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Performance management plays a central role in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of organizations, both in the public and private sectors. In modern government, the increasing public demand for quality, transparent, and accountable public services has encouraged comprehensive bureaucratic reform. The State Civil Apparatus (ASN) is now positioned as an agent of development that must be adaptive, innovative, and results-oriented. Performance management is no longer just a compliance-based evaluation tool, but rather an integrated strategic approach to drive organizational success on an ongoing basis. In line with Armstrong's (2009) view, the focus of modern performance management lies on developing the capacity of individuals and teams to create optimal contributions to the achievement of organizational goals.

Structural failure in construction projects is a critical issue that not only endangers public safety but also triggers legal consequences for parties involved. This study explores mechanical structural failure from technical, legal, and professional responsibility perspectives. Technically, structural failures are often caused by inadequate planning, poor-quality materials, and improper construction practices. Legally, the Indonesian Construction Services Law (Law No. 2 of 2017) and the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) provide a foundation for holding parties accountable, both civilly and criminally, especially when failures result in significant losses or casualties. The research also discusses the roles and responsibilities of construction consultants and contractors. Consultants are responsible for accurate design and oversight, while contractors must ensure implementation aligns with technical specifications and safety standards. Any negligence or deviation from duties by either party can lead to legal liability. This paper emphasizes the importance of integrating technical diligence with legal compliance to ensure the success and safety of construction projects.

This research aims to conduct a juridical analysis of cases of circulation of illegal cosmetic products. The method used is normative-dogmatic juridical research, which focuses on relevant legal doctrines and principles. The approach used is a conceptual approach and a statutory approach, with primary legal sources including the Health Law, BPOM Regulations, the Criminal Code (KUHP), and the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). Secondary legal sources include journals, books, and other references that support the analysis. The results show that the distribution of illegal cosmetic products that do not meet safety and quality standards, as in the case of the defendant Megawati binti Rahmat alias Mega in verdict number 39/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Slr, is a serious violation of health law and consumer protection in Indonesia. Based on the principle of liability based on the element of fault, the defendant can be held legally responsible because it is proven that she distributed cosmetics without a distribution permit containing hazardous substances such as mercury. The Panel of Judges considered that the defendant's actions fulfilled the elements of unlawful acts in accordance with Article 1365 of the Civil Code and Article 196 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health. The implications of this research emphasize the importance of strict law enforcement and the application of the principle of responsibility to protect public health from dangerous cosmetic products.

East Africa has great potential in the tourism sector, but is vulnerable to the threat of terrorism that can hinder economic growth and regional stability. This research aims to analyze the impact of terrorism on tourism development, especially in Kenya as a case study. The research uses a Library Research method with a descriptive qualitative approach based on narrative and contextual. The theory used is the tactical definition of terrorism by C.A.J Coady which emphasizes violence against civilians for political interests and Esmailzadeh's perspective which states the adaptive and global nature of terrorism. The results of the analysis show that terror attacks, such as those that occurred in several countries in the East African region, do not only cause physical casualties but also psychological and symbolic impacts in the form of declining tourist numbers, disruption of security perceptions and a negative image of the destination in the eyes of the international community. This study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach: hard security, inclusive economic development, and soft power-based promotion. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of theoretical-philosophical approaches and empirical data to assess the linkages between security and tourism in conflict-prone areas, which have rarely been studied in depth in the East African context.

Indonesia and Malaysia, as two Southeast Asian nations with shared historical and cultural ties, possess distinct legal sistem shaped by their colonial legacies. Indonesia adheres to a civil law sistem (derived from Dutch jurisprudence), while Malaysia follows a common law framework (inherited from British rule). Nevertheless, both jurisdictions incorporate Islamic law and customary legal traditions into their national legal sistem. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the legal sistem of both countries, with a particular focus on criminal law, civil law, and judicial structures, while also examining the challenges and opportunities for legal harmonization in the context of ASEAN integration. The research employs a normative juridical methodology, utilizing statutory and doctrinal legal analysis. Findings indicate that the primary distinctions lie in their legal sources (codification versus precedent) and the role of judicial institutions, while similarities emerge in their recognition of legal pluralism. Harmonization efforts face structural, substantive, and cultural challenges, yet potential exists in areas such as digital law, environmental law, and Islamic inheritance law.

