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Organisms and their natural environments are inherently connected and interdependent, with humans relying extensively on natural resources to meet daily needs and sustain life. Among them, indigenous communities maintain a distinctive relationship with their surroundings, guided by traditional ecological knowledge passed down orally from generation to generation. This body of knowledge, known as local wisdom, is deeply embedded within the natural, social, and cultural contexts of each community and plays a vital role in ensuring their long-term survival and well-being. The present study aims to examine the current socio-cultural conditions of customary law communities in three indigenous villages of Jayapura City—Kayu Batu, Kayo Pulau, and Skouw Yambe. Specifically, it seeks to identify the types of local wisdom practiced within these communities and to assess the efforts undertaken to preserve such traditions. A qualitative research approach was adopted, employing multiple data collection techniques, including direct observation, in-depth interviews with community leaders and members, and literature review of related studies and historical accounts. The findings indicate that, despite increasing pressures from modernization, urban expansion, and external cultural influences, these communities continue to implement local wisdom in managing and protecting their natural environment and resources. This includes sustainable harvesting practices, customary rules for resource allocation, seasonal restrictions to allow ecosystem regeneration, and culturally embedded conservation rituals. The endurance of these practices is supported by the functioning of customary institutions, strong kinship ties, community protocols, and collective decision-making mechanisms that integrate environmental considerations. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the environmental stewardship, resource management practices, and cultural identity of these three customary communities remain actively upheld. This resilience underscores the critical importance of safeguarding indigenous knowledge systems as a foundation for environmental sustainability and cultural preservation in the face of contemporary socio-economic change.

The documentary film "Museum Perkebunan Indonesia" by Fabio Fahrezi Canavaro uses the expository technique to present the history of plantations in Indonesia in a factual and educational manner. This technique emphasizes the clear delivery of information through authoritative narration, visual archives, and expert interviews, providing the audience with a deeper understanding. The documentary is structured in a chronological narrative, starting with the early history of plantations during the colonial era, the post-independence developments, and the relevance of plantations in the modern era. Observations of the film reveal the use of visual archives, such as old plantation photos, historical documents, and colonial maps, as well as interviews with historians and plantation practitioners, enriching the narrative. The combination of clear verbal narration and visual evidence strengthens the presented information, making it easier to comprehend. The expository technique successfully changes the perception of plantation history, which was previously considered monotonous, into something more engaging and relevant. This documentary not only serves as a medium for historical education but also provides a fresh perspective on the role of plantations as a key pillar of Indonesia’s economy. Through this approach, the film serves as an effective example of expository technique in historical documentary filmmaking in Indonesia, encouraging the audience to explore often-overlooked history.

Accurate sales forecasting is essential for stakeholders to make strategic decisions. This study aims to compare the performance of two deep learning models, namely Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), in forecasting domestic motorcycle sales produced by AISI member manufacturers. The forecast is based on historical data from January 2021 to December 2024. The model was trained using time series data and the forecasting results for the period January to March 2025 were evaluated using the metrics Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results show that the LSTM model produces lower MAE and MAPE values than CNN, which shows its superiority in providing more accurate and consistent predictions. On the other hand, the CNN model has lower RMSE and MSE values, thus being able to reduce large prediction errors. By comparing the results of LSTM, CNN, and actual data forecasting, the LSTM model is more suitable for forecasting motorcycle sales in Indonesia

