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:Pakistan is a developing country. Its transportation infrastructure mainly consists of road network. About 95% passengers and fright is transported using the road network. This high demand on road network is because of the unreliable railway system between the cities. Due to such high demand on road network the accident involvement risk of an individual is much high as compared to developed countries. This study uses a new modeling approach to estimate road safety risk for WTP.  A correlated random parameters Tobit model (heterogeneity-in-mean) is integrated with machine learning (Decision tree).  The decision tree categorizes higher-order interactions, while the model captures unobserved correlations and heterogeneity. The framework examines WTP determinants using a representative sample of 3178 road users from Pakistan. The model estimates WTP for different (fatal and severe injury) risk reductions to monetize road traffic crash costs. Results show maximum respondents are willing to support safety improvement policies. The model reveals significant WTP heterogeneity linked to perceptions of road safety and accident risk. Systematic preference heterogeneity emerges through higher-order interactions, offering insights into WTP relationships. Marginal effects highlight varying sensitivities to explanatory variables, quantifying their impact on WTP probability and magnitude. The framework provides two key contributions. It identifies public WTP determinants, emphasizing heterogeneous effects. It also helps in prioritization safety policies by understanding public sensitivity to WTP. The insights further emphasizing on the importance of road safety interventions to the specific socio-economic profiles of road users. This study offers a significant contribution to road safety improvement by providing valuable recommendations for policy makers. By integrating detailed socio-economic factors, it also addresses the urgent need for targeted traffic safety interventions in Pakistan. These findings are expected to aid policymakers and stakeholders in developing effective strategies to enhance road safety and reduce the accident involvement risk effectively.

Cireng comes from the Sundanese region with the acronym of aci digoreng "fried tapioca" which is made by frying a mixture of dough made from tapioca flour. Currently, cireng is sold in various flavors and forms, such as chicken, beef, sausage, meatballs, to cheese and teriyaki chicken. Even innovation is not only in taste but also in form, for example cimol, cilung, and others. In this case, the author conducted a study on an UMKM called Cireng Isi Seblak Brother which has more than 30 variants. With the best-selling variants being shredded chicken and tetelan. The purpose of this case study is to maximize the calculation of the maximum profit that should be and that occurs in the field.

The rapid development of information and communication technology has changed the way students access information and learn, making digital libraries an important resource for digital literacy learning in primary schools. This research aims to explore the role of digital libraries in enhancing digital literacy learning of primary school students. The methods used included a literature study and a survey of students and teachers in several primary schools. The results showed that digital libraries not only provide easy access to various information sources, but also provide tools and platforms that support the development of students' critical, analytical and creative skills. In addition, the digital library serves as a collaborative space that encourages interaction between students and teachers and between students and other learning resources. The implications of this study highlight the importance of integrating digital libraries into the school curriculum to maximise the learning potential of digital literacy among primary school students. Thus, the utilisation of digital libraries is expected to improve the quality of education and digital literacy skills of students in today's information age.

In line with the development of social media use, the role of influencers in tourism marketing strategies has developed further. This research is aimed at analyzing marketing through influencers in increasing interest in visiting Mount Tunak tourism in Central Lombok. The purpose of this research is to the influence of trust given to influencers. Data was collected through an online survey to 50 respondents who visited the content promoted by influencers. Competition in the world of tourism today is very tight, therefore it is very important to use influencer-based digital marketing. Influencers already have and can personally and effectively reach audiences, so their relevance and credibility are important to research. The results of the research show that using influencer marketing has a significant impact on visitor interest, which is more dominant when there is trust in the influencer. This research is expected to provide guidance for tourism industry players to maximize strategies in digital marketing.

