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This article examines Christian epistemology in the context of theological education by highlighting the integration of divine revelation, human rationality, and theological formation processes in a global era characterized by pluralism, digitalization, and a crisis of truth authority. The main problem raised is the epistemological fragmentation in modern theological education that tends to separate revelation from rationality, thus impacting the weakness of faith formation and theological integrity. This study aims to formulate an integrative model of Christian epistemology that can address these challenges. The method used is a qualitative approach with a systematic literature study of classical and contemporary theological sources, as well as a conceptual analysis of Christian epistemological paradigms. The results show that the integration of revelation, reason, and faith experience produces a holistic epistemological model that not only strengthens theological foundations but also shapes students' spiritual character in a transformative manner. The main synthesis of this study is the Epistemological Theological Integration Framework (ETIF) model, which emphasizes that theological truth must be understood as a unity between biblical authority, rational reflection, and the practice of faith. In conclusion, an integrated Christian epistemology can serve as a solid foundation for theological education in facing global challenges and shaping a generation of contextual, reflective, and spiritual theologians.  

This article examines the role of Christian theology in dealing with pluralism and secularism in the era of globalization. The era of globalization is marked by an increasing plurality of religions, cultures, and various perspectives on life that in many ways are moving away from a theocentric perspective. In that context, Christian theology is faced with the responsibility to be present as a reflective and transformative force that carries messages of peace, truth, and certainty of faith. This research aims to explore the role of Christian theology in an increasingly pluralistic society and influenced by the currents of secularism that have the potential to erode the values of faith. The method used is a literature study by analyzing various literature related to the concept of Christian theology, the impact of secularism on the life of faith, and various relevant theological responses in dealing with these challenges. The results of the study show that inclusive theological education, a conciliatory approach in interreligious relations, a holistic transformation of church life, and the active participation of the church in social service are concrete forms of the contribution of Christianity in a pluralistic society. Through this approach, Christian theology functions not only as a doctrinal framework, but also as a praxis that presents the values of the Kingdom of God in social life.  

This article examines Romans 14:7-9 as a foundational biblical text for the concept of life ownership in New Testament ethics. Using a historical-exegetical and theological-systematic approach, it demonstrates that the passage clearly declares that neither life nor death belongs to the individual believer. Both are to be lived and died “to the Lord,” affirming that Christians are ultimately the possession of Christ as Kyrios. This theocentric view directly challenges the modern secular principle of radical patient autonomy that underpins euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. The study provides a detailed exegesis of Romans 14:7-9 in its literary and historical context, explores parallel New Testament texts on life ownership, and discusses its ethical implications for contemporary medical practice. It argues that Romans 14:7-9 offers strong biblical grounds for rejecting active euthanasia while supporting compassionate palliative care that honors human dignity until natural death. In the Indonesian context, where euthanasia is legally prohibited, this perspective provides a robust theological foundation for Christian bioethics and public policy. A truly good death, according to the New Testament, is one that occurs in submission to the sovereignty of the risen Lord.

Sustainability issues encompassing economic, social and environmental aspects are driving reform in the global financial sector, including in Indonesia. Although the OJK has published a Sustainable Finance Roadmap since 2015, Indonesia does not yet have comprehensive green finance regulations in the banking sector. This study aims to analyse the state of green finance regulation in the Indonesian banking sector and compare it with China’s Green Credit Guidelines, in order to identify relevant aspects for adoption in strengthening national green finance policy. This study employs a normative legal methodology using a legislative and comparative law approach, alongside a qualitative descriptive-analytical analysis of secondary data. The author found that green finance regulations in Indonesia remain fragmented and scattered across various sectoral legal instruments without adequate integration, thereby creating loopholes for greenwashing practices and the adoption of green principles that are merely administrative in nature. The Sustainable Finance Committee mandated by the P2SK Act has not yet been established, exacerbating the lack of coordination between institutions. In contrast, China, through its 2012 Green Credit Guidelines and 2016 Guidelines for Establishing a Green Financial System, demonstrates a regulatory model that is hierarchical, standardised, and legally binding. A comparison of the two identifies four relevant aspects for Indonesia to adopt: an integrated regulatory approach, standardisation of environmental risk operations, strengthening of oversight mechanisms and due diligence, and cross-sectoral institutional coordination. Consequently, Indonesia requires comprehensive, dedicated green finance regulations and must promptly establish the Sustainable Finance Committee as the sole coordinating authority.