Handaka Vijjananda's Buddhist comic "Aṅgulimāla: True Repentance" depicts the repentance of a ruthless murderer who undergoes spiritual transformation after meeting Gautama Buddha. This story not only conveys Buddhist moral teachings but also reflects the social, cultural, and religious dynamics of ancient Indian society. This study aims to analyze the intrinsic and genetic structures of the Buddhist comic "Aṅgulimāla" using Lucien Goldmann's genetic structuralism approach. The method used is qualitative descriptive, with the primary data source being the comic "Aṅgulimāla." Data collection techniques were conducted through intensive reading and note-taking, while data analysis was conducted by linking the intrinsic elements of the literary work with the socio-historical context and the author's worldview. The results show that the intrinsic structure of the comic "Aṅgulimāla" includes themes of repentance, karma, loving-kindness (metta), and wisdom; strong characters and characterizations; a progressive plot; internal and external conflicts; and a time, place, and social setting that reflect 6th-century BCE Indian society. Meanwhile, its genetic structure reveals human facts such as the caste system, power relations, and social morality, as well as the author's worldview, which emphasizes Buddhist values such as compassion, self-transformation, and hope for human moral change. Thus, genetic structuralism analysis confirms that the comic Aṅgulimāla is a literary work that is not only narrative in nature but also reflects social realities and humanitarian messages relevant to modern life.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution and condition of historical heritage, which symbolizes the identity of Malay culture in the Medan Maimun area. This study uses a case study approach for its qualitative method. Information is obtained through direct observation at the location, intensive interviews with local residents and site managers, and review of historical archive documents. The findings show that although the Maimun Palace, the Grand Mosque, and Sri Deli Park have a high level of culture, there are elements of modernization, lack of structural problems, and inadequate maintenance, which cause great difficulties in preserving these heritages. Therefore, there is a need for the government, community, and academics to work together in determining the best conservation strategy.  

The Indonesian language has absorbed numerous loanwords from various foreign languages, including German. Although the influence of German is not as significant as that of Dutch, Arabic, or Sanskrit, it plays a crucial role, particularly in scientific, technological, medical, and philosophical terminology. This study aims to examine the historical background, development, and adaptation of German loanwords in Indonesian. Using a qualitative approach, data collection was conducted through literature review and linguistic analysis. The findings indicate that many German words entered Indonesian through scientific and academic fields, with some undergoing phonetic and morphological adaptation. The influence of German in Indonesia continues, particularly in academic and industrial sectors, suggesting potential future linguistic integration.     

This research is based on the ambiguity of street naming norms in statutory regulations, this causes the legality of street naming in the Mojokerto city government area to be questioned.Based on this description, the author formulates the problem formulation as follows: (1) What is the authority of the Mojokerto City Government in naming roads? (2) What is the legality of naming roads belonging to the Mojokerto city government?.This research uses a normative juridical research type with a statutory approach, a historical approach and a conceptual approach using primary legal materials and secondary legal materials.The research results from this thesis show that the Mojokerto City Government does not have direct authority to name roads in its area. There is a lack of normative legal regulations in regulating transitional conditions in the naming of landforms, especially roads. The legality of naming roads belonging to the Mojokerto city government can be questioned due to the absence of statutory norms that order local governments to form legal products related to street naming.

Travel insurance provides financial protection for individuals during their trips, both domestically and internationally. With the increasing demand for travel insurance, insurance companies face challenges in efficiently managing claims. This study aims to develop a predictive model to classify whether an insurance policy will be claimed based on historical customer and transaction data. This research utilizes a dataset containing various features related to travel and policyholders, such as agent type, distribution channel, insurance product, travel duration, and premium amount. The methods used include data exploration, feature processing, and the application of machine learning algorithms such as Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost. Experimental results indicate that the XGBoost model performs the best, achieving the highest accuracy compared to other models. With this predictive model, insurance companies can optimize claim evaluation processes, reduce fraud risks, and improve operational efficiency in handling travel insurance claims.

