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Natuna waters are the most vulnerable area to illegal fishing because there is abundant potential for fishery resources. It was recorded that from May to December 2016, there were 280 foreign vessels in Natuna waters, which resulted in economic losses of 2.98 trillion Rupiah. This study aims to examine and assess the policies and actions that the Indonesian government has implemented in overcoming illegal fishing activities in the area. The results of this study are that the Natuna Waters Area is part of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lane (ALKI) and functions as a global waterway. The Natuna Waters Area borders with neighboring countries and is connected to open waters, making it vulnerable to illegal fishing activities. The Indonesian government's strategy in dealing with cases of unlawful fishing in Natuna waters effectively increases the protection of state sovereignty and marine resources through policies such as sinking ships and maritime diplomacy. However, this implementation policy overcomes obstacles in the form of intimidation from other countries, such as China, and weaknesses in supervision and coordination between domestic institutions, which can affect microorganisms in fisheries management and maritime security in the area.

Yemen's protracted crisis has severely disrupted the educational sector, rendering the implementation of national education policies inconsistent and largely ineffective. This article explores the major challenges faced in executing educational policies in post-crisis Yemen, focusing on the gap between well-formulated regulatory frameworks and the realities of field implementation. Drawing upon a qualitative literature review and document analysis, the study identifies several critical barriers, including political instability, inadequate infrastructure, funding shortages, and regional disparities. The analysis also highlights the resilience of local actors and communities who often act as de facto education providers in the absence of centralized governance. Findings suggest that the success of post-crisis education policy in Yemen depends not only on formal regulation but also on adaptive, community-driven implementation mechanisms. The study concludes with strategic recommendations to bridge the policy-practice gap through decentralized governance, international partnerships, and targeted investment in teacher development and school reconstruction. These insights contribute to a broader understanding of educational recovery in fragile and conflict-affected settings.

Regulation plays an important role in the public sector as a legal foundation and reference in the implementation of governance. This article discusses regulation and its developments in the public sector of Indonesia, highlighting its functions, purposes, dynamics, and challenges in its implementation. Regulation aims to create legal certainty, enhance bureaucratic efficiency, protect public interests, and ensure the quality of public services. Over time, regulation has undergone significant changes, especially after the era of reform and digitalization, which has encouraged increased transparency through e-government and technology-based services. However, the implementation of regulations still faces obstacles such as overlapping rules, weak policy evaluation, and low public legal literacy. These challenges demand reforms that are not only normative, but also strengthen institutional capacity and public participation. Information technology is also an important tool to support adaptive and responsive regulations to the needs of the community. Through a literature review and policy analysis, this article concludes that sustainable regulatory reform is needed to support better, efficient, and public service-oriented governance that is fair and accountable.

The growth of population and rapid urbanization in metropolitan areas have triggered a significant increase in waste volume, including in the city of Bandung. This study aims to analyze the implementation of waste management policies using the Soft System Methodology (SSM), particularly through the CATWOE analysis framework. The research was conducted in three sub-districts with distinct characteristics—Coblong, Arcamanik, and Cinambo through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and field observations. The findings reveal that programs such as Kang Pisman and TPS3R face major challenges related to public participation, cross-sectoral coordination, and limited resources. The CATWOE analysis identifies the need for system improvement by considering the perspectives of all stakeholders: the community (Customer), technical implementers (Actor), policy makers (Owner), and external environmental factors (Environment) that influence the effectiveness of waste management policies.

The implementation of blue economy policies in Tanjungpinang City, the capital of Riau Islands Province, aims to foster sustainable urban development by leveraging marine and coastal resources. This study explores the potential and opportunities of blue economy principles to enhance economic growth, social welfare, and environmental sustainability. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research evaluates local government policy documents and collaborates with industry stakeholders to assess the impact of these policies. Findings reveal that Tanjungpinang’s strategic maritime location supports significant fishery production (118,661 tons in 2023) and tourism growth, creating jobs and reducing coastal poverty. Key programs include sustainable marine resource management, fishery processing industry development, human resource capacity building, market access optimization, eco-friendly infrastructure, and environmental policy enforcement. These initiatives promote ecological sustainability, economic value, and social inclusivity. However, challenges such as limited processing scales, resource continuity, and environmental pollution persist. The study underscores the need for coordinated governance, technological investment, and community participation to ensure long-term benefits. Tanjungpinang’s blue economy model offers a replicable framework for sustainable urban development in coastal regions.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with chronic inflammation as a key pathophysiological mechanism. Antioxidants from fruits and vegetables have demonstrated potential to modulate inflammatory immune responses, thus contributing to NCD prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fruit and vegetable consumption promotion policies in preventing NCDs by modulating inflammatory immune responses in Nabire District in 2025. The research employed a mixed-methods design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data from 384 adult respondents. Data were gathered through food consumption surveys, inflammatory biomarker analysis (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), and an evaluation of policy implementation. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted using SPSS 28.0 and R version 4.3.0. Results revealed that average fruit and vegetable consumption in Nabire residents remained below the WHO recommended intake (289g/day vs. 400g/day), although there was a noticeable improvement compared to previous years. A significant negative correlation was found between antioxidant intake and inflammatory biomarkers (r=-0.478, p<0.001). Policy implementation reached 74% coverage with a 62% compliance rate, indicating significant improvements in reach compared to prior assessments. The study concludes that fruit and vegetable consumption promotion policies show enhanced potential in modulating inflammatory immune responses for NCD prevention. However, continued efforts in strengthening policy implementation and adopting innovative monitoring strategies, particularly through digital health technologies, are essential for achieving sustained impact