This article explores the map of Christian education approaches from theological, pedagogical, psychological, and contextual perspectives. Christian education plays a vital role in shaping the faith, character, and spirituality of students in a comprehensive manner. Using a literature review method, the study analyzes various sources on Christian education theology. The findings reveal that the theological approach emphasizes the Bible as the primary foundation for learning, while the pedagogical approach focuses on active and participatory teaching methods. The psychological approach tailors instruction to the developmental stages of students, and the contextual approach links faith with students' real-life experiences. Each approach has its strengths and limitations, and Christian educators are encouraged to integrate these approaches to achieve holistic learning goals. The study emphasizes the importance of collaboration among schools, families, and churches to create an educational ecosystem that fosters the spiritual and character growth of students. By combining these approaches, educators can better equip students for both spiritual and personal development.

Divorce has become an increasingly common reality in Christian family life and poses serious challenges for the church in carrying out pastoral family ministry. Theologically, divorce stands in tension with Christian ethics, which views marriage as a sacred and covenantal institution established by God. This article aims to analyze Christian ethics regarding divorce from a biblical theological perspective and to examine its implications for family ministry within the context of Ketapang, West Kalimantan. This study employs a qualitative research method with a theological-normative and contextual approach through a literature review of biblical texts, theological books, and scholarly journals. The findings indicate that Scripture affirms marriage as God’s ideal will, while divorce is understood as a consequence of human sinfulness and relational brokenness. In the context of Ketapang, social, economic, and cultural factors contribute significantly to the vulnerability of families to divorce. Therefore, the church is called to develop a contextual family ministry that not only upholds Christian ethical norms but also embodies love, justice, forgiveness, and restoration for broken families. This article emphasizes that Christian ethics concerning divorce must be practiced pastorally and transformatively within the life of the local church.

 This research addresses the growing tendency of contemporary education to prioritize cognitive achievement while marginalizing character formation and spiritual development, resulting in an imbalanced educational paradigm that affects the holistic growth of learners in various educational contexts. In response, the research critically examines the concept and principles of Christian education as articulated by Ignatius Loyola, particularly in relation to contemporary educational challenges and the need for meaningful transformation in learning processes today. The study employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method, drawing on relevant academic sources such as books, peer-reviewed journal articles, and theological writings to support systematic and critical analysis. The findings indicate that Ignatian educational thought emphasizes holistic human formation through the integration of intellectual, moral, and spiritual dimensions, grounded in the principles of Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam, Cura Personalis, and Find God in All Things, which together foster reflective, value-oriented learning. The study contributes to contemporary educational discourse by offering an alternative framework that promotes holistic development, strengthens character formation, and addresses the limitations of cognitively oriented educational models in diverse educational practices.

This study aims to analyze the role of liturgical inculturation in shaping the faith experience of the congregation through the practice of Inculturated Mass at St. Klemens Mandonga Parish. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach combined with literature review and a survey involving 96 parish respondents. The findings indicate that most parishioners perceive inculturation as an encounter between Catholic faith and local culture that helps them experience their faith in a more contextual and meaningful way in everyday life. The practice of the Inculturated Mass is considered not only to enrich liturgical celebrations through the use of local cultural elements, but also to encourage active participation among the faithful during worship. In addition, liturgical inculturation fosters awareness of the importance of preserving local culture in harmony with Christian values. Such contextual liturgical experiences help deepen the spiritual relationship between the faithful and God, strengthen brotherhood within the community, and build a more inclusive and harmonious communal identity. Therefore, liturgical inculturation plays an important role in shaping a more vibrant, profound, and contextual experience of faith within both the Church and society.

