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In the Education 4.0 era, schools face unprecedented challenges in managing teacher performance effectively. Traditional top-down performance management systems have proven inadequate for fostering continuous professional growth, intrinsic motivation, and adaptive teaching competencies required in increasingly technology-driven learning environments. This study aims to develop, validate, and assess the effectiveness of a School-Based Performance Management (SBPM) model designed to enhance teacher effectiveness across cognitive, affective, and pedagogical dimensions. Using a Research and Development (R&D) design following the ADDIE framework, the study was conducted in three phases: needs analysis, model development, and model validation. Participants included 12 school principals, 186 teachers, and 8 education experts from 24 public secondary schools in [Province, Country]. Validation by experts yielded a content validity index (CVI) of 0.91. Implementation resulted in statistically significant improvements in teacher effectiveness scores (t = 8.74, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.23), digital pedagogy competency (mean increase = 22.4%), and student learning outcomes (mean improvement = 17.8%). The SBPM model provides a contextually responsive, evidence-based framework that empowers schools to manage teacher performance collaboratively, fostering professional accountability and sustainable instructional quality in Education 4.0.

This study was conducted to examine the integration of spiritual intelligence into Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning as an effort to strengthen students’ character. At MA Al-Amien Bugih Pamekasan, some students still demonstrate a lack of discipline, responsibility, and honesty in the learning process. To address these issues, PAI teachers integrate spiritual values through religious activities and the cultivation of positive habits during classroom instruction. This study aims to describe the implementation of spiritual intelligence integration, the strategies used by teachers, and its implications for students’ character development. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation involving purposively selected informants, namely PAI teachers and students. Data analysis followed the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana model, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The validity of the findings was ensured through source and technique triangulation. The results indicate that the integration of spiritual intelligence in PAI learning has been implemented systematically through planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. Teachers incorporate spiritual values through religious practices, role modeling, learning reflections, discussions of moral values, and character assessments. These strategies contribute positively to the development of students’ character, particularly in fostering discipline, responsibility, honesty, cooperation, empathy, and independence. Although several challenges remain, including differences in students’ backgrounds, limited instructional time, and external environmental influences, the integration of spiritual values continues to support sustainable character development among students. The findings highlight the important role of spiritual intelligence in creating meaningful learning experiences and promoting positive character formation in Islamic educational settings.

Abstract: Detecting chili leaf diseases remains challenging due to the non-uniform manifestation of symptoms, local discoloration, small lesion regions, and visual similarity between disease patterns and natural leaf background variations. Although YOLO-based detectors provide favorable computational efficiency, lightweight variants often struggle to distinguish subtle lesion characteristics, while conventional attention mechanisms such as CBAM primarily rely on global feature aggregation and may overlook regional activation variability. To address these limitations, this study proposes a YOLOv9s-based detection framework integrated with a Region-Dispersion Channel Spatial Attention (RDCSA) module. The proposed module incorporates regional dispersion statistics, namely mean, standard deviation, and range, as channel descriptors to capture inter-region feature variability before applying spatial attention refinement. Experiments were conducted on the COLD dataset containing 532 original images from five chili leaf condition categories using a split-before-augmentation protocol to ensure objective evaluation. RDCSA was integrated at the P5 feature level and evaluated through attention placement analysis, component-wise ablation, sensitivity analysis, stability assessment, and comparison with modern attention mechanisms. The proposed YOLOv9s + RDCSA model achieved an mAP@50 of 0.894, mAP@50–95 of 0.773, precision of 0.858, recall of 0.861, and an F1-score of 0.859 with only a marginal increase in model parameters. The results suggest that regional dispersion-based attention improves feature discrimination while preserving computational efficiency, particularly for disease symptoms characterized by heterogeneous spatial patterns. Nevertheless, performance remains influenced by visually ambiguous symptom categories, indicating that further validation across multiple datasets and field conditions is required. Overall, the proposed RDCSA module enhances detection capability without substantially increasing computational overhead, making it a promising attention mechanism for lightweight plant disease detection systems.

