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This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness of online learning physics courses in universities. This research is a literature study by taking references from several journals and library sources with a narrative presentation to see the effectiveness of online learning in universities. As educators, lecturers utilize various learning media and digital applications which are expected to be integrated into the student learning experience and still  refer  to  learning  outcomes  in  the  semester learning  plan  (RPS).  Physics is a compulsory subject.  Online learning in physics courses at universities is indeed quit good, but has obstacles to understanding the physics material taught  by lecturers, including the learning provided is more dominant in theory and practicum activities are not optimally implemented.  So that the effectiveness of online learning of physics courses in universities can be categorized as quite effective because the results are not optimal.

Collaboration between parents and schools plays a very important role in supporting children with special needs in their educational process. This article explores the importance of effective collaboration between parents and educators in a joint effort to understand, plan, and provide appropriate support for children with special needs. This article uses survey and interview research methods at SD N 23/VI Rantau Panjang I. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the importance of cooperation between parents and schools in supporting children with special needs. The form of cooperation between educational institutions and parents in recognizing the character of early childhood children with special needs is by 1). Carrying out early detection of students, 2). Carrying out parent meeting classes, 3). Carrying out parent consultation days, 4). Collaborating with psychologists/therapists if necessary.

The development of educational science accompanied by technological developments has brought about rapid evolution and competition in various groups such as in various aspects such as organizations or companies and even in the world of education itself. Meeting needs is also a challenge that requires human resources (HR) who are able to learn various technologies well, adapt easily, and respond to significant changes. Of course, in the world of education, teachers are educational personnel. Educators are important stakeholders in educational development and are the most influential factor in producing quality educational activities and results. Therefore, teachers must obtain sufficient education, training, development and experience to improve their qualifications in order to fulfill their duties and responsibilities. Responsibility is carried out with the help of skills that bring success, which determines the quality of education. Therefore, training and development is a basic need which is expected to influence increasing teacher competence and performance.

This assessment aims to assess the role of learning planning on the quality of educators in teaching and learning activities, the obstacles faced by teachers in carrying out learning planning at UPT SDN 060909. This research uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. The research subjects were all homeroom teachers at UPT SDN 060909 Medan Denai. The obstacle faced by teachers is that real teachers cannot guarantee that all students will be interested because there are also students who do not participate, for example when using the conversation method, students become calmer and still do not answer anything. This discussion method is very important to stimulate student activity. However, teachers always evaluate this to continue to improve the quality of educators so that these plans can be used as reference material for further development. From the research results, it was found that learning planning is very important in teaching activities, because learning planning can be a reference for a teacher to carry out learning in the classroom.

The moral development of children in the early and late stages of their lives is a crucial process in shaping their character. In the early stage, children tend to rely on the influence of adults, such as parents and teachers, to understand the concepts of right and wrong. They often strictly follow rules and avoid moral violations. In contrast, in the later stage, the moral development of children becomes more complex. They start to develop a deeper understanding of morality based on the values and principles they have learned throughout their lives. Children in this stage can consider the moral consequences of their actions and develop autonomy in making moral decisions. A better understanding of the moral development of children can help adults, such as parents and educators, support the healthy moral development of their children throughout the early and late stages of their lives.  Set a good example: Children tend to imitate the behavior of adults around them. Therefore, it is important for parents and adults around children to set good examples in behavior, attitudes and communication. Teach moral values: Teach children about moral values ​​such as honesty, responsibility, empathy, mutual help, patience, etc. Discuss these values ​​with them and provide concrete examples of how these values ​​are applied in everyday life.

Differentiated learning videos are learning method videos for educators delivered to students. Pragmatics is the science of language that studies the relationship between language and its context, grammatically or encoded in the structure of language use. In this research, there are expressive speech acts, namely a type of speech act in which the utterance states something or things that the speaker intends to feel, and directive speech acts are speech acts that express the speaker's intentions, which can be realized in the form of pragmatic statements. This article was written using descriptive research, which ultimately attempts to describe the speech spoken by the object, which is in accordance with the actual picture. This research uses a qualitative approach, namely by applying a qualitative descriptive method using data collection techniques, namely listening and note-taking analysis, which then uses collection analysis and matching analysis. This research aims to collect data, explain the data clearly, and analyze the forms of directive and expressive speech acts contained in differentiated videos. Differentiated video is a medium that allows the delivery of messages or information more specifically according to the target audience. Directive speech act analysis involves identifying commands, requests, or instructions given in the video, while expressive speech act analysis focuses on the expression of feelings, opinions, or expressions of emotion in that context. The results of the analysis show variations in the use of directive and expressive speech acts depending on the purpose of communication and audience characteristics. These findings provide insight into how differentiated video is used to achieve diverse communicative goals, including educating, motivating, or influencing audience actions. Based on the results of the analysis of expressive and directive speech acts in differentiated videos, it can be concluded that there were 23 forms of speech acts found. These speech acts consist of 7 expressive speech acts and 16 directive speech acts. The benefits of this research can provide guidance for content creators and communicators in designing and conveying messages effectively in differentiated video contexts by considering various speech acts that are appropriate to the situation and communication objectives.

This research is aimed at finding out and analyzing the role of the Oral Arabic program in developing Arabic language skills for new students of the Arabic Language Education study program at the Indonesian University of Education. This program was held based on the problem of differences in the backgrounds of students, some of whom have not or have never studied Arabic, which hinders these students from understanding the learning in class. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The resource person in this research is one of the new students who is taking part in the Oral Arabic program. From this research, data was obtained regarding the Arabic Oral Program, such as the number of students and educators, the purpose of the program, the teaching materials used, and the obstacles faced during the learning process.

This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various forms of parental involvement in supporting early childhood education, while identifying the facilitating and hindering factors for the success of parental involvement programs. Findings from this study illustrate the prevailing perception among parents that still places teachers as the primary determinants of a child's success, despite the significant role parents play as the primary educators for young children. Awareness of this challenge prompted the researcher to delve into more detailed and in-depth investigations.The research results delineate diverse forms of parental involvement, encompassing the supervision of children's study time, financial contributions through donations of toys and books, participation in school meetings, involvement in social service activities, and the repair of play equipment at school. Despite the existence of organized excursions, not all schools can conduct them due to significant cost constraints.Supporting and inhibiting factors in parental involvement encompass economic aspects, time constraints, the level of parental trust in teachers, and the lack of parental involvement programs initiated by schools. These findings offer valuable insights for enhancing parental participation in early childhood education by addressing and optimizing these factors, ultimately creating a more inclusive and empowered educational environment. Keywords: forms of parental involvement; early childhood education.

Learning is the activity of educators and students in transferring knowledge and absorbing knowledge, and learning has the ultimate goal, namely that teachers hope that students will gain useful knowledge in the classroom and have good character after receiving a series of lessons. Learning still focuses on increasing students' understanding gained from the presentation of the material and the teacher's explanations. However, it turns out that learning still cannot be avoided from problems, especially in the field of foreign languages, both experienced by teachers and students. Therefore, researchers focus on discussing problems in learning Arabic. Researchers took the location and samples from Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Negeri 1 Medan. This research was conducted using qualitative methods by conducting field observations. The researcher's aim is to get points that are problematic in learning Arabic in MI so that they can be used as a reference for educators or prospective educators in finding solutions in the future. The problems that exist in this school are that it is difficult for students to control their emotions considering that they are still children, then when teaching educators only use one method, namely the lecture method, the language they have mastered is minimal, the facilities and media for teaching are lacking. adequate, and the use of Arabic is only applied in class.