The birth of various Islamic financial institutions (LKS) shows that Islamic teachings cover the economic scope, including cooperatives in the form of Islamic finance These Islamic teachings must absolutely be obeyed and guided by all Muslims in making daily life activities, including in transaction and investment activities, Mashlahah refers to all forms of benefits or goodness that can bring prosperity to individuals and society in general.  without ignoring sharia values. For manufacturers of mashlahah formulations, it is an important challenge in carrying out production activities that not only pursue material profits, but also contribute to economic sustainability, social justice, and environmental preservation Qualitative descriptive research is aimed at describing and describing existing phenomena, both natural and man-made, that pay more attention to the characteristics, quality, and linkages between activities. In addition, descriptive research does not provide treatment, manipulation or alteration to the variables studied, but rather describes a condition as it is. The only treatment given is the research itself, which is carried out through observation, interviews from competent sources in their fields The imbalance between profits and benefits is one of the fundamental issues in the formulation of mashlahah for producers who are faced with pressure to maximize profits in a short time, which sometimes has the potential to sacrifice the principles of benefits caused by several factors, such as adopting strategies that are oriented towards short-term profits to meet financial targets or pressure from shareholders. As a result, the benefits are often overlooked. The imbalance between profits and benefits is an important problem for sharia-based cooperatives that lack understanding of the principles of mashlahah in Islamic business, such as avoiding riba and using a clear profit-sharing system on every transaction

Entering the digital era, technology plays an important role in human life. The Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 accelerated the digital transformation, including the activities of school children aged 6-12 years. The use of gadgets can have both positive and negative impacts on children, so it is necessary for parents to play a role in managing screen time to maximise the positive impact and minimise the negative impact of gadget use on children.  This activity is a counselling for parents, children, and teachers conducted at TPQ Nurul Ilmi Makassar City. The methods used were lectures and discussions. The results of the activity were 25 parents and children, as well as 5 teachers who participated in counselling activities. Based on the results of the discussion, the use of gadgets can help children in finding learning resources and as an educational medium for children, some parents supervise and limit screen time for children but there are also some parents who cannot supervise optimally because they are busy working. Children are given gadgets with the hope that parents can contact their children easily. The advice given to parents is to limit screen time for children to a maximum of 2-3 hours per day and select applications and what children watch during screen time. Meanwhile, teachers need to develop learning methods so that children are more comfortable learning and playing than using gadgets.

The aim of this research is to find out how the role of e-commerce increases opportunities for MSMEs in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach with literature study as the main data source. We carried out the data collection process by searching literature with the keyword "The role of e-commerce in Indonesian MSMEs." on the Google Scholar platform. The results show that e-commerce has made a significant contribution to the MSME players themselves. The role of e-commerce has also increased since the COVID-19 pandemic, which at that time became the main solution for MSMEs to survive amidst the crisis caused by restrictions on physical activity. With e-commerce integrated with social media, MSMEs can still operate and maintain income because they are able to adapt to changes in market behavior. However, this research also identified several main challenges, one of which is the low interest in reading which causes a lack of digital literacy among MSME players. Therefore, technology training, digital infrastructure development, and policies that support the empowerment of MSMEs in the digital era are needed. By conducting this research, of course there is hope that strategic steps can be formulated to maximize the potential of e-commerce, not only in expanding market access on a global scale, but also being able to increase the global competitiveness of MSMEs in a sustainable manner.  

E-commerce is all activities selling goods and services carried out through electronic media. Shrimp Cracker Shop, is a business that operates in the field of selling typical souvenirs. Currently, sales of goods are still carried out manually, namely by buyers coming directly to the shop or by purchasing by telephone. This type of research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. This research provides an accurate description and explanation of the conditions or symptoms faced. The materials used in this research are data obtained from the results of interviews and later the results of the interviews can find out what needs are needed to build a website. System Design Methods in Designing a The system definitely requires modeling so that the results of the system design that you want to achieve can obtain maximum results. What the author uses is Unified Modeling Langue (UML). Which consists of use case diagrams, class diagrams, and activity diagrams. In this research the author uses the Rapid Application Development system development method. The software development method in this research uses the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model system development method. After the design is carried out, the researcher draws conclusions namely the e-commerce design of the Manda Shrimp Cracker Shop was successfully created to help promotion and sales. The results of testing the Blackbox Testing software system were declared successful, and the feasibility test using a Likert scale resulted in a score of 93% (very feasible). Overall, the results were successful and in accordance with what was designed.