Indonesia’s multicultural diversity poses serious challenges in maintaining social harmony, marked by increasing cases of intolerance driven by differences in ethnicity, religion, and culture. Education, particularly civics (PPKn), plays a strategic role in instilling tolerance values from an early age. This study aims to analyze the strategies used by elementary school teachers in cultivating tolerance attitudes through PPKn  learning, identify the implementation of tolerance values in classroom activities and student social interactions, and reveal the challenges faced by teachers along with effective and contextual learning strategies. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach based on library research, collecting data from accredited scientific journals published between 2021 and 2025, sourced from databases including google scholar, DOAJ, and sinta- indexed journals. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis through stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, with source triangulation appliet to ensure validity. The findings reveal that affective teachers employ a holistic approach encompassing cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains, consistent with Bloom’s revised taxonomy. Teachers serve not only as knowledge transmitters but also as moral role models, as supported by Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. Implementation is carried out through three channels: intracurricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular activities. Key challenges include dominance of cognitive approaches, limited understanding of multicultural education, and negative influencesof social media. This study implies the urgent need for continuous professional training for PPKn teachers, differentiated and inclusive learning design, and active collaboration between schools and families to strengthen the internalization of tolerance values in elementary school students.

This research aims to analyze students' learning climate through the application of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) in mathematics learning in class II of Public Elementary School 002 Palembang. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with the study subjects of grade II students. Data collection techniques are conducted through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis is conducted through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions drawn. Research results show that the application of the PjBL model is able to form a more conducive learning climate, characterized by increased focus, attention, and student involvement in the learning process. In addition, interactions between students are becoming more directed, group collaboration is getting better, and activities that interfere with learning can be minimized. Project-based activities involving kinesthetic activities such as shearing and sticking help students become more active, creative, and easier to understand the concept of right triangles more concretely. Student-centered learning also provides an opportunity for them to learn independently and in groups so that the learning experience becomes more meaningful. Thus, the application of the PjBL model can be an effective learning alternative in creating an active, conducive, and enjoyable learning atmosphere for elementary school mathematics and supporting the achievement of learning goals optimally.

The acceleration of digitalization in recent years has shaped a new socio-economic landscape in Indonesia. Access to app-based financial services and online entertainment has increased rapidly, but at the same time, illegal online lending and digital gambling, targeting adolescents, have flourished. This paper explores a Community Service intervention model that combines preventative digital literacy and artificial intelligence (AI) optimization within the La Tansa Islamic Boarding School in Palembang. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach with participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and written reflection analysis. Findings indicate that strengthening digital literacy based on critical awareness not only improves risk understanding but also deepens self-control integrated with religious values. AI training for educators also encourages changes in learning practices to be more adaptive and reflective of the dynamics of the digital era. This model offers a digital resilience approach that can be replicated in other educational institutions with similar characteristics.

Early detection of a potential heart attack is a crucial step in preventing sudden death from heart disease. This research aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based health monitoring system capable of measuring vital body data in real time and predicting the likelihood of a heart attack from CSV data obtained from sensors, integrated through RapidMiner as learning data using a machine learning algorithm, the Support Vector Machine (SVM). The system was built using an ESP32 microcontroller connected to a MAX30102 sensor to measure heart rate and finger oxygen levels (SpO₂), as well as a DHT22 sensor to measure temperature and humidity. The resulting data is sent to the Blynk application to display real-time data according to its parameters. The initial prediction logic was developed using a rule-based method based on medical thresholds for four vital parameters. The data was then used to train an SVM model as a classification system to detect potential heart attacks. Test results showed that the system can identify abnormal conditions with a good level of accuracy and provide early warnings based on changes in vital parameters in real time. This system is expected to be an initial solution for personal health monitoring, especially for individuals at risk of heart disease. It can be further developed with cloud integration and automatic notifications to users' devices.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kesenjangan minat belajar yang melekat di kalangan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan minat belajar pada mahasiswa STAI Sebelas April mengacu pada tiga tipe gaya belajar, yaitu auditory, visual dan kinestetik berdasar gender. Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode komparasional menggunakan analisis data statistik melalui uji Two Way Anova dengan General Linear Model. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkap temuan yaitu: Terdapat pengaruh gaya belajar auditory, visual dan kinestetik terhadap minat belajar mahasiswa (p = < 0.001); Namun tidak terdapat pengaruh gender terhadap minat belajar (p = 0.610); Dan tidak terdapat interaksi gaya belajar dengan gender dalam membangun minat belajar mahasiswa (p = 0.704 > 0.05). Penelitian ini berimplikasi bahwa keragaman gaya belajar mahasiswa terkait erat dalam memupuk minat belajarnya. Penelitian merekomendasikan agar dosen mengakomodir semua keragaman gaya belajar di dalam proses perkuliahan.