Christian leadership rooted in John 15:1 8 and 13 17 depicts Jesus as the true vine, where leaders, as branches, must abide (remain attached) in Him (Jesus Christ) to bear abundant fruit through divine vision, moral integrity, and passionate service. This analysis explores how the vine metaphor shapes a leadership model that depends on an intimate (attached) relationship with Christ, producing fruit in daily life and ministry. The relationship between the vine and the branches reflects the necessity for church leaders to rely on Christ for guidance, strength, and the ability to serve others effectively. The model emphasizes the importance of nurturing personal spiritual growth, cultivating virtues that align with God’s purpose, and fostering a ministry focused on service and integrity. These principles are relevant for Indonesian church leaders who are called to integrate their faith with contextual ministry. By examining the passage through exegesis and literature review, this article provides insights on developing a Christ centered approach to leadership.

The rise of the digital age has brought significant changes to leadership dynamics and leadership development patterns within the context of Christian ministry. This paper addresses the critical issue of leadership succession failure, which is driven by a generational gap between senior leaders and young leaders-in-training, as well as the underutilization of technology in the mentoring process. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review, state-of-the-art analysis, and theological synthesis, this study assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the multiplicative leadership model as a solution to the leadership succession problem. The analysis reveals that multiplicative leadership—which emphasizes discipleship, intensive mentoring, delegation of responsibility, and intergenerational collaboration—can bridge the generational gap while accelerating the multiplication of leaders in the digital age. The integration of digital technologies, such as virtual mentoring, digital training modules, and collaborative media, has proven capable of expanding the impact of the leadership development process and enhancing relational closeness between generations. This paper concludes that the multiplicative leadership model is a strategic and theological approach aligned with the biblical mandate to produce leaders capable of developing other leaders, and is relevant for addressing the challenges of contemporary Christian leadership.

This study analyzes the integration of pedagogical leadership and professional competence in the Christian Religious Education (CRE) learning strategy course among undergraduate students. Employing a quantitative approach with a descriptive-correlational survey design, the research involved 26 respondents. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire, with the results analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. The findings show that both pedagogical leadership (85%) and professional competence (86%) are categorized as high. The Pearson correlation test reveals a strong and significant relationship between the two variables (r = 0.78). These results suggest that pedagogical leadership and professional competence are effectively integrated in the learning process. The course plays a strategic role in shaping students into professional and reflective learning leaders, providing them with the necessary skills to apply their leadership in educational settings. This integration enhances students' readiness to excel in their future roles, emphasizing the importance of these competencies for becoming well-rounded and effective educators.

The community service activity conducted in Dusun Wates, focusing on the empowerment of Ibu Siti’s UMKM (Small and Medium Enterprises) producing Banana and Gadung Chips, has shown significant results in improving entrepreneurial capacity and social transformation within Ibu Siti’s family. This research aims to explore the outcomes of the community service program, linking the findings to theories of entrepreneurship, community empowerment, and social change. The activities involved managerial assistance, product rebranding, and online marketing, which led to better management practices, an improved product identity, and increased market reach. The application of digital marketing proved effective in expanding market access for local products, contributing to the economic growth of the family. This study also highlights the importance of family-based entrepreneurship in achieving sustainable social and economic change. The results are aligned with the findings of previous studies, such as those by Wahyuni (2022) and Raharjo (2021), and suggest that the integration of technology and local leadership can significantly drive social transformation at the community level.

