpose in life’s challenges. This study highlights the significant role of Islamic teachings in fostering holistic mental health rooted in spiritual tranquility.

This study aims to determine the level of patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at the Bobotsari Community Health Center. Patient satisfaction is an important indicator that reflects the quality of healthcare services. This research employed a quantitative descriptive method using a SERVQUAL-based questionnaire, consisting of five dimensions: tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. A total of 100 outpatient respondents were selected through accidental sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine satisfaction scores for each dimension. The results showed that the tangible dimension achieved 80.57% and the reliability dimension achieved 82%, both categorized as very satisfied. Meanwhile, responsiveness (79.02%), assurance (79.05%), and empathy (77.95%) were categorized as satisfied. The overall average satisfaction level was 79.72%, indicating that patients were generally satisfied with the pharmaceutical services. However, several aspects such as service speed, communication clarity, and personal attention from staff still require improvement. The findings emphasize the importance of maintaining service quality to achieve better patient experiences and public trust.

Exercise is a planned physical activity that not only contributes to physical fitness but also plays a significant role in maintaining and improving mental health. This study aims to explore the relationship between physical exercise and mental well-being among adolescents and university students with diverse backgrounds of physical activity. The research employs a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with five informants, consisting of university students who engage in recreational exercise, recreational runners, middle- and long-distance runners, and a sprinter. Data collection was conducted in several public sports spaces in the city of Bandung, focusing on participants’ subjective experiences related to their psychological conditions before and after engaging in exercise. The findings indicate that all participants perceive exercise as an effective means of emotional regulation. Physical activity is consistently associated with improved mood, reduced stress, enhanced sleep quality, stable energy levels, and increased academic concentration and focus. In addition, exercise contributes to the development of self-confidence, self-efficacy, and self-control through structured routines. The social aspects of exercise, such as support from peers, communities, and coaches, were shown to strengthen the sustainability of physical activity while also providing essential emotional support for mental health. However, among competitive athletes, performance-related pressure was identified as a factor that may negatively affect psychological well-being, although this effect can be moderated by adequate social support. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize that exercise functions as an adaptive coping mechanism operating through biological, psychological, and social pathways, and highlight the importance of consistency and balance in physical activity to achieve optimal mental health benefits.  

Nosocomial infections, also known as Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), are infections acquired by patients during their stay in healthcare facilities. These infections remain a serious problem because they can increase morbidity and mortality rates, prolong the length of hospital stay, and raise healthcare costs. One classical yet highly relevant approach to preventing nosocomial infections is Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory. This theory emphasizes the importance of maintaining a clean environment, adequate ventilation, proper lighting, effective sanitation, and good personal hygiene to support patient recovery and reduce infection risks. Nightingale believed that environmental factors play a crucial role in improving patient health outcomes and preventing disease transmission. In modern nursing practice, the principles of Nightingale’s theory are still widely applied through infection prevention and control programs, environmental cleanliness standards, and patient-centered care. Therefore, understanding and implementing environmental management in healthcare settings remain essential strategies to reduce nosocomial infection rates and improve the overall quality of healthcare services.

HIV/AIDS is still a global health problem that impacts not only the physical condition, but also the social and emotional aspects of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), such as stigma, discrimination, anxiety and social pressure which can reduce the comfort of life. Social support plays an important role in helping PLWHA adapt to the disease, increasing treatment compliance, and maintaining a sense of comfort. This research aims to analyze the relationship between social support and comfort for PLWHA in the Semarang City Peer Support Group (KDS). The research used a quantitative approach with a correlational design through a survey method of 74 PLWHA who were actively undergoing treatment, using an accidental sampling technique. The research instruments included a social support questionnaire and a comfort questionnaire, while data analysis was carried out using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results of the study showed that there was a significant positive relationship between social support and comfort in PLWHA (r = 0.394; p = 0.001), which indicated that the higher the social support received, the better the level of comfort felt. These findings emphasize the important role of social support as part of a holistic nursing approach, so that nurses and health workers are expected to be able to integrate social support-based interventions in an effort to increase the comfort of PLWHA.