The era of globalization presents challenges of moral degradation among students, including intolerance, individualism, and declining nationalism. These issues make character strengthening through Civic Education (PKn) a national priority. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of PKn in shaping students’ character, particularly the values of religiosity, nationalism, independence, mutual cooperation, and integrity. The research employed a qualitative Library research design using secondary data from 18 scientific journals and 2 books published between 2021 and 2026. Data were collected through literature review and analyzed using content and thematic analysis to identify patterns of PKn implementation and its impact. The findings indicate that PKn effectively develops Good citizenship through character education based on Pancasila. Effective strategies include teacher role modeling, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), and digital media such as infographics and gamification. These approaches were reported to improve empathy, national loyalty, and integrity among students. The Merdeka Curriculum further supports character development by emphasizing affective learning through authentic projects. Challenges arising from foreign cultural influences can be addressed through collaboration among schools, families, and communities. The study concludes that PKn plays a significant role in strengthening students’ character and supporting the realization of Golden Indonesia 2045 through sustainable character education.

This study aims to develop a financial saving application to improve the saving habits of students, particularly in Islamic boarding schools, through an adaptive challenge approach. The system integrates a mobile iOS application with a backend service and Large Language Model (LLM) processing via Ollama. Transaction data entered by users is processed by the backend to generate contextual and personalized saving challenges, applying Reinforcement Learning concepts in an adaptive and data-driven manner. The research adopts a descriptive quantitative method using surveys and system testing with 50 respondents. Results indicate that the application functions as designed, with no significant bugs detected. User evaluation shows high satisfaction, with an average score of 4.3 out of 5, covering ease of use, interface design, and increased awareness of saving. The combination of gamification, reward systems, and adaptive personalization successfully motivates users to save regularly. This system demonstrates the potential of integrating AI-driven personalization to strengthen financial literacy and healthy financial habits among students in a fun and interactive way.methods, and a summary of the results. The abstract should end with a comment about the significance of the results or conclusions brief.

Bullying is a serious problem that can disrupt the learning process and mental development of students, including in Islamic boarding schools. Early detection of bullying is essential to creating a safe and conducive learning environment. This study aims to apply the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm to automatically detect bullying through video recordings in the environment of the SMK Skill Village Islamic School Business Boarding School. The method used involves collecting a video dataset representing various types of bullying behavior, labeling the data, and training an object detection model using the YOLOv5 algorithm. The developed system is capable of detecting and classifying bullying behavior in real- time with detection accuracy reaching [accuracy value if known]. The implementation of this system is expected to assist school authorities and boarding school administrators in monitoring, preventing, and addressing bullying incidents more quickly and effectively, while also serving as an initial step in leveraging artificial intelligence technology to create a safer and more comfortable educational environment.

