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This study employs a linear regression algorithm to measure CO2 emissions from motor vehicles based on the type of fuel used—gasoline, premium, diesel, and ethanol—as well as the distance traveled per kilometer. With growing concerns about the environmental impact of vehicle emissions, this research aims to develop a predictive model to estimate CO2 emissions based on these variables. Despite the limited data used, the results indicate that the linear regression model has high accuracy in predicting CO2 emissions. This model can serve as an effective tool to mitigate the environmental impact of motor vehicles and assist policymakers in designing better emission mitigation strategies  

This research aims to determine the effect of the government expenditure model and green growth based on green energy consumption in Indonesia which has 4 variables, namely carbon emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and government expenditure. The analytical method used in this research is the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model with the Impulse Response Function (IRF) test, Forecast Error Varince Decomposition (FEVD), stationarity test, cointegration test, structural lag stability test, and optimal lag length test. . The results of the Vector Autoregression research using lag 1 as the basis show the contribution of each variable to the variable itself and other variables. The results of the Vector Autoregression analysis also show that the past variable (t-1) contributes to the current variable, both the variable itself and other variables. From the results of the analysis, there is a reciprocal relationship between one variable and another variable. Response Function Analysis shows the response of other variables to changes in a variable in the short, medium and long term, and it is known that the stability of the response of all variables is formed within a period of 5 years or the medium term. and long term. Variance Decomposition Analysis shows that there are variables that have the largest contribution to the variable itself in the short, medium and long term, such as CO2, EC, and GOV. Meanwhile, another variable that has the greatest influence on the variable itself in the short, medium and long term is CO2 which is strongly influenced by GOV and GDP.

Air pollution is a problem that needs attention because it can threaten human life. Many human activities cause air pollution. Especially in closed rooms such as ship engine rooms. Therefore, an air pollution detection tool is needed to determine the air pollution index in that place in order to maintain pollution levels below the threshold value. Therefore, it is necessary to have a tool to detect air pollution using the MQ-135 gas sensor to detect carbon dioxide (CO2) gas and TGS2106 to detect nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas. The type of research method used is the experimental research method. After designing the tool, testing the tool, the air pollution detection system in the engine room wirelessly using the MQ135 and TGS2106 sensors based on LoRa Ra-02 had an average error rate of 1.3% for the MQ135 sensor reading while the TGS2106 sensor reading had an average level. -average error of 6%. Therefore, the Air Pollution Detection System in the Engine Room Wirelessly Using the MQ135 and TGS2106 Sensors Based on LoRa Ra-02 can work well.  

Green Open Space (GOS) is one of the efforts to deal with increasing GHG emissions because it has the ability to absorb CO2 emissions. Development Area IV Pekanbaru is one of the Development Areas that has the potential to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, specifically in Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District. This research was conducted to determine the number of motorized vehicles and the value of CO2 emissions produced each day, as well as the value of the capacity of GOS to absorb CO2 emissions from transportation activities in Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District. The method used is recording traffic activities to calculate the amount of CO2 emissions and calculating all public green open spaces with vegetation cover in the form of grasslands and trees with a diameter of ≥ 20 cm, as well as calculating the percentage of green open space absorption capacity. The research results obtained were that the value of CO2 emissions from transportation in Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District was 67,007,898 tons of CO2/year. Meanwhile, the capacity to absorb CO2 by public green open spaces is only 1,992.32 tons of CO2/year. The results show that public green open space in Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District in terms of absorbing CO2 emissions from transportation is still insufficient with a percentage of only 2.97%.

Thermohygrometer is a tool that functions to measure room temperature and humidity. The temperature and humidity in the operating room are set in the temperature range of 19˚C - 24˚C and humidity of 45% - 65%. Therefore, the operating room requires a good temperature and humidity control system to avoid damage to electronic components due to temperatures that are too low and humidity that is too high which causes corrosion. In addition, the influence of high concentrations of medical gas accelerates the rate of corrosion. Because medical gas consisting of CO and CO₂ gas contains oxygen as an oxidant gas. Therefore, a tool such as a Thermohygrometer is needed but equipped with a medical gas reading. This tool aims to read the conditions of temperature, humidity, and medical gas (CO & CO₂) so that it can be analyzed by Electromedics to regulate the air conditioning system. In addition, a Thermohygrometer system is made to allow data access from outside the operating room. The Thermhygrometer tool is made using two sensors, namely DHT22 and MQ-135. DHT22 is used to read temperature and humidity parameters, while the MQ-135 sensor is used to read the concentration of CO and CO₂ gases. The reading results are displayed on the I2C LCD screen. The components are integrated with ESP32 for data processing and as hardware that can be used to create a WiFi connection system. WiFi connectivity is needed to send data to the Blynk application. Testing by calibrating the DHT22 sensor and testing the suitability of the MQ-135 sensor with the gas analyzer. Based on the tests carried out, the temperature error value was obtained at -0.02% and humidity at -0.02%. While the error value was 0.32% for CO gas and -0.16% for CO₂ gas. The error value is still within the tolerance limit