Adolescence is a crucial period in human development, characterized by biological, psychological, and social changes. At this stage, adolescents require proper understanding of reproductive health to prevent risky behaviors and to support the development of healthy and responsible attitudes. This community service activity aimed to improve students’ knowledge of reproductive health through socialization at State Vocational High School (SMKN) 1 Mempura, Siak Regency. The method used was descriptive qualitative with a focus on education through material delivery, interactive discussions, and question-and-answer sessions. The activity was conducted on August 14, 2025, at the SMKN 1 Mempura Hall, involving 39 students out of 50 targeted participants. Data were obtained through observation of students’ participation and documentation of the activity, and were then analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that students were enthusiastic in attending the socialization and demonstrated improved understanding of reproductive health concepts, reproductive organ functions, personal hygiene, and the risks of unsafe sexual behaviors. The interactive discussion also revealed students’ willingness to ask questions and share perspectives, reflecting stronger attitudes and confidence in maintaining reproductive health. In conclusion, the socialization of reproductive health at SMKN 1 Mempura successfully enhanced students’ knowledge and awareness. Despite limitations in terms of time allocation and long-term evaluation, this activity provided tangible benefits. Future efforts are recommended to develop sustainable programs supported by additional learning media and closer collaboration with the school.

Health education at the elementary school level represents a long-term investment in developing a stronger and more capable generation. By fostering a proper understanding from an early age, children are expected to build a resilient defense against various health threats. This community service program aims to broaden the knowledge and awareness of students at SDN 054945 Dogang Village, Gebang District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra, regarding Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (known as PHBS). As a promotive and preventive strategy, PHBS is essential to instill from childhood to cultivate healthy habits and prevent various health disorders. This study utilizes a qualitative approach, applying the Miles and Huberman interactive analysis model. The activity, conducted on July 20, 2024, involved 77 fourth and fifth-grade students and followed three main stages: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. Socialization was carried out interactively through handwashing tutorial videos, physical exercises, PHBS-themed songs and rhythmic clapping, and Q&A sessions. The results indicated an improvement in students' understanding of various PHBS indicators, including handwashing habits, waste management, healthy food consumption, physical activity, growth monitoring, avoiding tobacco smoke, maintaining toilet cleanliness, and eradicating mosquito larvae. The active participation shown by the students reflects a heightened awareness of practicing PHBS within the school environment. In conclusion, this educational initiative has delivered a positive impact on student knowledge and holds the potential to foster a sustainable culture of clean and healthy living, both at school and in their daily lives.

Oral and dental health problems among elementary school children remain relatively high, particularly dental caries, which is influenced by low levels of knowledge and inadequate toothbrushing skills. Children aged 6–12 years are in the mixed dentition phase and therefore require special attention in maintaining oral hygiene. This community service activity aimed to improve the knowledge and toothbrushing skills of elementary school students through a demonstration method using a dental phantom model. The activity was conducted at SD Inpres Maccini Sombala I in January 2026 and involved elementary school students as participants. The methods applied included oral health education, demonstration of proper toothbrushing techniques using a dental phantom, mass toothbrushing practice, and evaluation through pre-test and post-test as well as direct observation. The results showed an improvement in students’ understanding of the correct timing, frequency, and technique of toothbrushing, namely brushing twice a day after breakfast and before bedtime. In addition, students were able to practice proper toothbrushing techniques more effectively after the demonstration. The use of a dental phantom as an educational medium proved to be effective in increasing students’ interest, understanding, and toothbrushing skills. This activity is expected to help establish good toothbrushing habits from an early age and support promotive and preventive efforts to reduce the prevalence of dental caries among elementary school children.

The use of radiation-based medical equipment such as CT Scan poses potential risks of radiation leakage that may endanger patients, medical personnel, and the surrounding environment if not properly managed. This study aims to analyze radiation safety policies in anticipating radiation leakage in the CT Scan unit of Royal Prima General Hospital Medan, covering policy frameworks, physical protection measures, implementation challenges, and supervision and evaluation systems. This research employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document reviews related to radiation safety policies. The results indicate that radiation safety policies at Royal Prima General Hospital Medan have referred to BAPETEN regulations and international standards, particularly in the structural protection of the CT Scan room, which has been proven effective in maintaining radiation exposure levels below the permissible limits. However, policy implementation still faces several obstacles, including budget limitations, non-compliance of some medical staff with the use of personal protective equipment, and suboptimal discipline in adhering to standard operating procedures. Supervision and evaluation have been conducted internally by certified Radiation Protection Officers and externally through periodic inspections by BAPETEN, yet further strengthening is required in terms of staff behavior and safety culture. In conclusion, radiation safety policies have been technically effective, but continuous improvement in compliance, supervision, and safety culture among medical personnel is essential to sustainably minimize the risk of radiation leakage.