This study aimed to develop Matif (Interactive Mathematics) video media on the topic of equivalent fractions for fourth-grade elementary school students and to determine its validity, effectiveness, and student responses. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model. It was conducted at SD Muhammadiyah Gresik during the first semester, involving 19 fourth-grade students. Data collection techniques included interviews, expert validation sheets for content and media, learning effectiveness tests, and student response questionnaires. The development process followed five ADDIE stages. (1) Analysis involved curriculum analysis, needs analysis, and student characteristics analysis. (2) Design focused on creating the learning flow and storyboard. (3) Development produced the video media, which was validated by experts. The material expert validation score reached 97.5%, and the media expert validation score was 91.6%, both categorized as very valid. These results indicate that the material is highly appropriate, clear, and easy to understand, while the media demonstrates excellent quality in visual, audio, typography, language, and usability aspects. (4) Implementation involved testing the media on students, with an N-Gain score of 0.8405, categorized as high, indicating that the media effectively improves students’ understanding. (5) Evaluation was conducted through student response questionnaires, resulting in a score of 95.5%, categorized as very good, showing that students found the media engaging, easy to use, and helpful. Overall, the Matif video media meets the criteria of validity and effectiveness, making it suitable as an innovative learning alternative, with potential for further development through enhanced animations and varied exercises.

This study aims to analyze the relevance of Robert Raikes' Christian educational thinking to the character formation of children in contemporary Sunday School services. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method. Data were obtained from various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, and research articles related to Christian education, character education, and the history of Sunday School development. Data analysis techniques were carried out through the stages of data reduction, grouping themes, interpretation, and drawing conclusions using descriptive qualitative methods. The results show that Robert Raikes' thoughts remain relevant in modern Christian education, especially in the formation of children's character through the teaching of God's Word, discipline, role models, and the instilling of Christian values. Sunday School plays an important role as a means of fostering faith, morality, and social responsibility in children from an early age. In addition, the challenges of the digital era require churches to develop more creative, interactive, and contextual learning methods without abandoning the basic values ​​of the Christian faith. This study confirms that the success of children's character formation depends not only on the church, but also on the role of Sunday School teachers and families who work together to build a conducive spiritual environment. Thus, Robert Raikes' thinking makes an important contribution to the development of Christian education that is relevant in the modern era.

This study examines the application of the Problem Based Learning model combined with the interactive learning media Articulate Storyline in the learning of Science on the subject of Harmony in Ecosystems in class V of SDN Tamansari 1. The background of this study is based on the low student learning outcomes caused by the dominance of the lecture method and the minimal use of interesting media, so that students are less actively involved in learning. The purpose of this study is to describe the application of the media and improve student learning outcomes. The study used the Classroom Action Research method which was carried out in two cycles, including the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages, with 17 students as subjects. The results showed a significant increase in student learning outcomes in each cycle, where the average class score increased from 50 in the pre-cycle to 71.17 in Cycle I, and reached 91.76 in Cycle II. The percentage of learning completion also increased from 17.65% to 76.47%, until finally reaching 100% in Cycle II. These findings indicate that the use of the Problem Based Learning model combined with Articulate Storyline can encourage student engagement and deepen conceptual understanding. Therefore, it can be concluded that the implementation of these learning models and media is effective in improving science students' learning outcomes.

This study aims to develop a PAFE (KPK FPB BOARD) learning medium for KPK and FPB materials for fifth-grade students at SDN 47 Gresik. This research uses the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate) model, which focuses on the analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation, and feasibility testing of the resulting learning media. This media was developed as an interactive tool capable of increasing learning interest, strengthening conceptual understanding, and providing a more enjoyable learning experience. The results indicate that Math Space media meets three main aspects of educational media development: validity, practicality, and effectiveness. In terms of validity, the media expert's assessment obtained a percentage of 95% and a percentage of 80.9%, respectively. Based on the average of the two results, the percentage obtained was 87.9%, making it highly valid. In terms of practicality and effectiveness, the N-gain calculation result of 0.80 is categorized as very effective, thus demonstrating that the use of the media significantly improves understanding of the KPK and FPB concepts. In terms of practicality, student responses reached 92.8%, indicating that this media is highly practical, easy to use, engaging, and supports independent learning. Overall, the PAFE (KPK FPB BOARD) learning media was deemed feasible, practical, and effective for use in mathematics learning, particularly in KPK and FPB. Furthermore, this media is flexible and can be used for both in-class and out-of-class learning.