This study examines the use of nominee agreements as instruments of fraud within Indonesian foundations that operate private educations.  This research focuses on how foundation organs use the foundations to buy land assets for themselves and evade liability. The problem addressed is the gap between civil‐law façade and underlying criminal intent, whereby Patrons, Management, and Supervisors transfer land ownership out of the foundation’s name through a simulated agreement called nominee contracts. The research aims to analyze how these contracts facilitate systemic fraud and to propose a legal framework for holding both individuals and the foundation itself criminally accountable. A doctrinal‐normative method is employed, involving analyses of statutory provisions (Foundation Law, the old and the new Criminal Code), internal regulations, and key court decisions (e.g., Gunung Muria University, Al‐Hilaal Ambon, Morning Star). Findings reveal that nominee agreements consistently conceal intent to defraud, that existing legal provisions are underutilized or applied piecemeal, and that criminal courts have been reluctant to dissolve offending foundations despite clear evidence of strafbaarfeit (criminal act) by the foundation. The main synthesis highlights the necessity of a consistent approach by the law enforcement and the court to interpret nominee‐based transfers as criminal acts to prevent further asset diversion. The study concludes that integrating civil and criminal frameworks, along with strengthening oversight and enabling immediate dissolution of fraudulent foundations, is essential to safeguard public interest and restore trust in the nonprofit sector.

Youth is the driving force of all civilizations born in the culture of society. The state of maturity affects the mindset and behavior. Sensitivity is very high in sniffing out various problems of the surrounding reality. The effectiveness of this sense is what drives the sensitivity to make changes to overcome various conditions. Based on this phenomenon, researchers use Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities as a tool for analysis. Anderson said that collective imagination or imagination will bring into a shared awareness. In addition, youth are the driving force, because they have the opportunity to change the conditions of their society. This study uses a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. This is in line with the analysis that seeks to describe and explain the reality that exists within a scope of society.

This study aims to compare the implementation of liquidation law for Limited Liability Companies (PT) by the General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) in Indonesia and Malaysia. In Indonesia, the regulation is governed by Law Number 40 of 2007 in conjunction with Law Number 11 of 2020, while in Malaysia, it is governed under the Companies Act 2016. Although both legal systems share the fundamental principle of protecting creditors and shareholders, their approaches differ significantly. Indonesia’s civil law system emphasizes procedural formalism, while Malaysia’s common law system focuses more on solvency and active creditor involvement. This comparative study finds that Malaysia's practices offer greater administrative efficiency and accountability, which could serve as a model for corporate law reform in Indonesia. The findings aim to support the development of more adaptive, transparent regulations aligned with good corporate governance principles.

This study aims to analyze the normative provisions regarding women's inheritance rights in three legal systems applicable in Indonesia, namely Islamic law, customary law, and civil law. These three systems have different legal bases, values, and mechanisms in regulating inheritance rights, especially regarding the position and rights of women as heirs. Islamic law determines women's inheritance shares based on the provisions of the Qur'an and Al-Hadith or As Sunnah with the principle of proportionality according to socio-economic responsibilities in the family. On the other hand, customary law is highly dependent on the local kinship system, whether patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral, which causes great variation in granting inheritance rights to women. Meanwhile, civil law originating from the Civil Code emphasizes equality between men and women in inheritance rights, without gender differentiation. This study uses a normative legal approach with a qualitative analysis method on primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that although normatively civil law and several customary law systems provide space for equality, in social practice and cultural interpretation of women in obtaining inheritance rights, harmonization between legal systems is still needed, as well as increasing legal awareness in society for women. This study also emphasizes the importance of strengthening the role of the state and law enforcement officers in implementing inheritance rights for women.

Terrorism is an extraordinary crime that requires extraordinary measures. The Elucidation of Law Number 5/2018 describes that the crime of terrorism is a serious, deliberate, systematic, and planned crime that instills widespread fear. However, the law does not explicitly regulate exceptions to the statute of limitations rendering it subject to the general provisions in the Criminal Code. Under Law 5/2018, terrorism is punishable by death. Consequently if evades after 18 years, the obligation to prosecute is extinguished. In contrast, Law Number 26/2000 concerning Human Rights Courts excludes gross human rights violations like crimes against humanity from statute of limitations provision. Terrorism can be categorized as a crime against humanity. This is because terrorism is a widespread and systematic attack that directly aimed at the civilian population, as formulated in Law 26/2000. However, with both crimes against humanity and terrorism codified in the 2023 Criminal Code along with closing provisions revoking parts of Law 26/2000 and Law 5/2018, raises the question whether these crimes will now be subject to the statute of limitations provision in the 2023 Code. This is certainly not in accordance with both comparative practice in various countries and international law.