Organizational commitment is essential for maintaining hospital performance, service quality, and healthcare continuity. Preliminary data from Brebes Regional General Hospital shows that 35% of medical doctors face issues with low organizational commitment, which may negatively impact the institution's effectiveness. This study examines how meritocracy strengthens the effects of transformational leadership and work motivation on medical personnel's organizational commitment. A quantitative approach with causal research design was used to analyze the relationships among these variables. The sample included 72 doctors, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) to assess both direct and moderating effects. The findings show that transformational leadership, work motivation, and meritocracy together significantly influence organizational commitment. Transformational leadership and work motivation each have a positive impact on organizational commitment. Additionally, meritocracy serves as a moderating factor, enhancing the connection between leadership and commitment, as well as work motivation and commitment. These results suggest that meritocratic systems based on competence, performance, and achievement improve leadership effectiveness and motivation, fostering greater commitment among medical staff. The study suggests that hospital management should implement meritocratic principles consistently in leadership and human resource practices, alongside developing transformational leadership and motivation strategies, to maintain high levels of organizational commitment among medical personnel.

This study aims to describe dietary patterns, food consumption habits, hygiene awareness, and environmental and social factors related to digestive disorders in junior high school students. This study used a descriptive approach with a closed-ended interview method (Yes/No answers) with Thirty-five  junior high school students using 15 questions. The results showed that some students did not have consistent breakfast habits, had a high tendency to consume fried foods and sugary drinks, and demonstrated low awareness of food safety and hygiene habits such as washing hands before eating. In addition, the school environment, peer influence, and psychological well-being influence students’ eating patterns. These factors contribute to digestive problems in some students. Therefore, schools must actively participate in maintaining a clean environment, providing students with healthy food options, and providing ongoing nutritional instruction on digestive health.

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to control blood glucose levels and improve digestive health. These benefits are closely associated with its bioactive metabolite content. This article aims to characterize the bioactive metabolites of bitter melon and to review their potential bioactivity in glycemic control and digestive function. The method employed includes a literature-based characterization of metabolites, identification of major classes of active compounds, and evaluation of analytical techniques commonly applied in natural product research, such as phytochemical screening, chromatography, and spectroscopic analysis. The results indicate that bitter melon contains various bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, and polyphenols, which contribute to blood glucose reduction by enhancing insulin sensitivity and inhibiting glucose absorption. Furthermore, these compounds support digestive health by improving digestive enzyme activity, exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects, and maintaining gut microbial balance. In conclusion, bitter melon represents a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with significant potential for application in health and pharmaceutical development.

Increasingly complex environmental problems, including pollution, ecosystem degradation, and climate change, demand greater awareness and active participation from all sectors of society, particularly students as agents of change. A clean and green campus environment is essential for supporting comfort, health, and the sustainability of academic activities. As centers of education and innovation, universities hold a strategic responsibility to cultivate environmental awareness through the implementation of the green campus concept. This study aims to examine the level of student awareness regarding campus cleanliness and greening based on findings from previous research. The method employed is a literature review, analyzing various relevant sources such as scientific journal articles, academic books, and policy documents related to sustainable campus management. The analysis was conducted using a descriptive qualitative approach to identify recurring patterns, prevailing trends, and key factors influencing students’ environmental awareness and behavior. The results indicate that student awareness levels generally fall within the fair to good category. Students with higher environmental awareness tend to participate more actively in maintaining cleanliness and supporting campus greening initiatives. However, the development of environmentally responsible behavior is strongly influenced by adequate facilities, supportive institutional policies, and a sustainability-oriented campus culture. Therefore, strengthening the role of higher education institutions through comprehensive environmental policies and structured sustainability programs is crucial to fostering clean, green, and sustainable campuses.