Climate change represents an urgent global crisis that demands immediate and collaborative action. In Indonesia, youth have emerged as crucial stakeholders in the implementation of climate change policies. This study explores the strategic role of young people in advancing climate action, focusing on their engagement through two major non-governmental organizations: WALHI (Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia) and Greenpeace Indonesia. Adopting a qualitative library research method, the study examines secondary sources, reports, and publications to assess how these organizations empower and mobilize youth in climate advocacy. The findings highlight that youth are not passive observers but active contributors to climate governance. Through educational campaigns, social media activism, public demonstrations, and grassroots initiatives, young individuals raise environmental awareness, promote sustainable practices, and exert social and political pressure on government institutions. Their participation fosters democratic engagement, enhances policy responsiveness, and encourages the inclusion of long-term environmental perspectives in national and regional development agendas. Furthermore, youth play a critical role in bridging scientific knowledge with community-based practices, often initiating innovative and context-sensitive solutions tailored to local environmental challenges. Their digital literacy and ability to build networks across diverse societal sectors amplify their effectiveness in shaping public discourse and influencing policy outcomes. This study concludes that empowering youth is fundamental to achieving meaningful and lasting climate action. Their involvement strengthens both mitigation and adaptation efforts, positioning them as key agents of change who are not only directly impacted by climate change but also committed to securing a more sustainable and just environmental future for Indonesia.

Inclusive and sustainable economic growth is a major challenge in today's digital age. Financial technology (FinTech) plays an important role in bridging the financial access gap while supporting environmental responsibility through the application of green finance. This study aims to analyse the role of FinTech in promoting inclusive economic growth and environmental sustainability, particularly through the application of blockchain technology in urban renewable energy systems. The research method uses a qualitative approach with secondary data analysis, supported by mathematical models to measure green financial inclusion and FinTech investment efficiency. The results show that the implementation of green FinTech significantly increases financial inclusion, expands economic access for the MSME sector, and reduces carbon emissions through investments in environmentally friendly energy projects. Global case studies in India and Sweden show that multisectoral collaboration and adaptive regulatory policies are key to creating a sustainable FinTech ecosystem. Therefore, the integration of technology, policy, and digital literacy among the public is necessary to realise digital finance that is fair, efficient, and oriented towards a green future

The increasingly complex traffic problems in Pekanbaru, marked by an increase in the number of vehicles, have prompted the government to implement Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) as an effort to improve public order and provide effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable public services. ETLE, which falls under the category of Smart Environment, uses camera and sensor technology to automatically detect various traffic violations. The implementation of ETLE in Pekanbaru began in March 2021 at four strategic locations. This study aims to examine the perceptions of Pekanbaru residents regarding the implementation of ETLE, including positive and negative aspects, as well as concerns related to system accuracy and flexibility in the field. Using a quantitative approach with a survey method, data was collected through questionnaires from 100 road users in Pekanbaru. The results of the study indicate that the public generally has a positive view of ETLE in creating traffic order and fairness, but there are also significant concerns regarding insufficient socialization, potential system errors, and procedural complexity. Implications: This study is expected to provide constructive input for authorities to improve the ETLE system and socialization strategies in the future

Community-based waste management is a strategic step toward achieving sustainable development in Gresik Regency, Indonesia. This policy aims to reduce waste volume, raise community awareness, and support the vision of a Green Regency. This study evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of community-based waste management policies using a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis, then analyzed thematically to identify supporting and hindering factors influencing program success. The findings indicate that while progress has been made, significant challenges remain, including low levels of socialization, limited infrastructure, and weak inter-agency coordination. Community participation depends heavily on local leaders and facilitators, and the sustainability of institutions such as waste banks and management groups has yet to be evenly distributed. Adequate infrastructure, such as integrated waste processing facilities (TPS3R), is crucial and needs enhancement. Barriers like a lack of technical experts, cultural habits of indiscriminate waste disposal, and insufficient funding hinder the achievement of policy objectives. This evaluation underscores the necessity for increased education, institutional strengthening, and improved infrastructure to accelerate behavioral change and boost community participation. The results are expected to inform local government strategies for more effective implementation toward realizing a sustainable and environmentally friendly Gresik. An integrated and holistic approach is essential for optimizing waste management, creating a cleaner, healthier, and sustainable environment.