The study entitled “Cream Formulation of Methanol Extract of Tapak Kuda (Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.) Leaves) As an anti-inflammatory in male white mice (Mus musculus)” using laboratory experimental methods with posttest control group design, data analysis using SPSS 25.0 with One Way ANOVA test and Duncan test. The percentage of extract yield obtained was 3.12%, phytochemical screening test showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids. Cream preparation of methanol extract of Tapak Kuda leaves at concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% showed anti-inflammatory activity and the maximum dose to reduce edema diameter was 10% concentration with a percentage inhibition of 87.97%. Data analysis with One Way ANOVA test with a significance value ≤ 0.05 which indicates the presence of anti-inflammatory activity in Ipomoea pes-caprae tread leaf methanol extract cream.

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a disease that is often suffered by the elderly because the elderly's bones have lost a lot of nutrients. With the prevalence of osteoporosis in the elderly, to find out how to prevent osteoporosis, action is needed that can cover all aspects that cause a decrease in bone strength in the elderly and actions that can reach this aspect are by eating healthy food and doing physical exercise. The purpose of this research: To identify that physical exercise and healthy eating can prevent osteoporosis in the elderly. Research methods: By using a literature review as a search guide for research articles obtained from the internet using internet sites and Google Scholar. The results: Analysis of 10 selected research articles shows that physical exercise and healthy food can have several benefits: physical benefits can improve physical fitness, maintain body health and increase bone strength. The psychological benefits can increase the quality of life and keep feelings positive. Physical exercise and eating healthy foods can help prevent osteoporosis in the elderly due to a lack of protein and nutrients in their bones. Conclusion: The results of this literature review are that physical exercise and healthy eating have several benefits, namely: physical benefits can improve physical fitness, maintain body health and increase bone strength. The psychological benefits can improve the quality of life and keep feelings positive. Doing physical exercise 3 times a week with a minimum duration of 30 minutes and a maximum of 40 minutes with a time of >4 weeks will be more effective in getting many benefits and the quality of life for the elderly will also increase. 

In An Organization, Employee Performance Is An Important Factor That Will Affect The Success Of The Organization. The Success Of The Organization Can Be Determined By How Effective And Productive Employees Are In Achieving Maximum Results. Therefore, Employees Are Often Required To Have And Master Abilities And Skills Where This Aims To Produce Satisfactory Performance, In Addition, Employees Who Have High Motivation Tend To Be Disciplined So That From High Motivation And Discipline Employees Can Complete Tasks Well So That The Results Obtained Will Be Maximized. In Assessing Employee Performance, An Employee Performance Evaluation Is Needed Which Aims To Measure How Far Employees Maximize Their Abilities And How Much Contribution Has Been Made, Where Employees Who Have Maximum Performance Tend To Do More Productive Things, Express Innovative Thoughts, And Prioritize Increasing Customer Satisfaction, And Increasing Organizational Profits.

This research is a qualitative descriptive research that aims to determine the Effectiveness of Supervision of Village Fund (DD) Use in Development in Ohoi Mataholat, Kei Besar District, Southeast Maluku Regency and What are the Supporting and Inhibiting Factors. This research was conducted in Ohoi Mataholat, Kei Besa District, Southeast Maluku Regency. Primary data collection was carried out using data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation of a number of informants involved in the Supervision and Use of Village Funds for Development in Ohoi Mataholat, Kei Besar District, Southeast Maluku Regency. The results of the study indicate that although there is supervision carried out by the village government and the community, there are still obstacles in terms of transparency, accountability, and supervisory capacity. Factors such as lack of community understanding, low human resources in supervision, and minimal facilities and infrastructure for implementing supervision are the main obstacles in achieving effective supervision. Therefore, this study recommends the need to increase the capacity of supervisors, more intensive socialization to the community, and increase transparency in reporting the use of village funds. Thus, it is hoped that the use of village funds can be more optimal and provide maximum benefits for village development..