This article discusses the comparative law between Indonesia and Malaysia regarding bankruptcy of inheritance left by a deceased testator. In Indonesia, Bankruptcy of Inheritance and Responsibility of Heirs Based on the "Burgerlijk Wetboek", with 2 (two) main issues, namely bankruptcy petitions based on debts from the testator and the responsibility of heirs who have received inheritances from deceased debtors. The main focus of this discussion is how each country regulates the possibility of inheritance being declared bankrupt, as well as the position of the heirs in the bankruptcy process. The method used in this study is normative juridical with a comparative law approach. The results of the analysis show that although Indonesia and Malaysia have similar legal system roots (civil law influenced by the Netherlands and England), there are differences in principle in the treatment of bankruptcy of inheritance. Indonesia allows bankrupt inheritance assets to be subject to bankruptcy under certain conditions, while Malaysia emphasizes the inheritance administration process without a formal bankruptcy approach. This study is important to provide an understanding for legal practitioners in dealing with inheritance dispute cases burdened with debt.

Humanitarian intervention is often seen as an effort to protect civilians from human rights violations, but it often clashes with the principle of state sovereignty in international law. This research evaluates the alignment of humanitarian intervention with the values of Pancasila as an ethical and moral footing in international policy. The research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach; data is obtained from a literature study that includes academic documents, journals, reference books, and diplomatic reports, then analyzed descriptively-analytically to reveal the views of Pancasila in the practice of international law. The results show that although intervention has noble aims, its implementation often collides with the principle of non-intervention and the principle of state sovereignty. The values of Pancasila, especially fair and civilized humanity and social justice, can be used as a moral foundation to assess the legitimacy of intervention, but its application in international norms is still constrained by political interests and power imbalances between states. The conclusion of this study is that Pancasila offers a potential ethical framework for more just humanitarian interventions, but diplomacy and policy advocacy efforts are needed to strengthen the position of developing countries in formulating international norms that respect sovereignty while protecting human rights.

This study aims to determine the description of job satisfaction in terms of leadership style. The research informants were 5 ASN from the Regional Civil Service Agency. This type of research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. The data collection technique in this study used a semi-structured interview method and previous study literature. The results of the study found a democratic leadership style that could make some ASN feel satisfied. There are several factors that influence it, such as decision making. Therefore, an adaptive, empathetic leadership style that involves employees plays an important role in increasing job satisfaction.

This study examines the comparative analysis of civil law systems between Indonesia and Malaysia, which adhere to the Civil Law and Common Law systems, respectively. Indonesia implements the Civil Law system, inherited from Dutch colonial rule and based on the Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW), whereas Malaysia adopts the Common Law system, derived from the English legal tradition. The fundamental difference between these systems lies in their sources of law, where Civil Law prioritizes codification through written statutes, while Common Law relies on jurisprudence and judicial precedents. Additionally, Malaysia employs a mixed legal system, incorporating elements of Customary Law and Islamic Law in specific legal matters. This study further explores the potential for harmonization of civil law between Indonesia and Malaysia through the Private International Law (PIL) framework, which facilitates cross-border dispute resolution based on the lex patriae and lex domicilii principles. By employing a Juridical-Normative methodology and adopting Comparative, Analytical, and Conceptual approaches, this research underscores the significance of understanding legal system differences to enhance legal cooperation between the two nations.

Law enforcement is a fundamental pillar in upholding justice and maintaining social order. Indonesia and Malaysia, as neighboring countries with shared historical backgrounds and legal systems—both influenced by Continental European law and local customary laws—demonstrate different approaches in their judicial systems and law enforcement practices. This study aims to compare the judicial systems of both countries in terms of law enforcement, focusing on institutional structures, criminal and civil court mechanisms, and the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies such as the police, prosecution, and judiciary. The research employs a qualitative method with a juridical-comparative approach, analyzing legal documents, legislation, and scholarly literature. The findings reveal that although both countries share basic legal principles, significant differences exist in terms of judicial independence, procedural efficiency, as well as transparency and accountability of law enforcement institutions. This study is expected to contribute to the reform of Indonesia’s judicial system by adopting positive practices from the Malaysian legal framework. 

