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This study aims to describe the symbolism of rice seeds in the short story Sending the Last Rice Seeds to the Fields by Silvester Petara Hurit which reveals the relationship between various aspects of life and culture of the Lamaholot community, ranging from beliefs, traditions, to the relationship between humans and nature. This study uses a qualitative research method. The findings and discussion of the symbolism of rice seeds in the short story Sending the Last Rice Seeds to the Fields by Silvester Petara Hurit can be concluded as follows, 1) rice seeds as a symbol of life and fertility, 2) rice seeds as a symbol of Lamaholot tradition and culture, 3) rice seeds as a symbol of the relationship between humans and nature, and 4) rice seeds as a symbol of cultural resilience.

This study aims to describe the cultural meaning of the short story Mama Eta by Silvester Petara Hurit. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach. The results of the study of cultural meaning in the short story Mama Eta by Silvester Petara Hurit can be concluded that there are cultural meanings, namely first, the cultural meaning of simplicity, second the cultural meaning of religiosity as an oasis of life, third the cultural meaning related to respect for ancestors, fourth the cultural meaning related to the role of women in social structures, and fifth the cultural meaning related to collectivity and social harmony.

His study aims to analyze the ability of fourth grade elementary school stundents in writing argumentative texts. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach with an instrumen in the form of Student worksheet (LKPD) wich were developed to measure the skills of expressing opinions, giving reasons, and making consclusions in the form of argumentative texts. The result of the study showed  that most students were able to express oponions and reason simply, but still had difficulty in comosing coherent and coherent paraghraphs. This study provides an overview of the importance of continuous practice in writing arguments for elementary sschool students.  

This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the tendency of children with intellectual disabilities to develop expressive communication skills. Expressive communication skills, which include speaking and verbally expressing needs, are an important aspect of development for children with intellectual disabilities to adapt in social environments. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a case study technique on a student with mild intellectual disability named Azka Ari Pratama (10 years old) at SLB Al Azhar Medan. Data collection was carried out through participant observation, semi-structured interviews with teachers, and direct observation. The results of the research indicate that expressive communication skills are influenced by individual factors (intellectual limitations and emotional regulation), physiological factors, environmental factors, and motivational factors. The research concludes that a holistic and individualized approach is needed in the development of expressive communication of children with intellectual disabilities, considering all identified factors.

The problem of this research is that passing is still not right on target, has not mastered the upper passing technique correctly, lack of mastery and control of the ball, so the problem in volleyball extracurricular is the lack of volleyball upper passing ability. The research method used in this study is the experimental research method. The design in this study uses Two Group Pretest Posttest. This Two Group Pretest Posttest only has measurement result data, namely pretest and posttest measurements. the results of the t value in the experimental group using a plastic ball are -19.312> 1.7613 and in the experimental group using a rubber ball are -18.862> 1.7613. From the results of the T test table, the comparison of the results of training using plastic balls and rubber balls is to see the average value (Mean) on the pretest results using a plastic ball, the average value is 15.33, the posttest using a plastic ball obtained an average value of 27.13 with a difference in increase of 11.8. While the average value (Mean) on the pretest results of the exercise using a rubber ball, the average value was 15.27, the posttest using a rubber ball obtained an average value of 27.73 with a difference of 12.46. Thus, it can be concluded that training using a rubber ball is more effective in improving upper passing skills compared to training using a plastic ball.

Inclusive education at the elementary school level requires an appropriate approach to support the learning success of students with special needs, including children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the individual guidance approach in helping children with ADHD overcome learning challenges, as well as identifying obstacles and supporting factors in its implementation in elementary school environments. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study method at SDIT Al-Ghazali Pamekasan, through data collection techniques in the form of observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The subjects of the study were grade 4 teachers and one of the students with ADHD as the main subject. Data were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing methods. The results of the study showed that individual guidance was significantly able to improve learning focus, as well as the social and emotional skills of students with ADHD. This success was greatly influenced by teacher involvement, parental support, and adaptive learning strategies. However, challenges such as limited teacher time, lack of varied learning media, and lack of special training are still obstacles that need to be addressed systematically. These findings contribute to the development of more effective inclusive education strategies, especially in supporting students with attention and behavioral disorders in elementary school environments.

Some students still it difficult to school at the target corretly. Toovercome this, one of them can be given target game treatment. This study aims to determine the effect of target play on shooting skills in soccer games in special sports class students at SD Negeri 4 Srikaton. This research is a type of experimental research one grup pretest-posstest design with 12 treatments. The subjects of this study were 23 students of SD Negeri 4 Srikaton. Shootingability is measured using the Bobby Charloton instrument proposed by Danny Mielke (2007 : 76). Based on the analysis of the result of the researsch and discussion, it was found that the T value of significance was 0.01 or less that 0.05, so there was already a significant difference. The mean value of the pretest results was 82.61, while the accuracy of the posstest increased to 115.56. Thus it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning that there is an effect of target play on shooting skills in soccer games for special sports class students at SD Negeri 4 Srikaton.