The subject of Islamic Cultural History (SKI) plays an important role in instilling Islamic historical values in students. One of the topics taught is the Story of Fathu Makkah, which describes the victory of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Muslims in conquering the city of Makkah without war. However, in the learning process of grade IV students at MI Salafiyah, it was found that students showed a lack of interest in this material due to conventional and less engaging teaching methods. This study aims to enhance students' interest in learning the Story of Fathu Makkah through the use of story posters as a teaching medium. The research method employed is Classroom Action Research (CAR) based on the Kemmis and McTaggart model, which consists of two cycles. Each cycle includes the stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. Data were collected through observations, student learning interest questionnaires, and comprehension test results. The findings indicate that the use of story posters significantly increased students' learning interest. In the first cycle, students began to show interest in the material, although some were still less active. After improvements were made in the second cycle, there was an increase in student engagement during discussions, and their understanding of the material improved. Moreover, the students' average scores increased compared to before the intervention. The conclusion of this study is that the use of story posters can enhance students' learning interest in the Story of Fathu Makkah in grade IV at MI Salafiyah.

Fiqh al-Lughah is a branch of Arabic linguistics that explores the historical, semantic, and structural aspects of the Arabic language in depth. This study aims to analyze the concept of Fiqh al-Lughah from the perspective of Arabic literature and explore its application in contemporary linguistic studies. Using a literature review method, this research examines various classical and modern sources discussing the development of Fiqh al-Lughah in both theoretical and applied contexts, including translation, text analysis, and language education. The findings indicate that Fiqh al-Lughah plays a crucial role in understanding semantic shifts, linguistic variations, and the intricate relationship between language, culture, and Islamic thought. Furthermore, this concept significantly contributes to the advancement of modern Arabic linguistic studies, particularly in enhancing comprehension of literary and religious texts. Therefore, this study affirms the continued relevance of Fiqh al-Lughah in Arabic language studies and its implications across various disciplines.

The Semitic language family is one of the oldest linguistic groups that has significantly influenced world civilizations, with Arabic as one of its main branches. Arabic has undergone a long historical journey from prehistoric times to the modern era, shaped by various historical, cultural, and social factors. The study of Fiqhul Lughah, or the philosophy of language, is crucial in understanding the transformation and development of Arabic in different historical contexts. This research employs a library research method, analyzing various literary sources such as books, scholarly journals, and ancient manuscripts that discuss the history and evolution of Semitic languages, particularly Arabic. The analysis is conducted using a descriptive-qualitative approach to comprehend the patterns of Arabic evolution from its ancient Semitic roots to its establishment as a major language in communication, literature, science, and religion. The findings indicate that Arabic has evolved gradually through various historical phases, from its pre-classical stage to the golden age of Islam and its modern adaptations. Understanding the history and classification of Arabic within the Semitic language family provides deeper insights into its dynamics and its significant role in shaping human civilization.

Nigeria's economy has been severely stagnant since the 1980s. Afrocentric literature charts the nation's history, whereas Eurocentric literature identifies the Nigerian civil war and the corrupt practices of its leaders as the primary cause economic hardships to her historical colonial dominance and economic exploitation activities. However, none of the aforementioned reasons provide stronger support for being the cause of the nation's economic dysfunction, particularly when contrasted with IMF measures implemented there. The IMF's policies on Nigeria's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) and its Loan Conditionality are partially shown in this article to be "the crux impediment facing the country." As a result, the paper makes the case that, among other mismanagement policies, General Ibrahim Babangida's acceptance of IMF loans contributed to the nation's economic problems and backwardness. Using primary and secondary sources, the study makes the argument that its riches would be restored by a more inclusive economic system free of the current extractive economic practices.

The Quraysh dialect is one of the Arabic language variants that has played a significant role in the formation of Standard Arabic. This dialect became dominant during the pre-Islamic era and remained influential after the spread of Islam, particularly as it was used in the codification of the Qur’an. This study aims to examine the role of the Quraysh dialect in shaping Standard Arabic from the perspective of Fiqh al-Lughah and to analyze the linguistic and social factors that contributed to its dominance. This research employs a qualitative method with a historical linguistic and sociolinguistic approach. Data is collected from various sources discussing the historical development of Arabic, the codification of the Qur’an, and the social factors influencing the spread of the Quraysh dialect. The findings indicate that the Quraysh dialect possessed advantages in phonology, morphology, and syntax, making it superior to other Arabic dialects. Additionally, social factors such as the Quraysh tribe’s role in trade, politics, and religion further solidified its position as the standard language. The implications of this study emphasize that the Quraysh dialect not only influenced the development of Standard Arabic but also contributed to the broader linguistic framework of Islamic scholarship. This research is expected to provide insights into Fiqh al-Lughah, particularly in understanding the standardization process of Arabic and the socio-cultural influences on its evolution.