The purpose of this research is to ascertain how the work environment and leadership affect the performance of Civil Servants (ASN) in the Gowa Regency Regional Secretariat. This study uses a quantitative approach. Civil Servants (ASN) and non-ASN workers make up the population. 50 respondents make up the sample size as a consequence of the statistical sampling methodology combined with the random selection method. Techniques for gathering data include surveys, recordkeeping, and observation. Using SPSS version 30, multiple linear regression analysis and traditional assumption tests were the data analysis techniques used in this investigation.The findings indicate that the performance of ASN in the Gowa Regency Regional Secretariat is positively and significantly impacted by the leadership variable. The ASN in the Gowa Regency Regional Secretariat is positively and significantly impacted by the work environment variable. The ASN in the Regional Secretariat of Gowa Regency is positively and significantly impacted by leadership and work environment factors at the same time.

Arabic literature has undergone significant development from pre-Islamic times to the modern era, reflecting social, cultural and intellectual changes in Arab civilization. Changes in literary works, whether in the form of poetry, prose, or novels, have also influenced the development of the Arabic language in terms of vocabulary, structure, and style of expression. This study aims to analyze how the evolution of Arabic literature impacts the development of the Arabic language by using qualitative research methods. The approach used is descriptive analysis with library research techniques, where data is collected from various sources, such as classical and modern literary works, academic journals, and previous studies that discuss the relationship between literature and language. The results show that Arabic literature plays a role in the formation of modern Arabic through vocabulary enrichment, syntactic innovation, and the spread of various dialects. In addition, the influence of literature on language is also seen in the context of education and mass media. By understanding the close relationship between literature and language, this research is expected to provide new insights for the study of Arabic linguistics as well as the preservation of literary wealth in language development.

This article discusses the existence of science from the perspective of philosophy, culture, and religion in the global and digital era. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this article examines how the integration of science, cultural values, and religious principles can strengthen human civilization amidst the challenges of globalization and digitalization. In the process, this study highlights the importance of philosophical foundations in the development of science, the contribution of culture in providing local context to the application of science, and the role of religion in providing a moral and ethical framework. The results of the study show that collaboration between these three aspects can create a civilized, tolerant, and adaptive society to changes in the times. Thus, this integration becomes an important foundation for the development of sustainable and meaningful human civilization in the modern era.

Noble human character and ukhuwah Islamiyyah are the main pillars in building a harmonious, religious and civilized society. Larike Village faces the challenge of declining community participation in religious activities, especially recitation and commemoration of the Prophet's birthday, which has the potential to weaken the social and moral values of the community. This community service aims to strengthen character and ukhuwah through an innovative approach by holding Maulid Nabi activities in rotation at residents' homes, integrating the exemplary value of the Prophet, Islamic parenting, and intensive social interaction. This participatory and cultural-based implementation method succeeded in reviving the collective spirit and strengthening awareness of the mother's role as an agent of family and community change. The results of the service showed a significant increase in religious spirit, quality of ukhuwah, and parenting awareness. This model proved to be effective, sustainable, and has the potential for replication in other communities facing similar challenges

This study aims to analyze the legal remedies for denial of default in the civil procedural law system in Indonesia. The main problem raised is how the denial mechanism can provide legal protection for defendants who are not present at the trial, and how the application of denial in judicial practice is related to the principle of fair and speedy trials. The background of this study is based on the phenomenon of many civil cases being decided by default due to the absence of the defendant, which then leads to the submission of denial as a means of protecting the defendant's rights. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach and case studies. Data were obtained through a literature study of laws and regulations, court decisions, and relevant literature, and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that denial is an important legal right for defendants to defend themselves against unilaterally imposed decisions. However, in practice, the implementation of denial is often hampered by administrative factors, the defendant's ignorance of their rights, and different interpretations by law enforcement officers regarding the deadline for submitting denial. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations and socialize the mechanism of verzet so that the principle of justice in the civil trial process can be realized optimally.