Buddhist education in the millennial era faces various internal and external challenges, especially in adapting to the character of the younger generation who are highly dependent on information technology but weak in filtering moral values. Buddhist educational institutions also still face structural problems such as limited human resources, lack of contextual strengthening of Dhamma values, and an institutional image that is not yet strong in society. This study uses a library research method with content analysis and hermeneutics techniques to explore the relevance of Buddhist teachings to the dynamics of modern education. In the context of the Merdeka Belajar policy, Buddhist education has a great opportunity to transform through a flexible learning approach, strengthening student character, integrating spiritual values, and improving education management. In addition, the implementation of Buddhist leadership principles such as the Dasa Raja Dhamma and meditation practices can be a distinctive force that distinguishes Buddhist schools from other institutions. This transformation requires the active role of teachers, principals, foundations, and Buddhist organizations to synergize in building meaningful and competitive education in the digital era.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of transformational leadership models by school principals and their influence on improving teacher performance in secondary schools. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding. The study was conducted in 15 secondary schools, involving a total of 245 respondents consisting of school principals and teachers. Data collection techniques included the use of questionnaires to gather quantitative data, alongside in-depth interviews and direct observations for qualitative insights. The results reveal that transformational leadership—particularly through its core components of intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and idealized influence—has a significant positive impact on teacher performance. These leadership behaviors were found to enhance teaching quality, increase teacher professional commitment, and improve overall job satisfaction among educators. Additionally, the study highlights the role of school culture and the professional learning environment as mediating factors in the effectiveness of transformational leadership. The findings underscore the importance of implementing structured leadership development programs for school principals. By equipping school leaders with transformational leadership skills, educational institutions can foster more supportive and dynamic teaching environments that ultimately lead to better learning outcomes. These insights are particularly relevant for policymakers and educational administrators who are seeking sustainable strategies to improve school performance through leadership practices. In conclusion, transformational leadership stands out as a vital leadership style that not only motivates and empowers teachers but also contributes significantly to the institutional development of schools.

Political reform in Indonesia has brought fundamental changes to the structure of state governance and the decision-making process within the executive branch. One of the instruments still frequently utilized by the President to formulate and direct national policy is the Presidential Instruction (Instruksi Presiden/Inpres). Although it is not classified as a formal regulation within the legal hierarchy, Inpres often has wide-reaching implications for the implementation of public policy. This study aims to critically analyze the legal status, function, and limitations of Inpres in the context of Indonesia’s post-reform government system. Using a normative-juridical approach and literature study of statutory regulations and policy documents, the research finds that the use of Inpres in several instances has extended beyond its administrative function and entered the domain of strategic policymaking, which ideally requires formal legislative processes. This raises concerns regarding accountability, transparency, and the limitation of executive power in a democratic rule-of-law state. The study recommends clearer regulation of the scope and function of Inpres to ensure alignment with political reform principles and good governance standards.

The Ministry of Education and Culture in 2022 presents challenges in the education sector. The problem was solved by the government by making the Freedom to Learn Program policy. The purpose of this study: to analyze the time allocation and the theme of the choice of implementation of the P5 independent curriculum and to analyze the principles, benefits, design implementation and management strategy of the P5 independent curriculum at SD Marsudirini Gedangan, Semarang. The method is qualitative with a case study approach, research data uses primary data, data collection techniques by observation, observation, recording observations, and structured interviews, data validity techniques by triangulation of data sources. The findings are that the independent learning curriculum is quite fun and does not make it difficult for teachers and students at SD Marsudirini Gedangan. Uncertainty was felt when the teachers did not know the process for implementing the main harvest in December 2022 and there was no BOS allocation fund to support project implementation. The implication of this research is to provide an overview of the implementation of a fun independent learning curriculum, so that in the 2023/2024 academic year schools are increasingly ready to implement the full learning independent curriculum.    

The Ministry of Education and Culture in 2022 presents challenges in the education sector. The problem was solved by the government by making the Freedom to Learn Program policy. The purpose of this study: to analyze the time allocation and the theme of the choice of implementation of the P5 independent curriculum and to analyze the principles, benefits, design implementation and management strategy of the P5 independent curriculum at SD Marsudirini Gedangan, Semarang. The method is qualitative with a case study approach, research data uses primary data, data collection techniques by observation, observation, recording observations, and structured interviews, data validity techniques by triangulation of data sources. The findings are that the independent learning curriculum is quite fun and does not make it difficult for teachers and students at SD Marsudirini Gedangan. Uncertainty was felt when the teachers did not know the process for implementing the main harvest in December 2022 and there was no BOS allocation fund to support project implementation. The implication of this research is to provide an overview of the implementation of a fun independent learning curriculum, so that in the 2023/2024 academic year schools are increasingly ready to implement the full learning independent curriculum.    