This paper's goal is to undertake a critical evaluation of Nigerian democracy's speed, practices, patterns, priorities, issues, and future. Although Nigeria is still run by democratically elected officials, after a century as a political entity, Nigeria has yet to institutionalize democracy at the federal and state levels. After more than 50 years of political independence, the study examines some of the challenges Nigeria faces in institutionalizing democracy. These include the nation's colonial past mixed with the whims of deeply ingrained ethnicity; a smug and extravagant leadership; the military's constant meddling in the democratic process; electoral fraud; widespread poverty; and a high rate of illiteracy. According to the publication, corruption is the main cause of most of the aforementioned issues and has essentially taken on a life of its own in Nigeria. However, the study argues that despite the aforementioned, there is still hope for a politically secure and democratically viable People's enthusiasm to vote, the multi-party system's relative stability and sustainability, and the widespread recognition that the only legitimate and well-liked path to gaining political power is through the voting booth are what define the nation. The historical approach of data analysis—simple descriptive collation and analysis of historical data—is used in this paper, which draws its data from primary and secondary source materials. 

This research aims to analyze the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) integration on the risk-return profile of the investment portfolio of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk. The research employs a quantitative method with a case study approach, utilizing historical data from the period 2017-2021. The data is analyzed to identify the relationship between ESG scores and portfolio returns, as well as portfolio risk. Regression analysis and t-test are employed to test the research hypotheses. The findings reveal a positive and significant relationship between ESG integration and the investment portfolio's return of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk. The regression coefficient of 0.154 indicates that each one-point increase in the ESG score will result in an average increase of 0.154% in the investment portfolio return.

This thesis discusses the role of Achmad Mochtar, a prominent scientist from Indonesia, in the Tragedy of the Fatal Vaccine in Romusah that occurred during the Japanese military occupation, as reported by foreign press in 1944-1945. The aim of this research is to examine the reputation of Achmad Mochtar, who became one of the best scientists Indonesia has ever had, in facing the Tragedy of the Fatal Vaccine in Romusah, where victims died after being injected with a vaccine contaminated with tetanus toxin. The research uses a historical method with a social reconstruction approach based on data from newspapers such as De Telegraaf and HandelsBlad. The methods used in this paper include the historical method, which consists of data collection (heuristics), source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The data used are mainly from newspapers like De Telegraaf and HandelsBlad, as well as supporting books and websites such as KITLV and www.delpher.nl/kranten, which have greatly facilitated the author in gathering historical sources related to this paper. This study explains that Achmad Mochtar was a doctor and scientist who strongly opposed the Japanese military occupation and the scenario created by the Japanese military in the Tragedy of the Fatal Vaccine in Romusah in 1944-1945. This research uses data analysis methods to examine foreign press reports related to the tragedy, with a focus on how foreign media depicted Achmad Mochtar’s involvement in the cause of the Tragedy of the Fatal Vaccine in Romusah in 1944-1945 and its impact. The results of this study are as follows: Achmad Mochtar, one of the best scientists Indonesia has ever had, became the subject of intense discussion regarding the tragedy he had to endure, the death of Romusah in 1944-1945. Various foreign newspapers, particularly De Telegraaf and HandelsBlad, focused on reporting the ambitious plans of the Japanese military in the creation of vaccines, which were actually intended by the Japanese military to be developed as biological weapons and tested to observe the effects before being used in the Greater East Asia War, which ultimately resulted in the fatal death of hundreds of Romusah in the Klender camp.