This research stems from the fact that some students need support to understand the benefits of appropriate social media use, which affects their social behavior in the school environment. This will impact students' social behavior at a higher level, which should be more enjoyable as social media is more often used for entertainment rather than learning purposes. The benefits of using social media, such as improving student understanding, depend on how effectively each student utilizes it. However, it also has its downsides; for example, if students and teenagers are not properly supervised, they can be easily influenced by the negative side of social media use. This study will show the impact of social media on students' social behavior at a higher level.

This research is motivated by the challenges in history learning which tend to be conventional and less interesting so that it has an impact on students' low understanding of history material. The use of digital technology through a virtual tour of the museum is an innovative alternative to present a more interactive and contextual learning experience. Wajakensis Museum as a regional museum with a collection of historical artifacts in Tulungagung has great potential as a learning resource rich in historical and cultural values. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of utilizing the virtual tour of the Wajakensis Museum in improving students' understanding in history learning for class X SMAN 1 Kauman Tulungagung. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the Wajakensis Museum virtual tour is effective in improving students' understanding of historical material by providing a more interesting, visual, and interactive learning experience. In addition, the use of virtual tours also increases student enthusiasm and participation during the learning process. Teachers and students stated that this media provides ease and efficiency of learning, especially in conditions of limited access to physical museums. The implications of this study indicate that the integration of technology in history learning can be a solution to improve the quality of history education and significantly enrich students' learning experiences.

This study aims to reveal and describe social criticism in the short story Ina Tonu by Silvester Petara Hurint. This study uses a sociology of literature approach and a descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study indicate that the short story Ina Tonu by Silvester Petara Hurint displays strong social criticism of various aspects of community life. The social criticism in this short story can be concluded as follows, (1) social criticism of the elimination of local culture, (2) social criticism of the loosening of kinship relations in society, (3) social criticism of forced migration of women and the fading of cultural heritage, (4) social criticism of the commercialization of culture and the fading of the sacred meaning of weaving, (5) social criticism of the stigma against indigenous women who are traumatized and sick, and (6) social criticism of the tendency of modern society to interpret tradition in a limited way.

This study aims to describe the behavior of the main character Ama Ola in the short story "Kabar di Malam Natal" by SilvesterPetaraHurint. This study uses a qualitative method with analysis using psychoanalysis. The results of the study are as follows, (1) behavior that shows moral responsibility. The behavior of the main character Ama Ola that shows moral responsibility includes, a high attitude of responsibility, good morality, mutual trust, mutual protection, mutual respect, awareness to persist in a good and honorable attitude, and surrender and believe in the goodness and love of God, and (2) behavior that shows inner conflict. Behaviors that indicate inner conflict include loneliness, solitude, longing, warmth and assertiveness, courage towards oneself and anxiety, restlessness, fear that continues to rage and social dilemmas regarding the situation and circumstances around, obedience to the principles of life to maintain cultural, moral and religious customs.

This study aims to analyze the lexical and contextual meanings in the lyrics of the song “Mangu” by Fourtwnty Ft. Charita Utami. This song was chosen because it contains emotional, symbolic, and reflective messages that reflect inner turmoil and value conflicts in human relationships. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with semantic analysis techniques. Data was obtained from the song lyrics and analyzed through the stages of identifying lexical meaning based on the literal meaning of the words, and contextual meaning based on the situation and context of their use. The results of the study indicate that the lyrics of “Mangu” contain various forms of lexical meaning such as synonyms, antonyms, collocations, polysemy, and idioms, as well as contextual meaning reflecting spiritual conflict, differences in principles, and the search for identity. This song symbolically represents the social conditions often experienced by individuals in personal and existential relationships. These findings enrich the study of semantics in popular literary works and can be implemented in Indonesian language learning as contextual and meaningful teaching materials.

This study examines various proactive and reactive classroom management strategies and approaches to create a conducive learning environment. Effective classroom management is crucial for minimizing disruptions, enhancing student engagement, and supporting their academic and socio-emotional development. The literature review covers preventive measures such as establishing clear expectations and routines, building positive teacher-student relationships, and creating physically and emotionally safe learning spaces. Additionally, reactive strategies for addressing disruptive behaviors—including verbal and non-verbal interventions, conflict resolution, and de-escalation techniques—are discussed. The study emphasizes the importance of consistent, fair, and culturally responsive approaches tailored to student diversity and needs. The analysis reveals that the effectiveness of approaches such as authoritative, democratic, and behavioral modification varies depending on the context, with recommendations to flexibly combine multiple methods. Challenges like student heterogeneity, limited facilities, and teacher preparedness are identified, along with innovative solutions such as differentiated instruction and technology integration.