This study aims to analyze the impact of globalization on economic development in developing countries, focusing on both its positive and negative effects. Globalization has accelerated the integration of the global economy, enabling developing countries to access global markets, advanced technologies, and foreign direct investment (FDI). On the other hand, globalization also presents challenges such as economic inequality, dependency on developed nations, and resource exploitation. Using a qualitative approach with a literature review method, this study explores various data and literature from scientific journals, international organization reports, and related publications. The findings reveal that globalization significantly contributes to economic growth in developing countries through increased international trade, technology transfer, and job creation. However, these effects are not evenly distributed across sectors and social groups, leading to income disparities and uneven development. Furthermore, globalization pressures often push developing countries to adopt economic policies that are less supportive of local sectors, reducing domestic economic competitiveness. This study recommends the importance of balanced and sustainable development-oriented policies to maximize the benefits of globalization while minimizing its adverse impacts. Thus, developing countries can optimize globalization’s potential as a tool for inclusive and sustainable economic development.

Rape is a criminal act by means of violence, threats and forcing the will on others, to commit an act that violates the rules, rape is often committed by someone by forcing others to have intercourse with threats and violence. In rape, many become victims, where almost all victims lack the courage to defend themselves so that it is easy for someone to commit rape. As in article 285 of the Criminal Code. The type of research used is normative juridical and empirical juridical. Normative juridical research is legal research that places law as a building of a norm system. The norm system in question is regarding the principles, norms, rules of laws and regulations, agreements and doctrines (teachings). This research was conducted on secondary data such as laws and regulations, scientific journals, law books related to the law of cooperation agreements and agencies. While empirical juridical research is research that has an object of study regarding community behavior. The behavior of the community studied is behavior that arises as a result of interacting with the existing norm system. The interaction emerged as a form of public reaction to the implementation of a positive legal provision and can also be seen from the behavior of the community as a form of action in influencing the formation of a positive legal provision. Empirical legal research in writing this thesis was conducted through direct interviews with the Sei Rampah District Court, Serdang Bedagai Regency. Research Results A. Imposition of sanctions on perpetrators of rape in the decision of the Serdang Bedagai District Court Number 511 / Pid.Sus / 2022 Pn Srh. Sentencing the Defendant therefore to imprisonment for 14 (fourteen) years and a fine of Rp1,000,000,000.00 (one billion rupiah) with the provision that if the fine is not paid it is replaced with imprisonment for 2 (two) months; B. Regulation of criminal acts of indecency in laws and regulations. Article 281 of the Criminal Code Threatened with a maximum imprisonment of 2 years and 8 months or a maximum fine of Rp4.5 million: C. Obstacles faced in protecting victims of indecency against women and steps. The obstacles experienced are in the form of a protracted legal process (undue delay), evidence, the absence of articles regulating certain sexual crimes, intimidation from the perpetrator, and lack of support from the victim's closest environment.  

Organic farming has increasingly become a preferred choice in sustainable agricultural systems due to its significant benefits for environmental balance and quality. One of the key elements in organic farming is soil microorganisms, which play a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility and supporting plant health. Soil microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing microbes, mycorrhiza, and organic matter decomposers, contribute significantly to fertilization efficiency and nutrient availability, as well as improving plant resistance to pathogens. The utilization of soil microorganisms as biofertilizers can reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, mitigate environmental pollution, and increase agricultural productivity sustainably. Furthermore, soil microorganisms can improve soil structure, extend root longevity, and stimulate plant growth. The selection of appropriate microorganisms according to soil conditions and intended use is essential to maximize their benefits. Therefore, the application of soil fertility-promoting microorganisms as part of sustainable agricultural technology holds great potential to enhance environmentally friendly and efficient agricultural outcomes.