A healthy and sustainable company is the primary measure of financial performance. Approaches such as financial ratios are not sufficient to assess financial performance; methods that provide a more comprehensive picture of a company's economic value creation are also needed. Economic Value Added (EVA) is one method that can be used in performance measurement. This study aims to determine the financial performance of PT Astra Otoparts Tbk from 2020–2023 using the Economic Value Added (EVA) method, through a quantitative descriptive approach. The annual financial reports of PT Astra Otoparts Tbk from 2020 to 2023 obtained from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the company's official website are the data used in this study. The financial performance of PT Astra Otoparts Tbk from 2020 to 2023 is considered good based on the results of the study, because the company was able to generate a positive EVA value each year, indicating that the company has succeeded in creating economic added value for shareholders and maintaining its business continuity.

Personal hygiene is an essential factor in maintaining the health and quality of life of the elderly, as aging is often accompanied by a decline in physical strength, mobility, and cognitive function that can reduce the ability to maintain personal cleanliness independently. Limited understanding of the importance of personal hygiene may increase the risk of infections, skin disorders, and other health complications, making education and awareness crucial for promoting better hygiene behavior. This study used a descriptive correlational design with a cross-sectional approach involving 204 elderly individuals residing at the Pucang Gading Elderly Social Service Home in Semarang and Wening Wardoyo Ungaran, with 135 respondents selected using a non-probability sampling technique. Data were collected using validated and reliable questionnaires measuring the level of understanding and personal hygiene practices and were analyzed using the Somers’d statistical test. The results showed that most respondents were female (60%) and aged between 70–79 years (48.9%). The level of understanding of personal hygiene among the elderly was predominantly in the moderate category (72.6%), and their personal hygiene practices were also mostly categorized as moderate (72.6%). Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05) with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.472, indicating a positive and significant relationship between the level of understanding and personal hygiene practices. These findings suggest that improving knowledge through continuous education and guidance from health workers is necessary to enhance awareness, independence, and hygiene behavior among the elderly.

In Indonesia, mental health issues among adolescents are prevalent. Mental health of both victims and offenders is affected by bullying, and it could lead to ongoing mental health issues such as worry and sadness. The objective of this study is to investigate the connection between bullying and teenage mental health in SMP Negeri 2 Blang Bintang. The study was implemented from June 17 to June 19, 2025, using a cross-sectional design and a quantitative research methodology. A sample of 60 teenagers was chosen via proportional random sampling from the total population of 151 adolescents.The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ 12) and the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) were the research tools utilized. The chi-squared test was used to evaluate the data. The findings revealed that out of 54 victims of bullying, the majority (48 individuals or 88.9%) had impaired mental health. Conversely, among 6 non-victims, most (5 individuals or 83.3%) did not have impaired mental health. The chi-square test indicated p = 0.001, meaning bullying victims and mental health are significantly correlated.. Additionally, among 49 bullying perpetrators, most (46 individuals or 93.9%) had impaired mental health, while among 11 non-perpetrators, most (8 individuals or 72.7%) did not have impaired mental health. The chi-square test also showed p = 0.001, indicating a strong correlation between the mental health of bullies and their behavior. The researchers recommend the importance of maintaining mental health and collaborating across various sectors to reduce bullying behavior.

This study investigates the influence of Apparatus Competency and Information Systems on Community Political Participation in the Local Government Head Election during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Karawang Regency. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to democratic processes, particularly in maintaining voter participation while ensuring public health safety. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative data with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, this research analyzed data from 263 respondents across various election administrative units. The results indicate that: (1) Apparatus Competency does not have a significant positive effect on Community Political Participation (T-value = 1.01 < 1.96); (2) Information Systems have a significant positive effect on Community Political Participation (T-value = 2.78 > 1.96; path coefficient = 0.67). The combined contribution of both variables explains 76% of the variance in political participation. From these findings, the study proposes the Skills Democracy Model, emphasizing that digital information skills and organizational experience are critical determinants of democratic participation quality during pandemic conditions. These findings have significant implications for election governance reform and e-democracy development in Indonesia.