Transparent soap is a variation of solid bar soap that not only functions to clean dirt but also has a scrubbing function. Transparent solid soap is one of the soap innovations that has become an attractive soap. Saffron also has antibacterial properties due to the presence of flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Flavonoids are compounds that can have anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant effects, because they can inhibit the formation of free radicals. It has been used traditionally to treat various ailments including depression, cardiovascular disease, menstrual disorders, asthma, insomnia, digestive ailments, bone pain and several other ailments. Saffron pistil juice is made by dissolving in CO₂-free distilled water. Phytochemical screening was carried out on saffron pistil extract. Saffron pistil juice is made in various soap formulas, namely formula I, formula II and formula III. The positive control used was chloramphenicol antibiotic and the negative control was DMSO. There were several tests carried out on Saffron pistil extract in addition to phytochemical screening, namely antibacterial testing on transparent soap with Saffron pistil extract as a soap additive. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the pistil of saffron (Crocus sativus L) contained secondary metabolites, namely: flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. And for the results of the antibacterial activity research also showed that the Saffron pistil extract against transparent soap which can be used as a soap additive, the antibacterial results had a strong inhibition at the average value of formula III which was 20.5 and formula II was 18.4 mm and formula I 16.1 mm, against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Renewable energy microgrids integrated with smart control systems are emerging as a sustainable solution for electrifying rural industrial zones, offering substantial improvements in energy efficiency and reductions in carbon emissions. This study explores the implementation of hybrid renewable energy systems, combining solar and wind energy, and the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to optimize energy consumption in real-time. The findings highlight that the combination of solar and wind energy in microgrids leads to up to a 30% increase in energy efficiency, with a significant reduction in CO₂ emissions, reaching up to 50% compared to traditional grid systems. IoT sensors play a crucial role in load forecasting, optimization, and system stability, enabling real-time monitoring and proactive adjustments to energy distribution. Additionally, the implementation of these systems in rural industrial zones not only provides reliable, clean energy but also reduces reliance on fossil fuels, making them economically viable and environmentally sustainable. However, challenges such as high initial investment costs, integration complexities, and the need for skilled technicians remain. Despite these barriers, the long-term benefits of reduced energy costs, improved energy security, and lower carbon footprints make renewable energy microgrids a promising solution. The study suggests that these systems can be scaled to other rural regions facing similar challenges in energy access and carbon emissions, offering a path to sustainable development. Further research is recommended to explore alternative renewable energy combinations and advancements in IoT applications to improve system scalability and efficiency.

This study explores the development of low-carbon concrete by integrating industrial waste materials and CO₂-absorbing minerals to reduce carbon emissions in the construction industry. The research investigates various mix ratios involving fly ash, slag, and CO₂-absorbing minerals, aiming to optimize both performance and sustainability. Experimental methods included compressive strength testing, carbon emission measurement, and durability evaluation. The results indicate that low-carbon concrete formulations achieve up to 45% reduction in carbon emissions compared to conventional concrete, which uses Portland cement. Despite a slight decrease in compressive strength, the optimal mix reached 34 MPa, which is sufficient for structural applications. Durability testing revealed that concrete with CO₂-absorbing minerals showed improved long-term performance compared to other formulations. The findings highlight the potential of using industrial waste materials and carbon capture technologies to create more environmentally sustainable concrete while maintaining necessary structural properties. This study contributes to the growing demand for eco-friendly construction materials and supports the implementation of low-carbon concrete in large-scale industrial applications. Further optimization of mix ratios and long-term performance studies are recommended for broader adoption in the construction industry.

This study investigates the performance and sustainability of a hybrid solar-biomass drying system for agricultural products, focusing on its efficiency, environmental impact, and economic feasibility. The hybrid system combines solar energy and biomass combustion to create a continuous and reliable drying process. The key findings reveal that the hybrid system achieves over a 20% improvement in drying efficiency compared to solar-only and biomass-only dryers. This efficiency gain is attributed to the synergistic use of solar energy during the day and biomass energy during periods of low sunlight or at night, ensuring consistent drying conditions and reduced drying time. Additionally, the hybrid system significantly reduces CO₂ emissions, contributing to a more sustainable approach to agricultural processing. The environmental benefits of using renewable energy sources, as opposed to fossil fuels, align with the growing need for energy-efficient and eco-friendly agricultural technologies. Economic analysis suggests that the hybrid system is a cost-effective solution for small- to medium-scale farmers, particularly in rural areas where access to grid electricity is limited. The use of locally available biomass fuels further enhances the system’s sustainability and affordability. This study also discusses the practicality of implementing hybrid dryers in rural farming communities, emphasizing their potential to improve drying efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, and boost economic opportunities for farmers. Future research should focus on optimizing system integration, expanding biomass fuel options, and exploring automation to enhance the performance and scalability of hybrid drying systems.