Development administration represents a critical intersection between public administration theory and practical development implementation. This research examines the evolution of development administration, analyzing its theoretical foundations, contemporary challenges, and emerging strategies for effective governance in developing nations. Through a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, this study identifies key factors that contribute to successful development administration, including institutional capacity building, participatory governance, technological integration, and sustainable resource management. The findings suggest that effective development administration requires a multifaceted approach that balances top-down policy implementation with bottom-up community engagement, while leveraging modern technologies and maintaining long-term sustainability perspectives.

Corruption is an extraordinary crime with systemic impacts on a nation’s political, economic, and social stability. Various countries adopt different penal approaches to combat corruption, including Indonesia and China. This study aims to analyze and compare the effectiveness of criminal penalties in addressing corruption in both countries. The research uses a normative-juridical and comparative approach by examining legislation, empirical data, and relevant case studies. In Indonesia, the implementation of criminal sanctions tends to be more moderate, with imprisonment and fines being the dominant forms of punishment. However, enforcement faces challenges such as weak institutional independence and political interference. In contrast, China enforces much harsher penalties, including life imprisonment and the death penalty, as part of its "zero tolerance" anti-corruption policy supported by centralized political power. The findings show that although China’s repressive approach appears more stringent, the success in curbing corruption is not solely determined by the severity of the punishment. Instead, it also depends on the consistency, transparency, and integrity of the legal enforcement system. This study recommends that Indonesia reform its criminal policy to be firmer while still upholding principles of human rights and justice.

Late payment of accounts receivable is a serious challenge that can disrupt the stability of the company's cash flow and financial performance. This study aims to evaluate the role of risk management in minimizing late payment of accounts receivable at PT Alam Mulya, a logistics company in Surabaya. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach, through direct observation, interviews, and documentation during the five-month internship period. The results showed that the company has implemented risk management principles, such as customer identification, setting credit limits, monitoring maturity, and implementing active collection. However, the implementation has not been thorough and consistent, especially in the aspects of using digital systems, documenting credit policies, and applying sanctions for late payments. It was also found that decision interventions based on personal relationships hindered the effectiveness of risk control. This study recommends the implementation of an integrated digital system, the establishment of a written credit policy, and staff training related to risk management and collection. By strengthening comprehensive risk management, the company is expected to improve the efficiency of receivables management and maintain optimal cash flow sustainability.

The escalation of global terrorism has posed substantial obstacles to the safeguarding of human rights globally. This study analyzes the intricate relationship between counter-terrorism strategies and human rights, highlighting how security policies may curtail individual liberties. This study conducts a comprehensive examination of several case studies to examine the effects of anti-terrorism laws and procedures in different nations. It further examines the intricate equilibrium that governments must sustain between safeguarding national security and preserving human rights norms. The study utilizes qualitative methodologies, encompassing document analysis and expert interviews in the domain. The findings indicate that although counter-terrorism initiatives are essential for public safety, they frequently lead to infringements of civil liberties, especially impacting underprivileged communities. The paper emphasizes the necessity of tackling these difficulties to guarantee that security measures do not excessively violate basic rights.The report concludes by recommending measures for policymakers to enhance human rights protections within counter-terrorism frameworks. Essential recommendations encompass promoting accountability and transparency in security operations while implementing equitable, non-discriminatory rules. Through the implementation of these measures, governments can proficiently counter terrorism while upholding fundamental human rights principles.

Female-headed households (PEKKA) in rural areas represent a vulnerable group that often faces structural barriers in accessing their social and economic rights, particularly in relation to Cash Transfer Assistance (BLT) policies. The urgency of this study stems from the persistent gap between policy implementation and the specific needs of PEKKA. This research aims to examine the forms of legal protection and economic access available to PEKKA in several villages in Central Java through the BLT scheme. Utilizing a qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis, and analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods. The findings reveal that administrative obstacles, social stigma, and the lack of gender-sensitive approaches are key factors hindering the fulfillment of PEKKA’s rights. Although formal policies exist, their implementation at the local level remains unresponsive and fails to address structural inequalities. This study contributes to the development of socially just and gender-equitable policy frameworks at the village level. It concludes that reformulating inclusive and advocacy-based social policies for PEKKA is essential, alongside further research exploring transformative legal approaches and sustainable economic empowerment.