The topic of factors influencing tourism enterprise cooperation on the development of tourism participation in Huzhou under the background of cultural and tourism integration can be explored from multiple dimensions, highlighting the interaction between tourism enterprises and the broader cultural context of Huzhou. One important aspect is the importance of cultural heritage in promoting tourism participation. Known for its rich cultural resources and historical significance, incorporating cultural elements into the tourism industry can enhance the tourist experience and encourage more people to participate in tourism activities. This study, conducted through an online questionnaire distributed to 380 participants in Huzhou, delves into the impact of cultural and tourism integration on tourism development and strategies to manage tourism participation. The findings underscore that factors influencing cultural and tourism integration, government support and policy, and cooperative mechanisms positively correlate with tourism participation and enterprise collaboration in Huzhou.  

This study examines the role of Sirah Nabawiyah learning in shaping students' religious character. Religious character is a fundamental aspect of Islamic teachings that reflects a person's closeness to Allah through attitudes, speech, and daily actions. Sirah Nabawiyah learning not only provides historical insights into the life of Prophet Muhammad but also serves as a holistic character education tool, encompassing relationships with Allah and with fellow human beings. This study employs a qualitative approach using literature study techniques. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using source triangulation techniques to ensure validity. The results indicate that values such as monotheism (tauhid), honesty, patience, compassion, and obedience to Allah can be instilled through a deep understanding of the life journey of Prophet Muhammad. Additionally, Sirah Nabawiyah learning helps strengthen students' Islamic identity, enabling them to practice Islamic teachings with confidence amid globalization. Thus, Sirah Nabawiyah learning significantly contributes to shaping a generation with noble character, high morality, and the ability to practice Islamic teachings with full awareness and responsibility. Therefore, integrating Sirah Nabawiyah into the Islamic education system is a strategic step in building a strong religious character in students.

The diversity of schools of jurisprudence in Islam, such as Hanafi, Maliki, Syafii, Hanbali, and Shia, reflects various legal approaches that develop according to their respective social, cultural and historical contexts. The four Sunni schools of thought have different methodologies, but are still based on the Koran and Hadith. The Hanafi school of thought is known to be flexible in its legal interpretation, while the Maliki school prioritizes the practices of the people of Medina. Syafii stands out for his systematic use of hadith, while Hanbali is more strict in following authentic hadith. The Shia school of thought with its distinctive characteristics also enriches the understanding of Islamic jurisprudence. This diversity shows that Islamic law is dynamic and contextual, allowing adaptation to changes in time and place. Therefore, Muslims need to prioritize tolerance and respect differences. The diversity of sects is not a cause of division, but rather a means of deepening religious understanding and practice. Dialogue between schools of thought is the key to strengthening unity, increasing mutual understanding, and creating harmony in social life.

This research aims to reveal stability Friedrich Carl Von Savigny’s thoughts on the existence of annual sale and purchase customary love establishment. This research uses legal research methods, namely research carried out on legal norms that develop in society. The approach used is a conceptual and historical approach. The types and sources of data used in this research are primary and secondary data. The results of this research show that the teachings of the historical school initiated by Von Savigny emphasize that law is a reflection of the soul of the people that grows together with the people’s growth of the people and becomes strong together with the people’s strength. Furthermore, in the end, it dies if the nation loses its nationality. Thus, adherents of the historical school reject the view that law is made by an authorized institution, such as by making laws. Meanwhile, customary law that exists in Madurese society as the customary law of the Madurese people in some villages, such as “annual purchase and sale,” as the customary law of the community is maintained in the practice of annual purchase and sale of a plot of land that is perhaps not found in other areas in Indonesia. It is similar to the historical school, namely that law grows together with the growth of society and becomes strong together with the strength of society. Furthermore, in the end, it dies if the nation loses its nationality. This condition is recognized as existing by the constitution of the Indonesian legal state as regulated in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.