This study aims to analyze the effect of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) fuel on the performance (torque and power) and exhaust emissions of a 125 cc Supra X 125 motorcycle (2010 model). An experimental method was applied by testing the engine using two types of fuel, namely gasoline and LPG. The independent variable in this study is the type of fuel, while the dependent variables include torque, power, and exhaust emissions consisting of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The tests were conducted at various engine speeds (RPM) using a dynamometer, while emission measurements were analyzed using a gas analyzer.The results show that LPG fuel produces slightly lower torque and power compared to gasoline, especially at low to medium engine speeds. This is attributed to differences in calorific value and air–fuel mixing characteristics. However, at higher engine speeds, LPG shows more stable performance. In terms of emissions, LPG significantly reduces CO and HC emissions, while CO₂ emissions slightly increase, indicating more complete combustion.It can be concluded that LPG has potential as a cleaner alternative fuel, despite a slight reduction in engine performance.

Pertumbuhan ekonomi menentukan posisi negara di pasar internasional dan pembangunan berkelanjutan adalah untuk mempertahankan posisi di seluruh negara. Pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak hanya dimaksudkan untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi tetapi juga mengarah pada kelimpahan sumber daya dan kemakmuran sosial di dalam negeri. Hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan degradasi lingkungan telah menjadi isu hangat selama dua dekade terakhir.  Penelitian ini akan menganalisis progam Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) di Indonesia dengan memperhatikan pengaruh dari variabel penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi seperti emisi karbon dan sumber daya manusia (human capital). Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode analisis regresi linear berganda. Data time series bersumber dari worldbank.org dalam penelitian ini adalah rentang waktu tahun 1995 hingga 2019 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa emisi karbon berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi sedangkan sumber daya manusia (human capital) tidak berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan ekonomi di indonesia. namun kedua secara simultan emisi karbon dan sumber daya manusia signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.

Electric Vehicles are vehicles that operate entirely or partially on electric motors, utilizing electrical energy stored in batteries or other rechargeable energy storage sources. The increasing use of electric vehicles also brings potential risks of new types of accidents, different from those associated with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide accurate information and appropriate handling related to electric vehicle technology, including hazard potential assessment, optimization of firefighting basics, selection of suitable firefighting agents, and the development of electric vehicle firefighting application methods. This study aims to understand the handling of electric vehicle fires using a literature review method on 10 research articles. The results show that 6 studies used water as a firefighting agent either alone or in combination with other agents such as CO2, C₆F₁₂O, liquid nitrogen, foam, and fire blankets, making it more effective in extinguishing electric vehicle fires. However, one study does not recommend using water due to its environmental impact when extinguishing electric vehicle fires. The research findings indicate the need for further innovation and research in safety technology and firefighting for electric vehicles.

Temporary bulding or temporary buildings are places that have high urgency in a construction project where there are company facilities consisting of employees, buildings and company administration. This research is qualitative in nature, based on safety representative as the primary research data prior to conducting the Fire Risk Assessment which focuses on all rooms in the temporary buildings of construction service companies. This research was conducted with the aim of conducting a fire risk assessment in accordance with NFPA 551 of 2019 to determine the value of fire risk and Fire Extinguishers planning will be carried out based on Permenakertrans No. 04 of 1980. The results of the risk assessment carried out showed that the fire rate in 12 rooms in the temporary building had a moderate risk level and the other 2 rooms had a low risk level. For the application of Fire Extinguishers to the entire temporary building area, 5 Fire Extinguishers are needed with 4 Fire Extinguishers of the Dry Chemical Powder type and 1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Since its invention in the 19th century until today, reinforced concrete has become a leading construction material due to its qualities; it is a strong and durable building material that can be used in any form of architecture at an affordable and reasonable cost. Thus, humanity has abandoned traditional building materials (stone, earth, straw, lime, wood and hemp, etc.) to benefit from the many advantages of reinforced concrete (Yasser et al., 2013). However, this conversion comes at a cost; the environmental consequences are serious, cement is the third largest emitter of CO2 after cars and coal-fired power plants, and the same applies to steel, despite significant progress in recycling (Ranjitham et al., 2021).