Populism, which often puts forward anti-ite rhetoric and claims as a representation of the people's voice, can have a significant impact on the state administration system. This article aims to understand the extent to which populism can change the structure of state administration and test the resilience of the Indonesian democratic system and constitution in facing the challenges of populism. The method used in the preparation of this article is qualitative methodology with a literature review approach from various academic sources such as books, journals, relevant scientific papers. The results of the study show that populism gives challenges and threats to the state system and has a negative impact on democracy and implications for the constitution. Populism is a challenge for the Indonesian constitutional democratic system by damaging the checks and balances mechanisms, politicizing the law and state institutions, and the risk of eroding the supremacy of the constitution.

This study aims to analyze the factors that cause the low reading comprehension ability of elementary school students in Indonesian subjects. The method used is library research by analyzing various literature from 2019-2024. The results of the study show that the reading comprehension ability of elementary school students is still relatively low with various causative factors including internal and external factors. Internal factors include students' reading interests, motivation, and cognitive abilities. External factors include learning methods, infrastructure, and environmental support. This study recommends the need to innovate learning methods and improve supporting facilities to improve students' reading comprehension skills.

Advancements in digital technology have triggered various innovations in teaching methods, including the use of video as a learning tool. This paper aims to investigate in depth how the application of video in the learning process can improve the quality of education for elementary school students through a literature review approach. Data were obtained from scientific journals from the last five years and relevant books from the last ten years. The research indicates that the use of video in learning has a positive effect on enhancing conceptual understanding, student motivation, learner engagement, and overall learning achievement. Appropriate, engaging video use that aligns with the development of elementary school-age children can be one of the ways to tackle educational challenges in the 21st century.

Independent Curriculum schools are characterized by a wide variety of content that will be used to its fullest to provide opportunities for learners to explore ideas and improve skills. Teachers are free to choose the learning resources used to match learning with learners' interests and needs. This research uses the library research method. This research aims to describe in more detail the Merdeka curriculum in elementary schools. The literature approach was used in this study. In this study, the researchers collected journal articles from Google Scholar using the keywords Merdeka curriculum. Researchers found 10 articles related to the keywords used. After the articles were selected, the researchers conducted an in-depth analysis of the articles and presented them in the Results and Discussion section. The results of this study include an analysis of the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and implementation of Merdeka curriculum in elementary schools. The Merdeka curriculum has the potential to improve education standards in Indonesia as a whole with the right strategy and adequate support.

This research aims to improve the writing skills of elementary school students through the application of mind mapping techniques. The background of this research is based on the low writing ability of students, especially in developing ideas and composing coherent and coherent paragraphs. This study uses the Classroom Action Research (PTK) method which is carried out in two cycles in grade V of elementary school. Each cycle consists of planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. Data collection techniques are carried out through essay writing tests, observation of student activities, and documentation of student work. The results of the study show that the mind mapping technique can help students in systematically compiling ideas before writing, making it easier for them to develop their essays. In the first cycle, only 48% of students achieved the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). After improvements were made in cycle II, completeness increased to 84%. In addition to the increase in writing results, there is also an increase in motivation and active participation of students in the writing learning process. In conclusion, mind mapping techniques have proven to be effective in improving the writing skills of elementary school students. This strategy can be used as an alternative in learning Indonesian to create a more creative, structured, and fun learning atmosphere.

The Merdeka Curriculum is an educational policy innovation launched by the Minister of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology in 2022 in response to the need for more flexible, contextual, and student-centered learning. Its implementation at the elementary school level involves various parties, especially teachers and principals, in designing and implementing learning that adjusts to the characteristics and potential of students. Curriculum planning is focused on the preparation of individual learning, competency mapping, and the use of contextual teaching modules. Meanwhile, the implementation of the Independent Curriculum includes strengthening intracurricular learning and projects to strengthen the Pancasila Student Profile (P5), formative assessments, and collaboration between teachers. However, in its implementation, teachers face various challenges, such as limited facilities, difficulties in using digital platforms, and not yet optimal understanding of the concept of the new curriculum. Principal training, collaboration, and leadership support are important factors in overcoming these barriers. This article reviews in depth the aspects of planning, implementing, and evaluating the Independent Curriculum at the elementary school level as well as optimization efforts that can be carried out in improving the quality of education in Indonesia.

This study aims to explore the potential of ethnoscience as a contextual source in democratic education in thematic PPKn learning in elementary schools. Ethnoscience, as a representation of local knowledge that develops in the culture of society, can be used as a meaningful, relevant, and contextual learning medium for students. In the context of democratic education, values such as deliberation, mutual cooperation, and social justice contained in ethnoscience practices make a significant contribution to strengthening students' democratic character and understanding. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with a literature study approach. The results of the study indicate that the integration of ethnoscience in thematic PPKn learning can increase student involvement, strengthen cultural identity, and foster democratic awareness and participation from an early age. Thus, the use of ethnoscience as a contextual source not only enriches teaching materials,but also becomes a strategic means of instilling democratic values that are in accordance with the local context of students.