The concept of fides quaerens intellectum (faith seeking understanding) in this study is interpreted by emphasizing the rationality of faith as a form of apologia based on 1 Peter 3:15. This study aims to demonstrate that Christian faith is not merely spiritual and normative in nature, but also possesses a rational dimension that can be intellectually justified. In this context, 1 Peter 3:15 serves as a biblical foundation that underscores the importance of believers being prepared to provide a logical and responsible explanation for the hope they possess.This research employs a qualitative approach through library research, combined with an exegetical analysis of 1 Peter 3:15 and a philosophical-theological approach to understand the relationship between faith and reason. Through this framework, the rationality of faith is examined as an integral part of the Christian apologetic tradition. Furthermore, this study affirms that faith and reason are not contradictory realities, but rather complementary elements in the pursuit of truth. The findings indicate that the rationality of faith functions not only defensively but also constructively in fostering dialogue between faith and the intellectual world. Christian faith is understood as a conviction that remains open to rational examination without losing its dimension of mystery. Therefore, fides quaerens intellectum emerges as a relevant paradigm in addressing modern challenges, while also contributing to the development of theological and philosophical studies, particularly in strengthening the integration of faith and reason in the life of believers.

The doctrine of Christology as the foundation of the Christian faith has become an important theological issue that must be understood, believed, and examined as a form of accountability of faith. Since the early church, the understanding of Jesus Christ and His work has been affirmed through various church councils that defined His divinity and humanity according to biblical testimony. However, throughout church history, various theological, historical, and modern criticisms concerning Jesus have continued to emerge. Questions regarding His existence, divinity, life, and teachings are still widely debated, including on social media today. This study aims to analyze the doctrine of Christology in the development of church history, identify forms of criticism toward Jesus that challenge the church, and examine them as opportunities for evangelism. The study employs a literature review method using theological and historical analytical approaches to relevant sources, which are systematically described. The findings show that criticism of Jesus is not only a challenge but also an opportunity for the church to develop contextual and dialogical evangelistic approaches. A sound understanding of Christology and contemporary criticisms can help the church formulate evangelistic strategies that are relevant, effective, and communicative.

Counseling etymologically derives from the noun counsel, which originates from the Latin consilium, rooted in consilere, meaning “to consult,” or to seek the views and advice of others as guidance for consideration and decision-making. As a verb, to counsel or counseling refers to the act of providing advice, guidance, warnings, encouragement, and instruction aimed at fostering self-surrender in addressing problems and managing negative behaviors among students. Educational guidance and counseling aim to strengthen Christian students to live victoriously in the Lord Jesus Christ by bringing them to an understanding of the light of God’s Word and the acceptance of themselves as God’s grace. This Classroom Action Research was conducted to address and resolve the problems of Christian students based on the research formulation, particularly through the application of intellectual, moral, and social approaches as strategic steps to enhance educational counseling services. The study employed a qualitative approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews and field notes. Data analysis was carried out by categorizing findings to generate emerging themes. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with three teacher participants and two student participants. The findings revealed that several students required special attention due to tendencies toward delinquent behavior, while one case indicated a student’s involvement in narcotics. These findings demonstrate that student-related issues require special intervention efforts to improve their spiritual and mental well-being, leading them to a deeper knowledge of the Lord Jesus Christ as their personal Savior. The ultimate goal is the salvation of students’ souls and the glorification of the name of the Lord Jesus Christ.

This study aims to analyze the leadership qualifications of Moses in Exodus 18:21 and examine their relevance for contemporary Christian team leadership. The research is grounded in the increasing complexity of modern leadership challenges, which often prioritize structural effectiveness without sufficient ethical and spiritual foundations. Employing a qualitative approach with a historical-grammatical hermeneutical method, this study interprets the text within its historical, literary, and lexical contexts. The findings reveal that the four leadership criteria—capable, God-fearing, trustworthy, and hating dishonest gain—form an integrated value system that undergirds Israel’s collective leadership structure. The novelty of this research lies in its interpretation of Exodus 18:21 not merely as a description of Moses’ personal charisma, but as a paradigm for participatory and ethically grounded team leadership. Theologically, the “fear of God” functions as the normative center that integrates competence and integrity. These findings suggest that contemporary Christian leadership development should prioritize spiritual character and moral accountability as foundational elements in building sustainable and integrity-based teamwork..