The concept of the smart city has emerged as a strategic response to rapid urbanization, increasing population density, and escalating environmental degradation. It is designed to create more efficient urban management through the integration of information and communication technologies, with the primary goal of enhancing public services, optimizing resource use, and improving citizens’ quality of life. One of its most significant promises is its potential to mitigate ecological challenges, particularly in monitoring and reducing air pollution levels. This study aims to analyze the impact of smart city implementation on urban ecology and quality of life, focusing on air quality as a key indicator. A quantitative comparative approach was applied, using both primary data from air quality measurements PM2.5, CO₂, NO₂, and AQI and secondary data from government reports, environmental agencies, and academic publications. The research was conducted in five major Asian cities recognized for adopting smart city initiatives. The results reveal varied outcomes: Tokyo and Kuala Lumpur demonstrated substantial improvements in air quality and livability, while Beijing and New Delhi continued to struggle with severe pollution. Jakarta showed partial progress, though improvements remain limited. These findings indicate that while technology is critical, it alone does not ensure ecological sustainability. Effective governance, public participation, and context-based strategies are equally crucial. This study highlights the need for smart city policies to prioritize ecological resilience and human well-being as central elements of sustainable urban development.

Increasing carbon emissions have the unintended consequence of worsening environmental quality as a result of the use of fossil fuels for green economic activities. The green economy concept is being applied in relation to social and economic difficulties, as well as sectors in one of the global strategic areas aimed at overcoming very rapid climate change. The green economy's quality is determined by CO2 emission levels and creates sustainable development, which can improve environmental quality in some countries (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, Japan, and China), particularly during epidemics. In data analysis, various test procedures are utilized. According to the study findings, there was a considerable increase in CO2 emissions in the BRIIJC country during Covid 19, which had an impact on environmental quality, culminating in ozone layer depletion and climate change. The implementation of a green economy can affect environmental circumstances by requiring economic operations to use more ecologically friendly energy, and boosting energy can boost economic growth.

Kota Kupang merupakan ibukota Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) dengan luas wilayah sebesar 180,27 km². Letak Kota Kupang yang strategis, sebagai Ibukota Propinsi NTT menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi warga pendatang dari daerah-daerah lain. Jumlah penduduk di Kota Kupang pada tahun 2017 sebanyak 412.708 jiwa. Pertumbuhan penduduk Kota Kupang dalam waktu 8 tahun sejak tahun 2009 sekitar 121.708 jiwa atau sekitar 15.000 jiwa/tahun. Pertumbuhan penduduk di Kota Kupang memicu terjadinya peningkatan jumlah kendaraan yang berujung pada peningkatan pencemaran udara dari sektor transportasi. Sampai pada bulan Oktober tahun 2018 jumlah kendaraan di Kota Kupang tercatat sepeda motor sebanyak 25.362 unit dan mobil sebanyak 5.357 unit. Perkembangan kota dan pertumbuhan penduduk juga akan mengakibatkan konversi terhadap lahan-lahan hijau yang menyebabkan lahan untuk ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) semakin sempit. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif untuk mengetahui luas RTH yang dapat mereduski total cemaran yang terjadi diwilayah BWK II Kota Kupang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ketersediaan RTH di Kota Kupang hanya sebesar 17,10% yang terdiri dari RTH Publik sebesar 13,11% dan RTH Privat sebesar 3,99%, total kebutuhan RTH di Kota Kupang agar dapat memenuhi syarat yang telah diatur dalam undang-undang yaitu sebesar 5408,1 Ha yang terdiri dari RTH Publik membutuhkan 6,88% atau 1241,49 Ha dan RTH Privat membutuhkan 6.00% atau 1082,7 Ha. Total emisi yang terjadi di sepanjang Jalur Hijau BWK II Kota Kupang sebesar 2727,5 Kg/Jam dan kemampuan daya serap RTH eksisting sebesar 1301,34 dan masih menyisakan sisa emisi sebesar 1426,16 Kg/jam, sehingga membutuhkan tambahan RTH sebesar 10,3Ha untuk dapat menyerap seluruh emisi yang dihasilkan dari sektor transportasi pada kawasan jalur hijau BWK II. Beberapa Strategi yang dapat dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan RTH di Kota Kupang adalah (1) Memadatkan RTH jalur hijau dengan cara memanfaatkan lahan kosong yang terdapat pada jalur hijau untuk menanam jenis-jenis vegetasi yang memiliki daya serap tinggi. (2) dengan menggantungkan spesies tanaman penyerap emisi pada pohon-pohon yang ada pada RTH jalur hijau dan menerapkan metode vertical garden,Roof garden dan tree adoption.