This study aims to explain students' learning activities in Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) subjects using a volcanic eruption simulation through the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model. The background of this study is the low student engagement caused by the teacher-oriented learning method, so that students tend to be passive. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects of this study were fifth-grade elementary school students. The learning process was carried out through the PjBL stages, which include project planning, project implementation, and presentation of project results. In addition, this learning also contributes to improving the ability to work together, think critically, be creative, and solve problems. Contextual and experience-based learning helps students understand the material better and increases their motivation and curiosity. Thus, the PjBL model has proven effective in increasing student learning activities in science learning at the elementary school level.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model in art education as an effort to enhance the creativity and artistic understanding of Animation Department students at SMK Negeri 2 Palu. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving animation students and supervising teachers as research subjects. Data were collected through observation, documentation, and reflective analysis during the teaching assistance program. The learning implementation was carried out through the introduction of traditional, modern, and contemporary art concepts integrated with practice-based creative project activities. The findings indicate that the application of PjBL significantly increased students’ active engagement in the learning process, strengthened their conceptual understanding of visual arts, and improved their ability to express creative ideas through visual works. Furthermore, the establishment of the “Kreasi Animasi Seni Budaya” community provided a collaborative space that supported the sustainable development of students’ creativity and artistic reflection. These findings demonstrate that project-based art learning is effective in optimizing the artistic competencies.

This study was motivated by the low basic multiplication skills of third-grade elementary school students, particularly in conceptual understanding, calculation accuracy, and problem-solving abilities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the Jarimatika method combined with the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on students’ basic multiplication skills. This study employed a quantitative approach using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 30 third-grade students of SD Negeri Sukanegara. Data were collected through pretest and posttest instruments that had been tested for validity and reliability. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ multiplication skills after the treatment, as indicated by the increase in the mean score from 55.17 in the pretest to 80.00 in the posttest. The paired sample t-test analysis revealed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (t = -10.951, p = 0.000 < 0.05). The findings indicate that the implementation of the Jarimatika method combined with the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model effectively improves students’ basic multiplication skills and supports more active and meaningful mathematics learning.

This study aims to describe the representation of adolescent conflicts in the film Jumbo directed by Ryan Adriandhy and to analyze its relevance as teaching material for review text learning in vocational high schools. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using content analysis. The data consisted of dialogues, scenes, character expressions, plot, and cinematic elements representing adolescent conflicts in the film. Data sources included the film Jumbo, interviews with Indonesian language teachers and eleventh-grade students at SMK PGRI 1 Surakarta, and review text learning documents. Data were collected through observation, documentation, and semi-structured interviews, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model. Stuart Hall’s representation theory was used as the analytical framework. The findings show that the film represents identity, family, friendship, and social conflicts experienced by adolescents. These conflicts are constructed through dialogues, visuals, character relationships, and plot development. Furthermore, the film is relevant as teaching material for review text learning because it helps students understand story elements, increases learning engagement, and develops analytical, evaluative, and critical thinking skills. However, students still need guidance in distinguishing summaries from evaluations in review texts.

This research is motivated by the need for interactive digital learning media to increase interest in learning and understanding of multiplication concepts in elementary school students. This study aims to develop interactive Math Space media based on space math adventure games on multiplication material for third-grade students of Mursyidah Elementary School and assess its feasibility based on aspects of validity, response, and effectiveness. The method used is research and development with a 4D model that includes the stages of definition, design, development, and dissemination. Data were collected through expert validation, teacher and student response questionnaires, and learning outcome tests. The results showed that the Math Space media has a very high level of validity with a percentage of 94% from material experts and 95% from media experts. Meanwhile, positive responses from teachers and students were 94.5% which is included in the very good category. Meanwhile, the effectiveness test produced an N-gain value of 0.87 which is in the very effective category, so this media is proven to be able to significantly improve understanding of multiplication concepts. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the interactive Math Space media is valid, has received positive feedback, and is effective for use in learning mathematics, especially multiplication, and has the potential to be developed for other materials and subjects.