The Indonesian capital market has become a vital pillar of the national economy, providing opportunities for companies to obtain funding while simultaneously providing an investment vehicle for the wider community. In this context, stocks are the most sought-after instrument due to the potential returns they offer. However, stock investment is constantly faced with uncertainty, with fluctuating stock prices often presenting challenges for investors, especially those without a thorough understanding of the company's fundamental performance. An interesting phenomenon, the starting point of this research, is the quite extreme price movements of BIPI shares over the past decade. From 2015 to 2021, BIPI's share price remained stagnant at Rp 50 per share, a condition often referred to by market participants as "gocap" (goat capit). This condition reflects low investor interest in the company's shares, possibly due to high risk perceptions or unconvincing fundamental performance.

The New Testament is an essential part of the Christian Bible, containing testimonies concerning the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as the development of the early Church. To fully understand its message, it is necessary to examine the historical and theological contexts that shaped its composition. This article aims to explore the New Testament from historical and theological perspectives by examining the social, political, cultural, and religious background of the first-century world, the process of the writing of the New Testament books, and their principal theological messages. The study employs a library research method with a descriptive-analytical approach to various biblical and theological sources. The findings indicate that the New Testament emerged within the context of Roman rule, Jewish religious traditions, and Hellenistic cultural influences, all of which shaped both the authors and their audiences. The books of the New Testament were written to address the needs of early Christian communities, affirm the identity of Jesus Christ, strengthen believers' faith, and provide guidance for Christian living. Theologically, the New Testament emphasizes central themes such as the Kingdom of God, salvation through Jesus Christ, grace, the formation of the Church, and eschatological hope. Therefore, an understanding of the historical background and theological message of the New Testament is essential for accurate interpretation and for maintaining its relevance to the life of the Church and contemporary Christian believers.

This study examines the eschatological. Dimensions present in the encyclical Laudato Si’ and their implications for ecological responsibility within the Christian faith. The increasing global ecological crisis necessitates a serious theological reflection capable of grounding believers’ engagement with environmental issues in their faith convictions. Eschatology, as the doctrinal framework concerning ultimate realities, addresses not merely the end of individual human existence but, more profoundly, the hope for the renewal and transformation of all creation in God. The research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach, drawing primarily on ecclesiastical documents, Sacred Scripture, and relevant theological literature. The findings demonstrate that Laudato Si’ integrates a robust eschatological vision, wherein the promise of “a new heaven and a new earth” constitutes the theological foundation for human responsibility toward creation. Contrary to interpretations that treat eschatological hope as a rationale for passivity or disengagement from the world, Laudato Si’ affirms that such hope actively motivates believers to participate in the care and preservation of the environment as an integral expression of their faith calling. This study concludes that eschatology possesses genuine practical relevance for everyday Christian life, particularly in cultivating ecological awareness. Faith in the ultimate fulfillment of God’s salvific plan, far from diminishing present-day responsibilities, intensifies the moral obligation to treat the earth as a “common home” entrusted to humanity.

A faith-based marriage strengthening program is essential for building family resilience in urban congregations facing high divorce rates and declining marital quality. This community service activity aimed to revitalize the marital bonds of 22 couples in the Pria Sejati Bandung community and GPPS Agape Bandung congregation through the "Reborn Marriage" program. Using a participatory action research approach, a team of 12 facilitators implemented three main stages: initial coordination to identify needs and plan together with the community; an intensive one-day intervention consisting of teachings on grace, agape love, and divine purpose of marriage, along with testimony sharing, footwashing ritual, and gift giving; and a marriage commitment renewal ceremony. The results showed 100% attendance rate of all registered couples, active participation in every coaching session, and qualitative findings from focus group discussions including renewed spiritual intimacy, mutual forgiveness between spouses, and alignment of marital visions based on divine values. A total of 86% of couples expressed willingness to participate in regular follow-up mentoring, and local leaders emerged among participants who are ready to facilitate small groups after the program. Discussions confirmed that combining biblical teachings on agape love with experiential symbolic rituals can holistically transform marital relationships. This community-based intervention proves replicable in other local communities and churches in urban settings, especially those seeking to strengthen family resilience through integrated pastoral care and participatory action.