This study aims to analyze how teacher pedagogical competence influences improving student learning outcomes. Efforts to improve teacher competence so that the implementation of teaching and learning activities is effective for students. This study applies literature studies, a method that utilizes sources such as journals, books, articles, and other publications to collect information. The results of the study revealed that teacher competence has a real contribution to improving student learning outcomes. The influence of teacher competence is an important factor in creating and maintaining an environment that supports student learning outcomes in order to achieve maximum learning goals.  

Street lighting is infrastructure that the community needs at night, as a support for improving the safety, comfort and security of motorists. Street lighting sometimes still does not comply with the standards determined by the National Standards Body 7391:2008, so sometimes it requires recalculation according to the standard requirements determined by the National Standards Body. Jalan Margomulyo Surabaya is an arterial road with a width of 11 meters and a length of 4000 meters. This road is an industrial and warehouse area which is passed by large trucks of cars, motorbikes and the surrounding community every day. The lighting on Jalan Margomulyo is still found to be less than optimal and there are still black spots at several points, so re-planning needs to be done to produce maximum lighting. On Jalan Margomulyo there are around 90 ornamental poles with 120 Watt LED lights. Which produces an average illumination of 13.9 lux and consumes energy of 129.6 Kwh/day. However, the results of the lights installed in the field produced an average illumination that was less than optimal, so re-planning was carried out using 150 Watt LED lights with an ornamental handlebar angle of 19.19 for 90 light points along the road, which would produce an average illumination of 19.09 lux, light intensity 1863.05 cd which is in accordance with the National Standards  7391:2008.

This research aims to analyze the communication strategies implemented in strengthening infrastructure in remote areas and the challenges faced in this process. Remote areas often face difficulties in terms of access to information, limited technology, and low community participation in development projects. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach, involving in-depth interviews, field observations and documentation analysis. The research results show that effective communication strategies include the use of traditional communication channels, language simplification, and community involvement in every stage of the project. Challenges faced include limited access to technology, cultural barriers, and low levels of education, which can be overcome with approaches based on local context and information transparency. This research provides recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of communication in strengthening infrastructure in remote areas, in order to obtain maximum support from the community and ensure project success.

The purpose of this study is to see how local folktales and science concepts can be used as learning resources in Natural and Social Science lessons in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI). In this study, qualitative methods and content analysis techniques were applied to relevant local folktales. The main data sources were folktales from various regions in Indonesia, which were selected based on their relevance to science concepts in the IPAS curriculum. Data collection was conducted through document analysis of folktales, interviews with IPAS teachers, and observations on how folktales are applied in classroom learning. Using a descriptive approach, the data collected was analyzed to find and categorize the science concepts contained in the folktales. In addition, it was assessed the possibility of folklore can be used as learning media. The results showed that local folktales have great potential as a source of IPAS education covering physics and chemistry concepts, as well as natural phenomena and animal and plant life. Students can gain a better understanding of science concepts through folktales, which are more contextualized and easy to understand. Thus, folktales can be incorporated into IPAS learning to improve students' understanding, enrich their learning experience, and raise awareness of the importance of environmental conservation. In addition, this study suggests the creation of folklore-based learning modules and teacher training programs to maximize this potential.

This study examines the application of network models in daily life using a systematic literature review (SLR) method. Network models are mathematical approaches that aid in solving various optimization problems such as shortest routes, minimum spanning trees, and maximum flows. Findings reveal that the Floyd-Warshall and Dijkstra algorithms are applied for route navigation, Prim's algorithm for distribution efficiency, and the Edmonds-Karp algorithm for optimizing resource flows like water. This research highlights the significance of network models in enhancing operational efficiency, sustainability, and accessibility across various domains such as transportation, logistics, and resource management. With the integration of modern technology, network models hold significant potential for developing innovative solutions in everyday life.